Index
Symbols & Numerics
- / operator, 82
- - symbol, 16
- $ symbol, 44
- * operator, 82
- = symbol, 26
- == operator, 52, 86–87
- => operator, 109. See also lambda expressions
- n-- operator, 85
- --n operator, 85
- " " character, 36
- ' ' character, 37
- " " character, 40. See also string constants;
String.Emptyvalue
A
- Abs function, 87
- abstract classes
- abstract keyword, 479
- access control. See also security
- accessor methods, 308–309
- assemblies
- class, 306–308
- classes
- covariant return type, 319–320
- expression-bodied members, 329–331
init-onlysetters, 309–310internalaccess modifier, 307- overview, 303–304
- properties, 313–316
protectedaccess modifier, 307, 434protected internalaccess modifier, 307, 434publicaccess modifier, 247–249, 306- sealing, 377–378
- target typing, 316–318
- constructors
- access modifiers
private
- AccessControl namespace, 508
- accessor methods, 308–309
- AccessRule namespace class, 508
- Action keyword, 413–415
- Active Server Pages (ASP). See also ASP.NET Core applications
- Adapter class, 511, 515
- adapters, 191
- Add() method, 146, 150
- addition operator
- AddRange() method, 151–152
- ADO.NET
- Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 507
- algorithms, 41
- allocation, 477
- alphabets, 36–37, 529
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), 33–34
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 529
- American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), 162, 529
- and operator, 81, 87–88, 235
- and/or operator, 87, 235
- Android Application Development All-in-One For Dummies (Burd & Mueller), 725
- Android Developer Studio, 725
- Android operating system, 590, 593, 725
- Angular templates, 597, 754
- anonymous methods, 109, 421–424, 585–586
- ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 529
- Apache Cordova software, 593
- Append() method, 78–79
- Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), 388, 485–487, 545
- Arabic alphabet, 36–37, 529
- Architectural Layer Diagrams, 594
- Architecture Validation, 594
- ArgumentException, 212, 217
- ArgumentOutOfRangeException, 212, 216–217
- arguments
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), 33–34
- arithmetic operators
- ARM processors, 596–597
- arrays. See also tuples
- adding structures to, 489–490
- collections, 125, 140–141, 147–149
- converting to lists, 144
- double brackets, 127, 141
- enumerators, 134–136
- fixed-value arrays, 127, 128
foreachloop method, 133–136- initializing, 132, 147–148
- interfaces as base type of, 389–390
- limitations, 140–141
- purpose, 126–127
- Razor runtime compilation, 772–773
- resource use, 477
- sorting, 136–139
- specialized features, 128
- syntax, 127, 129
varkeyword, 139–140- variable-length, 129–132
- zero in, 58, 66, 127
- artifacts, 500
- artificial intelligence, 576, 577
- as operator, 189, 349–350
- ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), 162, 529
- ASP.NET Core applications. See also Active Server Pages (ASP)
- basic app development
- assemblies
- access modifiers, 451–453
- class libraries
- assembly language, 438
- assignment operator, 26, 84, 91
- asynchronous input/output (I/O), 527, 528
- at sign
- Razor runtime compilation
- verbatim string operator, 39
- attached property, 649
- attributes, 236, 290, 301–302
- AuditRule namespace class, 508
- authentication
- authorization
- auto-implemented properties, 314
- autoindenting, 100
- Azure development, 593, 597
B
- backing fields property, 314
- backslash character, 37, 534
- base class methods, 355–361
- binary arithmetic, 87–88
- binary base
- binary input/output (I/O), 528, 539–540
- biometric devices, 499–500
- bit values, 235–236
- bitmap graphic format, 559, 563, 574
- bitwise operators, 87
- black box problem, 511–512
- Blazor templates, 597
- boilerplate code, 20
- bool numeric constants, 43
- bool variable type
- boxing, 188, 189, 477–478
- braces, 19, 97
- break statement
- browser-based Integrated Development Environment (IDE), 590
- bubble sort, 136–139
- BufferedStream class, 541
- buffering, 541
- built-in generics, 187–189
- byte integer type, 29, 234
- bytes, 235–236
C
- C programming language, 36
- C# 4.0 programming language, 465
- C# 7.2 programming language, 485–487
- C# 8.0 programming language
- C# 9.0 programming language
- C# 10.0 programming language
- best practices
' 'constant, 37, 252- anticipating problems, 209
- avoiding
!=comparison operator, 52 - avoiding
==comparison operator, 52 - braces, 19, 97
- comments, 19, 247, 264
- defining important constants, 104
- double-clicking error entries, 276
- elegance as a goal, 345
EventHandlerdelegate type, 426- exception-handling strategy, 221–225
- explaining user errors, 120
- form class use, 418
- indentation, 100
- last-chance exception-handling, 223, 225
- local functions, 301
- method argument values, 275
- methods naming conventions, 264
- .NET Framework predefined exceptions, 215–216
- no more than necessary access, 308
- nulling invalid references, 533
- object variable references, 255
- object-initializer syntax, 329
- plain-English error displays, 225
- properties versus fields, 248
- protecting casts, 348–350
- short and specific
tryblocks, 211 - spare use of
virtualkeyword, 368 - specific
catchblocks, 212 ToString()method, 295- variable names, 247
- viewing warnings as errors, 360
Write()method, 252
- best practices
- C# Code Snippets feature, 20
- C# modules. See assemblies
- C++ Cross-Platform Library Development software, 593
- C++ programming language
- cache, 545
- callback methods, 407–408
- call-by-reference feature, 280–281
- CAN_BE_USED_AS relationship
- capitalization, 18, 56–58, 247
- carriage return character, 37, 62
- CAS (Code Access Security), 501
- cast operator, 90–91
- casts
- catch blocks, 210–212
- Celsius scale, 30–31, 32
- chaining, 336–338
- char character type, 36–37
- character constants, 43
- character types
charcharacter type, 36–37- comparison, 40–41
string- changing case, 56–58
- common operations, 51–52
- comparing, 52–56
- example, 243
- formatting, 72–76, 77
- immutability, 50–51
- instantiating list for, 143–144
- looping, 58
- null, 37, 38, 204–205
- output manual control, 67–72
- overview, 37–39, 48–49
- searching, 59–61
StringBuilderclass, 77–79switchstatement, 56–58- user input, 61–66
- cheat sheet, 3
- child class, 244–245
- Chinese language, 529
- Chonoles, Michael Jesse, 370
- CipherAlgorithmType namespace class, 508
- class constraint, 204
- class constructor, 323–324
- class definition, 247–249
- class factoring, 369, 371–374
- class hierarchies, 396–399
- class libraries
- class members
- class properties
- classes. See also partial classes
- abstract
- access modifiers, 245
- data members, 257–259
- elements, 246
- exception handling, 244–245
- general discussion, 243
- inheritance
- avoiding
asoperator invalid conversions, 349–350 - avoiding invalid runtime casts, 347–348
- avoiding
isoperator invalid conversions, 348–349 BankAccountclass example, 335–342- chaining, 336–338
- containment versus, 343–345
- destructors, 330, 350–351
HAS_Arelationship, 345, 346IS_Arelationship, 335, 342–345, 346, 347- overview, 168, 244–245, 333–334
- purpose, 334–335
- substitutable classes, 346–347
- tracking features, 339–342
- avoiding
- nesting, 256–257
- objects
- ClassFileStream class, 541
- ClickOnce technique, 507–508
- cloud development, 593
- cloud projects, 593, 597
- CLR. See Common Language Runtime
- cmd.exe command, 18
- COBOL programming language, 127, 402–403
- Code Access Security (CAS), 501
- Code Clone feature, 594
- Code Coverage feature, 595
- code regions, 16
- CodeAccessPermission namespace class, 508
- CodeLens feature, 594
- Cold Fusion programming language, 577
- collection classes
<T>notation, 142- arrays, 125, 140–141, 147–149
- dictionaries, 142, 145–147
foreachloop method, 164–168- general discussion, 67
- indexers
- information storage, 512
- initialization techniques, 147–149
- interfaces as base type of, 389–390
- iterator blocks
- lists
LoopThroughFilesprogram
- colon character, 236, 646
- COM (Component Object Model) language, 575–580
- Command pattern
- command prompt
- comma-separated value (CSV), 777–778
- comments, 19, 223–224, 264
- Common Language Runtime
- Compare() method, 52–56
- CompareTo() method, 392–394
- compiler, 13
- compile-time errors, 188
- Component Object Model (COM) language, 575–580
- compound assignment operators, 84
- compound logical operators, 87–88
- computer languages. See specific computer languages
- computer memory. See memory
- Concat() formatting method, 67, 71–72
- Concatenate() formatting method, 69–71
- concatenation, 41, 66, 77–79
- conditional expressions, 96–97, 102, 115–116
- console applications
- creating
- Console.Read() call, 407
- Console.WriteLine() method, 339–342
- Console.WriteLine() statement, 20, 262–263
- const data members, 259
- constants, 259, 481.See also specific constants
- constraints, 202–204
- constructors
- access control
- containment, 343–345
- Contains() method, 59
- ContainsKey() method, 146
- continue statement, 115–116
- contravariance, 205, 206–208
- control-versus-productivity issue
- Convert class, 45, 62–64
- Cookie class, 548
- Count() method, 200–201
- counting numbers
- counting variables, 114, 122
- coupling, 202
- covariance, 205–206, 208
- covariant return type, 319–320
- crashes, 214, 222
- Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD) principles, 776
- Create() method, 284
- CreatePackage() method, 192
- cribbage board project
- cross-platform support
- CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) principles, 776
- CryptoConfig namespace class, 508
- CryptoStream class, 541
- CShell application, 589, 591
- CSV (comma-separated value), 777–778
- Ctrl+K shortcut, 20
- Ctrl+S shortcut, 20
- CultureInfo.InvariantCulture property, 57–58
- curly braces, 19, 97
- current object, 296–300
- Current property, 166–168
- custom delegates, 409–410
- custom exceptions, 220
- cw shortcut, 20
- Cyrillic alphabet, 36–37
D
- data access
- data binding
- data collections. See specific collection classes
- data containers, 509, 511, 512, 596–597
- data generators
- data members
- data serialization
- Data View feature, 609–610
- database
- DataReader container, 512
- DataRow container, 511, 512
- DataSet class, 399–401
- DataSet container, 509, 511, 512
- DataTable container, 509, 511, 512
- DataView container, 509, 511, 512
- DateTime variable type, 41–42
- DayOfWeek property, 42
- DbCommand, 511
- DbConnection, 511
- deallocation, 477
- debugging
- decimal numeric constants, 43, 44–45
- decimal variable type, 34–35, 234
- decimal.Round() statement, 114
- declarations, 27–28, 362–363, 493–494
- decoupling, 202
- decrement operators, 85
- default arguments, 278–279
- default parameters, 278–279
- delegate signature, 412–413
- delegate types, 413–415
- delegates
- delimiters, 64
- denial of service, 502–503
- dependencies, 202, 403–404
- dependency injection, 405–406
- dependency properties, 682
- Dequeue() method, 199–200
- DescendingEvens() method, 181–183
- DESCryptoServiceProvider namespace class, 508
- deserialized data, 775, 789–792
- design patterns, 425
- Design Patterns (Gamma, Helm, Johnson, & Vlissides), 425, 707
- designer
- destructors, 330, 350–351
- Developer Mode
- Device Independent Units (DIUs), 654
- Dictionary<TKey, TValue> collection class
- difference operation, 149, 153
- directories,
LoopThroughFilesprogram - Directory class, 158
- DirectX, 724
- discard parameters, 423
- Display() method, 391–392
- DisplayRatio() method, 281–282
- Dispose() method, 351
- DIUs (Device Independent Units), 654
- division operator, 82
- DNS (Domain Name Services) class, 548
- Docker tools, 593, 746–747
- Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle, 244
- DOS command line, 18
- dot hierarchy, 258, 455
- Dots Per Inch (DPI), 654
- double brackets, 127, 141
- double numeric constants, 43
- double quotation marks, 36, 40. See also string constants
- double variable type
- DoubleBankAccount program example, 311–313
- Double.Epsilon constant, 87
- doubleVariable variable type, 33
- do…while loop statements, 114–115
- Download class, 548
- DPI (Dots Per Inch), 654
- drawing
- cribbage board project
- .NET Framework, 564–565
- DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle, 244
- DumpBuffer() method, 161–163
- DumpHex() method, 159–161
- duration property, 42
- dynamic keyword, 148–149, 578–580
- Dynamic Language Runtime, 582–584
- dynamic programming
E
- e parameters, 427–429, 431
- early binding, 362–363
- element binding, 693. See also data binding
- elevation of privilege, 502–503
- else statement, 100–102
- email, 544, 546, 553–556
- embedded
ifstatements, 102–104 - empty methods, 265–268
- empty
string, 38 - Empty template, 746–748
- encapsulation, 244, 290, 333. See also access control
- encryption, 507, 508
- EndPoint class, 548
- endregion directive, 16
- Enqueue() method, 199
- enum keyword, 231–232, 234
- enumerated flags, 229, 235–236
- enumerated switches, 230, 237–238
- enumerators
- equal to operator, 81
- equals symbol, 26, 84, 91
- error-handling. See compile-time errors; exception handling; runtime errors
- event handling, 569–570, 707–709
- event objects, 425–427
- EventHandler delegate type, 426
- EventHandler<TEventArgs> delegate type, 426
- events
- Evidence namespace class, 508
- exception handling
- Exception object class, 211–212
- exceptions, 210–211
- exclusive or (xor) operator, 87, 235
- executable programs
- ExecutionEngineException, 215–216
- explicit type conversions, 90–91
- expression body property, 314
- expression types
- expression-bodied members, 329–331
- Extensible Application Markup Language. See XAML
- Extensible Markup Language. See XML
- Extensions class, 238–239
F
- facial recognition, 500
- Factorial() function, 216–219
- factoring, 369, 371–374
- factory methods
- Fahrenheit scale, 30–31, 32
- false numeric constants, 43
- false value, 36
- field keyword, 495–496
- fields, 248, 479
- file input/output (I/O)
- file permissions, 500, 508. See also access control
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 544, 551–553
- FileInfo class, 158
- FileInfo objects, 158–159
- FileRead program
- file-scoped namespaces, 456
- FileStream class
- FileWeb class, 548
- FileWrite program
- finally blocks, 210–211, 212–213
- Find() function, 171
- FindEmpty() function, 171
- firewalls, 555
- fixed-length variable types, 29, 39
- fixed-value arrays, 127, 128
- flat-file format. See serialization
- flexible dependencies, 403–404
- flexible lists, 125
- float numeric constants, 43
- float variable type, 31–34, 234
- floating-point numbers, 86–87
- floating-point variables
- flow control
- loops
- font information, 37
- for loop statements, 120–122
- for(;;) statement, 54, 122
- foreach loop method
- form class, 418
- format specifiers, 236
- format string, 73
- Fortran programming language, 127, 402–403
- fourth-generation programming languages, 205
- FoxPro programming language, 509
- fractions, 30–31
- free text symbol, 19. See also comments
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 544, 551–553
- FtpWeb class, 548
- fully qualified namespaces, 458–459
- Func keyword, 413–415
- function pointers, 409, 411, 413–415
- functional programming coding, 577
- Functional Programming For Dummies (Mueller), 109
- functions
- software design, 502–503
G
- “Gang of Four,” 707
- garbage collection, 330, 350–351, 477
- general-purpose registers, 33–34
- generic collection classes
- generic delegates, 187–189, 409–410
- generic interfaces, 187–189
- generic iterators, 184
- generic methods, 187–189
- get() accessor, 183–185
- GetCurrentDirectory() method, 157–158
- GetEnumerator() method, 134–135, 165–166
- GetFileList() method, 158, 160
- GetNameValue() method, 238–239
- getter methods, 308–309, 314
- Git software, 593
- global namespaces, 454
- global using statements, 435–436
- Globally Unique ID (GUID), 622
- Google Colaboratory (Colab), 578
- Graphic Development Environment, 604. See also designer
- graphical user interface (GUI), 7, 10
- Graphics class
- greater than operator, 81, 89
- greater than or equal to operator, 85
- Groovy programming language, 577
- gRPC, 753–754
- GUI (graphical user interface), 7, 10
- GUID (Globally Unique ID), 622
H
- hackers, 500, 555
- Halo Infinite, 562, 563
- hard-coding, 104
- HAS_A relationship
- HAS_A relationships
- HashSet<T> collection class
- hashtables, 512
- heap memory
- Hebrew alphabet, 36–37, 529
- Helm, Richard, 425, 707
- Help Index, 51–52, 84, 87
- hex dump, 156
- hexadecimal base
- Unicode character set, 163
- high-level computer languages, 8
- Hindi alphabet, 529
- Hololens, 721, 725
- HTML, 724
- HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) applications
- Http (HyperText Transfer Protocol) class, 546, 548
- HTTPS-enabled sites, 749–750
- HttpWebRequest class, 545
- human languages, 8, 36–37, 529
I
- ICollection<T> interface type, 390
- ICommand interface, 709–710
- IComparable interface type, 390–391
- IComparable<T> interface type, 390–391, 392–394
- IDictionary<TKey, TValue> interface type, 390
- IDisposable interface type, 390
- IEnumerable interface type, 390
- IEnumerable<T> interface type, 166, 167–168, 391
- IEnumerator interface, 134, 165–168
- IEnumerator<T> interface, 166–168, 391
- if statements
- if.else expression, 101
- IFormattable interface type, 390
- IIS Express icon, 785–786
- IL (Intermediate Language), 411, 438
- IList<T> interface type, 390
- images
- cribbage board project
- .NET Framework, 564–565
- immutable properties, 309
- imperative coding, 577
- implicit type conversions, 44, 90–91
- IMyInterface constraint, 204
- increment operators, 84–85, 122
- indexers
- IndexOf() methods, 59
- IndexOfAny() method, 59, 70–71
- infinite loops, 114, 122
- information disclosure, 502–503
- inheritance
- abstraction
BankAccountclass example
CAN_BE_USED_ASrelationship, 379–381- chaining, 336–338
- containment versus, 343–345
- destructors, 330, 350–351
- general discussion, 168, 244–245, 333–334, 353
HAS_Arelationship, 345, 346- interface, 387, 401–402
IS_Arelationship
- other features
- polymorphism
- inheritance methods
- inheritances of convenience, 371
- init accessor, 487
- init-only setters, 309–310
- input/output
- Insert() method, 79
- instance fields, 262–263
- instance members, 258
- instance methods
- accessing current object, 298–300
- effective use, 293–295
- general discussion, 262–263, 287
- local functions, 300–302
- objects
- static methods compared with, 290–296
- instance properties
- int numeric constants, 43
- int variable
- Int32.TryParse(s, n) method, 64
- integer literal, 30
- integers, 27, 30–31, 33–34. See also specific integers
- Integrated Development Environment (IDE). See also Visual Studio 2022 software
- Intel processors, 33–34
- IntelliSense feature, 223–224, 592, 618–619, 630
- IntelliTest feature, 595
- intentional programming, 265
- interface keyword, 381
- interfaces
- elements, 381–382
- general discussion, 333, 379
- hiding methods behind, 399–401
- inheritance, 401–402
- for managing changes
- as method parameter
- other uses
- Intermediate Language (IL), 411, 438
- internal access modifier
- Internet
- Internet of Things (IoT), 598, 725
- Internet Protocol (
IP) class, 548 - interpolated constants, 44
- interpolated strings, 44, 77, 391–392
- intersection operation, 149, 152–153
- IntersectWith() method, 152–153
- intrinsic variable types, 39–40
- invariance, 205
- I/O. See input/output
- iOS platform, 590, 593, 725
- IoT (Internet of Things), 598, 725
- IP (Internet Protocol) class, 548
- IPrioritizable interface, 195
- IronPython programming language, 585
- IronRuby programming language, 583, 585
- is operator
- IS_A Object, 188
- IS_A relationship
- IsAllDigits() method, 63–66
- item templates, 635–637
- Item.GetType() method, 234
- Item.GetTypeCode() method, 234
- iterator blocks
- iterators
- advantages, 165–167
- arrays, 134–136
- CLR limitations, 234
- defining switches, 230, 237–238
enumkeyword, 231–232, 234- flags, 229, 235–236
- general discussion, 108, 155, 195, 229–230
- generic, 184
- initializers, 229, 233
- interfaces, 134–135, 165–168
LoopThroughFilesprogram, 159–164- methods extension, 238–239
- named, 180, 181–183
- real-world examples, 231–232
- specifying data type, 234–235
J
- JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), 777–778
- jumps
breakstatements, 115–116, 123–124continuestatement, 115–116Dequeue()method, 199–200do…whilestatement, 114–115Enqueue()method, 199finallyblocks, 212–213- flexibility, 116–120
- general discussion, 96, 110–111
- nesting loops, 123–124
- parts to, 122
- scope, 120
for(;;)statement, 54forstatement, 120–122TopQueue()method, 200whilestatement, 111–114while(true)statement, 54
- Jupyter Notebook software, 4, 23–24, 591
K
L
- lambda expressions
- Language Integrated Query (LInQ), 23, 134, 510
- LastIndexOf() method, 59
- LastIndexOfAny() method, 59
- late binding, 362–364. See also polymorphism
- leap years, 41
- LeBlanc, David C., 555
- less than operator, 81
- less than or equal to operator, 85
- libraries, 433, 599. See also class libraries
- like-typed variables, 243
- LinkedList<T> collection class
- LInQ (Language Integrated Query), 23, 134, 510
- Linux operating systems
- LISP (List Processing) language, 576
- list collections
- list keyword, return values alternatives
- List Processing (LISP) language, 576
- List<T> collection class, 142, 187
- listeners. See Observer design pattern
- literate programming technique, 23, 591
- Live Unit Testing feature, 595
- living organisms classification, 230
- local data stores, 776
- local functions
- logging network activity, 556–558
- logical and operator, 87–88
- logical comparison operators, 85–88
- logical numeric constants, 43
- logical or operator, 87–88
- logical variable types, 36, 85–88
- long int numeric constants, 43
- long integer type, 27–28, 43, 234, 243
- loops
breakstatements, 115–116, 123–124continuestatement, 115–116do…whilestatement, 114–115- flexibility, 116–120
- general discussion, 110–111
- nesting, 123–124
- parts to, 122
- Razor runtime compilation, 772–774
- scope, 120
for(;;)statement, 54forstatement, 120–122whilestatement, 111–114while(true)statement, 54
- LoopThroughFiles program
- lowercase string, 56–58
- low-level programming, 29, 411
- Lua programming language, 577
M
- machine language, 8, 599
- machine rot, 723, 724
- macOS platform
- macro languages, 578
- Main() method
- Mason, Nick, 126
- mathematics
- members
- class
- memory
- heap memory
- MemoryStream, 527, 541
- metadata, 437
- method calls. See specific method calls
- method overloading
- method parameter, 382–388
- method return type, 389
- methods. See also specific methods
- MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication), 499–500
- Microsoft Access, 515
- Microsoft Azure development, 593, 597
- Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) subscription, 595–596
- Microsoft Fakes feature, 595
- Microsoft Office 365, 593, 599
- Microsoft Word, 575–580
- MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Exchange), 546, 553–556
- minus symbol, 16
- mobile devices, 7, 599
- Model-View-Controller (MVC) paradigm, 751–752, 762–763
- Model-View-View Model (MVVM) pattern, 707, 723
- modulo operator, 82, 161
- MonoDevelop software, 590
- MoveNext() method, 166
- MSDN (Microsoft Developer Network) subscription, 595–596
- Mueller, John Paul, 109, 725
- multidimensional arrays, 134
- Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), 499–500
- multiple inheritance, 387
- multiple simultaneous user environments, 596–597
- multiplication operator, 82
- Multipurpose Internet Mail Exchange (MIME), 546, 553–556
- mutually exclusive conditions, 100–102
- MVC (Model-View-Controller) paradigm, 751–752, 762–763
- MVVM (Model-View-View Model) pattern, 707, 723
- MyBaseClass constraint, 204
N
- .NET 5.0 framework
- .NET 6.0 framework
- .NET Core
- .NET Core 3.x, 128, 748
- .NET Core 5.0, 748
- .NET ecosystem, 9–10, 13
- .NET Framework. See also collection classes
- asynchronous/synchronous I/O, 527, 528
- console applications, 598
- example, 529–533
- general discussion, 10, 525–526, 541
- other, 541
- predefined exceptions, 215–216
- predefined interface types, 390–391
- reading file, 537–540
- security
System.Datanamespaces
System.Drawingnamespace, 564–565System.Netnamespace
- network management scripting, 576
- network status, 549–551
- NetworkCredential class, 548
- NetworkStream class, 541
- new() constraint, 204
- new line constant, 37
- NewEditionEventHandler delegate type, 426
- Newspeak programming language, 577
- nint integer type, 29
- no return value methods, 281–282
- Node.js environment, 593
- nondestructive mutation, 494–495
- nondeterministic destruction
- nonetype, 281–282
- nongenerics, 188–189
- non-Roman alphabets, 529
- nonstatic members, 258
- nonvoid methods, 281
- not equal to operator, 52, 86
- not operator, 58, 87
- notational C# programming language, 53
- Now property, 42
- NuGet Package Manager
- nuint integer type, 29
- null character type, 37, 38
- null coalescing operator technique, 226–227
- null object, 254
- null parameters, 473–474
- null
string, 38, 60, 204–205 - nullable reference types, 469
- numeric constants, 43–44
- numeric string formatting, 391–392
O
- obfuscation, 499
- Object Linking and Embedding Database (OLEDB) protocol, 515
- Object Oriented Programming
- object properties, 257–258
- object-based code, 250–253
- object-based languages, 363
- object-oriented coding, 577
- objects
- Observer design pattern
- ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) compliance, 515
- OdbcAdapter class, 511
- OdbcCommand class, 511
- Office 365 software, 593, 599
- OLEDB (Object Linking and Embedding Database) protocol, 515
- OleDbAdapter class, 511
- OleDbCommand class, 511
- one-based arrays, 127
- OneCompiler software, 23
- OneTime binding mode, 683
- OneWay binding mode, 683
- OneWayToSource binding mode, 683
- OnlineGBD application, 590
- OOP. See Object Oriented Programming
- open command, 527
- Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) compliance, 515
- OpenAPI support, 752–753
- operating order hierarchy, 82–83
- operating systems
- operator overloading, 92–93
- operators
- arithmetic operators
- expression types
- general discussion, 81
- logical comparison operators
- optional parameters
- optional reference types, 468–469
- or operator, 87, 235
- Oracle, 515
- OracleAdapter class, 511
- OracleCommand class, 511
- out parameters, 465, 471–472, 579–580
- OutOfMemoryException, 215–216
- output parameters, 465, 471–472
- OverflowException, 217
- override keyword, 295, 365–368
P
- PackageFactory class, 192, 201–205
- Pad() formatting method, 67–69
- PadLeft() formatting method, 67–69
- PadRight() formatting method, 67–69
- parameters
- parent class, 244–245
- parentheses, 83
- partial classes
- partial methods
- passwords, 499–500, 507
- Path.DirectorySeparatorChar command, 534
- pattern matching, 60, 108–110
- Peer Name Resolution Protocol (PNRP), 547
- performance
- Perl programming language, 576
- Permissions namespace, 508
- persistence, 528
- PHP programming language, 577
- plus operator
- plus symbol, 16
- PNRP (Peer Name Resolution Protocol), 547
- Policy namespace, 508
- polymorphism
- postfix increment operator, 84, 122
- PowerShell, 732
- predefined interface types, 390–391
- Predicate keyword, 413–415
- prefix increment operator, 84, 122
- Principal namespace, 508
- PrincipalPermission namespace class, 508
- Priority enum, 195
- PriorityQueue wrapper class
- private access modifier
- procedural coding, 261, 577
- processors
- productivity
- programmatic breaks. See classes; methods
- programmer-defined generics
- programming languages. See also specific programming languages
- programs
- dividing into class libraries
- progress bar
- project files
- project templates, 632–635
- properties
- class
- property element, 647–648
- protected access modifier, 245, 307, 434, 479
- protected internal access modifier, 245, 307, 309, 434, 452–453
- protection. See access control; security
- pseudocode, 53
- public access modifier
- public method exceptions, 223
- Publish/Subscribe pattern, 425–431
- Python programming language
Q
R
- RAD (Rapid Application Development), 519–521
- Random class, 183
- Random() method, 192, 194
- random number generator, 192
- Rapid Application Development (RAD), 519–521
- Razor runtime compilation
- React.js template, 754
- Read, Evaluate, Print, and Loop (REPL) environments, 589, 591
- reader/writer classes, 527, 528, 535, 539–540
- ReadLine() method, 55, 62–64, 99
- readonly data members, 259
- readonly keyword, 485–487
- real numbers
- general discussion, 31
- record type
- Redux template, 597, 754
- ref keyword, 280
- refactoring, 264, 268–271, 287
- reference structures, 487–488
- reference types. See also specific reference types
- region directive, 16
- registry access, 724
- Remote Desktop, 730–731
- Remote iOS Simulator, 593
- Remote Procedure Call (RPC), 753–754
- Remove() method, 59, 79
- REPL (Read, Evaluate, Print, and Loop) environments, 589, 591
- Replace() method, 59, 69–71, 77, 79
- repudiation of action, 502–503
- Request for Comments (RFCs), 544
- Reset() method, 165–166
- REST (Representational State Transfer), 752, 763
- return by reference, 472–473
- return keyword, 470
- return statement, 124, 280
- return values, 470–473
- reusability principle, 334
- Rextester software, 590
- RFCs (Request for Comments), 544
- Role-Based Security
- Roman alphabet, 36–37, 529
- rounding, 31, 86–87
- RoutedCommand class, 710–711
- RoutedUICommand class, 710–711
- RPC (Remote Procedure Call), 753–754
- Ruby programming language, 577, 578, 583
- runtime errors
- runtime type, 362–363
S
- same as operator, 52, 86–87
- SAO (Software Architecture Overview) diagram, 501–502
- sbyte integer type, 29, 234
- Scala programming language, 591
- Schardt, James A., 370
- Scheme programming language, 576
- scope, 288–290, 645
- scripting languages, 46, 575.See also specific scripting languages
- SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle), 501
- sealed keyword, 377–378
- Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) security, 749–750, 781
- SecureString namespace class, 508
- security. See also access control; specific access modifiers
- accessor methods, 308–309
- assemblies, 448–453
- base class method, 355–361
- class
BankAccountexample, 304–306- covariant return type, 319–320
- expression-bodied members, 329–331
init-onlysetters, 309–310internalaccess modifier, 307- overview, 303–304, 306–308
- properties, 313–316
protectedaccess modifier, 307, 434protected internalaccess modifier, 307, 434publicaccess modifier, 247–249, 306- sealing, 377–378
- target typing, 316–318
- constructors
DoubleBankAccountprogram example, 311–313- general discussion, 9, 499–500
internalaccess modifier, 288- in namespaces, 456–458
privateaccess modifier, 288, 304–306, 451–452- properties versus fields, 248
readonlykeyword, 485–487- Role-Based Security, 501
- software design, 500–503
System.Securitynamespaces, 506, 508- UWP, 724
- via local functions, 271–273
- Windows applications, 503–508
- Security namespace, 508
- Security.Principal namespace class, 503–506, 508
- seed values, 192
- serialization
- Server Explorer panel, 615–617
- server-based applications, 500
- Service class, 548
- SetName() method, 289–290
- sets, 149–153
- setter methods, 308–309, 314
- SharePoint, 599
- short integer type, 29, 234
- short-circuit evaluations, 87–88
- sideloading, 727–728
- signed integer type, 29
- simple arithmetic operators, 82
- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 546, 553–556
- single quotation marks, 36, 40
- Site namespace class, 508
- Smalltalk programming language, 576
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 546, 553–556
- Snapshot Debugger feature, 595
- Socket class, 548
- Software Architecture Overview (SAO) diagram, 501–502
- software design principles
- Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), 501
- Solution Explorer panel
- solutions, 14, 435, 438
- Sort() method, 136–139
- source generator, 460, 464
- space character, 37
- special characters, 37
- Split() formatting method, 64–66, 71–72
- spoofing identity, 502–503
- SQL. See Structured Query Language
- SQL Management Studio, 609–610
- SqlCommand class, 511
- SqlDataAdapter class, 511
- SqlDateTime class, 511
- SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) security, 749–750, 781
- stack memory, 39, 125, 249, 487–488
- Stack<T> collection class, 142
- StackOverflowException, 215–216
- Start Debugging command, 17
- Start Without Debugging command, 17
- static anonymous functions, 422–424
- static coding, 591. See also dynamic programming
- static fields, 262–263
- static keyword, 422–424, 585–586
- static languages, 575
- static members
- static methods
- arguments
- static operations, 581
- static properties, 257–258, 291–293, 315
- Stored Procedures, 524
- StreamReader class, 527, 529, 537–539
- streams
- StreamWriter class, 527, 529–533
- STRIDE acronym, 502–503
- "string" character constants, 43
- string class, 48
- string constants, 37–39, 51
- string interpolation, 44, 77, 391–392
- string type
- StringBuilder class, 77–79
- String.Concat() method, 55
- String.Empty value, 37, 38, 43
- String.Format() formatting method
- string.IsNullOrEmpty() method, 60
- StringReader class, 527, 540
- String.Split() method, 64–66
- StringWriter class, 527, 540
- struct constraint, 203, 204
- struct keyword
- structural breaks. See assemblies; libraries; namespaces
- Structured Query Language
- structures
- subarrays, 127, 129
- subroutine, 261
- subscript operator, 169
- substitutable classes, 346–347
- Substring() method, 59, 67, 77
- subtraction operator, 81, 82
- Swagger Specification, 753
- switch statement
- SymmetricExceptWith() method, 152–153
- synchronous input/output (I/O), 527, 528
- synchronous methods, 488
- syntax
- system absolute value method, 86–87
- System namespace, 390, 437
- System.Collections.Generic namespace, 142, 166–167, 168, 390
- System.Collections.IEnumerable interface, 181–183
- System.Data.Common namespace, 511
- System.Data.ODBC namespace, 511
- System.Data.OleDb namespace, 511
- System.Data.OracleClient namespace, 511
- System.Data.SqlClient namespace, 511
- System.Data.SqlTypes namespace, 511
- System.Drawing namespace
- cribbage board project
- System.Drawing.Common namespace, 560–561
- System.Environment.FailFast() method, 222
- System.EventArgs class, 427–429, 431
- System.Exception warning, 220
- System.IndexOutOfRangeException warning, 129
- System.IO namespace, 527, 528
- System.Linq keyword, 487
- System.Math class, 87
- System.Net namespace
- System.Net.Cache namespace, 545
- System.Net.Configuration namespace, 545
- System.Net.Http namespace, 546
- System.Net.Http.Headers namespace, 546
- System.Net.Mail namespace, 546
- System.Net.Mime namespace, 546
- System.Net.NetworkInformation namespace, 546, 549–551
- System.Net.PeerToPeer namespace, 547
- System.Net.PeerToPeer.Collaboration namespace, 547
- System.Net.Security namespace, 547
- System.Net.Sockets namespace, 547
- System.Net.WebSockets namespace, 547
- System.Object, 488
- System.Security namespaces, 506, 508
- System.ValueType, 488
- System.Web namespaces, 510
- System.Windows namespaces, 510
T
- <T> notation, 142
- Tab character, 20, 37, 592
- tampering with data or files, 502–503
- target typing, 316–318
- Task method, 488
- Task<TResult> method, 488
- taxonomies
- team development, 464
- templates. See specific templates
- terminator statement, 55, 114
- ternary operators, 101
- text-file input/output (I/O)
- TextReader class, 527
- TextWriter class, 527
- this keyword
- thread safety, 486
- threat modeling, 500–503
- thrown exceptions
- thumbprint scans, 499–500
- tight coupling, 202
- tilde symbol, 330, 350–351
- Time Travel Debugging feature, 595
- TimeSpan property, 42
- Tiobe Index, 1
- ToBoolean() method, 62
- ToDecimal() method, 99
- ToDouble() method, 62
- ToFloat() method, 62
- ToLower() method, 57
- Toolbox window, 21–22
- top-level statements, 20–21
- TopQueue() method, 200
- ToString() method, 78, 295, 308
- ToUpper() method, 51, 57
- Trim() formatting method, 62, 67–69
- TrimEnd() formatting method, 62, 67–69
- TrimFront() formatting method, 62, 67–69
- true numeric constants, 43
- “true” string, 44–45
U
- UAP technology. See Universal Application Platform technology
- UIElements
- uint integer type, 29, 234
- ulong integer type, 29, 234
- UML (Unified Modeling Language), 369, 370
- UML 2 For Dummies (Chonoles & Schardt), 370
- unary negative operator, 81, 82
- unboxing, 188, 189, 477–478
- underscore, 30, 259, 423
- Unicode character set, 163, 529
- Unicode Transformation Formats, 529
- Unified Modeling Language (UML), 369, 370
- uninitialized reference, 254
- union operation, 149, 151–152
- Unit Test Isolation feature, 595
- Unity Gaming Services, 559
- Universal Application Platform technology
- Universal Windows Platform applications
- Android OS, 590
- building
- unlike-typed variables, 243, 246–247. See also classes
- UnmanagedMemoryStream class, 541
- unsigned int numeric constants, 43
- unsigned integer type, 29, 39
- Upload class, 548
- uppercase string, 56–58, 259
- Url namespace class, 508
- user-defined generics
- usernames, 499–500
- ushort integer type, 29, 234
- using directives, 14, 16, 19, 435–436
- using statement, 435–436, 534–537
- using System directive, 16
- UWP applications. See Universal Windows Platform applications
V
- Value property, 486–487
- values by reference, 472–473
- ValueTuple data type, 284–285
- value-type objects, 39–40, 188, 189, 477
- var keyword
- variable-length arrays, 129–132
- variables. See also specific variables
bool
- character types, 36–37, 40–41
- counting, 114, 122
DateTime, 41–42decimal, 34–35- declaring, 26
double, 32, 39, 43, 234, 243- dynamic programming, 575, 580–582
- floating-point, 31–34, 44–45
- fraction, 30–31
- general discussion, 20, 25
int
- like-typed, 243
- memory
- variance, 205–208
- Variant data types, 46
- VBScript scripting language, 46, 576
- vector drawings, 559. See also
Graphicsclass - verbatim string operator, 39
- View Source, 576
- ViewModel. See Model-View-View Model (MVVM) pattern
- virtual keyword, 365–368, 479
- virtual machine environments, 596–597
- Visual Basic programming language
- visual designer. See designer
- Visual Studio 2022 software. See also Developer Mode
- Android operating system, 590
- Application Wizard, 11
- autoindenting settings, 100
- best practices
' 'character, 252- anticipating problems, 209
- avoiding
!=comparison operator, 52 - avoiding
==comparison operator, 52 - braces, 19, 97
- comments, 19, 247, 264
- defining important constants, 104
- double-clicking error entries, 276
- elegance as a goal, 345
EventHandlerdelegate type, 426- exception-handling strategy, 221–225
- explaining user errors, 120
- form class use, 418
- indentation, 100
- last-chance exception-handling, 223, 225
- local functions, 301
- method argument values, 275
- methods naming conventions, 264
- .NET Framework predefined exceptions, 215–216
- no more than necessary access, 308
- nulling invalid references, 533
- object variable references, 255
- object-initializer syntax, 329
- plain-English error displays, 225
- properties versus fields, 248
- protecting casts, 348–350
- short and specific
tryblocks, 211 - spare use of
virtualkeyword, 368 - specific
catchblocks, 212 ToString()method, 295- variable names, 247
- viewing warnings as errors, 360
Write()method, 252
- Breakpoints window, 620–621
- Build menu, 623
- Class View panel, 617
- Code Editor, 618–619
- Code Style settings, 631
- command prompt, 7, 18, 589, 622
- common operations, 51–52
- common uses, 509
- custom templates, 632–637
- debugger
- designer
- EnvironmentInternational Settings page, 630
- Fonts and Colors settings, 629
- general discussion, 4, 10, 589–590, 603
- Immediate window, 620
- installation requirements, 596–597
- IntelliSense feature, 223–224, 592, 618–619, 630
- keyboard commands, 629–630
LoopThroughFilesprogram
- NuGet Package Manager, 585, 600, 611, 622, 631
- Options menu, 627–631
- Peek Definition tooltip, 223
- programming languages options, 630–631
- project types, 597–602
- Properties panel, 613–614
- Refactor menu, 264
- Server Explorer panel, 615–617
- Solution Explorer panel, 610–613
System.Datanamespaces
- Task List window, 621
- tips
- Visual Studio Community edition software
- Visual Studio Enterprise edition software, 594–595
- Visual Studio .NET, 10
- Visual Studio Professional edition software, 594
- Visual Studio Solution Explorer, 435
- Vlissides, John, 425, 707
- void keyword, 281–282
- void methods, 281
W
- W3Schools tutorials, 23
- warnings, 360. See also error-handling; runtime errors; specific warnings
- watchOS operating system, 725
- WDP (Windows Device Portal), 728–729
- WeatherForecast project
- API configuration and functionality, 783
- API functionality, 784–786
- companion files, 775
- creating project, 778–781
- general discussion, 775–776
- realistic output, 781–783
RetrieveWeatherForecastproject
- serialized data, 777–778
- Web class, 548
- Web Forms templates, 764–765
- Web Sockets (WebSocket) functionality, 547
- web-based application programming interfaces (APIs)
- WebRequest class
- while loop statements
- while(true) statement, 54
- white space, 62
- whole numbers, 27–28
- Win32 APIs (application programming interfaces), 215, 722–723
- Windows 8 operating system, 9
- Windows 10 operating system
- Windows 11 operating system, 721, 725
- Windows API, 411
- Windows applications, 503–508
- Windows chrome themes, 657–658
- Windows containers, 596–597
- Windows Desktop, 592
- Windows Device Portal (WDP), 728–729
- Windows Forms application
- Windows login authentication, 503–506
- Windows Minimal Server, 596–597
- Windows Presentation Foundation applications. See also Universal Windows Platform applications
Canvas, 662- Command pattern
- Common Language Runtime (CLR)
- data binding
- Windows Runtime (WinRT), 575–576, 604–607
- Windows Server Core, 596–597
- Windows Sockets (Winsock) functionality, 547
- WindowsIdentity namespace class, 508
- WindowsPrincipal namespace class, 508
- WinForms application. See Windows Forms application
- WinUI, 724
- Word, 575–580
- World Wide Web, 576
- WPF applications. See Universal Windows Platform applications; Windows Presentation Foundation applications
- WrapPanel method, 660–661
- wrapper classes
- WriteLine() method, 99, 262–263
- Writing Secure Code (Howard & LeBlanc), 555
X
Y
Z
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