Chapter 10. VLAN Trunking Protocol and Inter-VLAN Communication

This chapter provides information and commands concerning the following topics:

Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)

Switch(config)# interface fastethernet 0/1 Moves to interface configuration mode
Switch(config-if)# switchport mode dynamic desirable

Makes the interface actively attempt to convert the link to a trunk link

Note

With the switchport mode dynamic desirable command set, the interface becomes a trunk link if the neighboring interface is set to trunk, desirable, or auto
Switch(config-if)# switchport mode dynamic auto

Makes the interface able to convert into a trunk link

Note

With the switchport mode dynamic auto command set, the interface becomes a trunk link if the neighboring interface is set to trunk or desirable
Switch(config-if)# switchport nonegotiate

Prevents the interface from generating DTP frames

Note

Use the switchport mode nonegotiate command only when the interface switchport mode is access or trunk. You must manually configure the neighboring interface to establish a trunk link
Switch(config-if)# switchport mode trunk

Puts the interface into permanent trunking mode and negotiates to convert the link into a trunk link

Note

With the switchport mode trunk command set, the interface becomes a trunk link even if the neighboring interface is not a trunk link

Tip

The default mode is dependent on the platform. For the 2960/9200 series, the default mode is dynamic auto.

Tip

On a 2960/9200 series switch, the default for all ports is to be an access port. However, with the default DTP mode being dynamic auto, an access port can be converted into a trunk port if that port receives DTP information from the other side of the link and that other side is set to trunk or desirable. It is therefore recommended that you hard-code all access ports as access ports with the switchport mode access command. This way, DTP information will not inadvertently change an access port to a trunk port. Any port set with the switchport mode access command ignores any DTP requests to convert the link.

Tip

VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) domain names must match for a DTP to negotiate a trunk.

Setting the VLAN Encapsulation Type

Depending on the series of switch that you are using, you may have a choice as to what type of VLAN encapsulation you want to use: the Cisco proprietary Inter-Switch Link (ISL) or the IEEE Standard 802.1Q (dot1q). The 2960 and 9200 series of switches only support dot1q trunking.

Caution

Cisco ISL has been deprecated. Depending on the age and model of your Cisco switch, you may be able to change the encapsulation type between dot1q and ISL.

Switch3650(config)# interface fastethernet 0/1 Moves to interface configuration mode
Switch3650(config-if)# switchport mode trunk Puts the interface into permanent trunking mode and negotiates to convert the link into a trunk link
Switch3650(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation isl Specifies ISL encapsulation on the trunk link
Switch3650(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q Specifies 802.1q tagging on the trunk link
Switch3650(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation negotiate Specifies that the interface negotiate with the neighboring interface to become either an ISL or dot1q trunk, depending on the capabilities or configuration of the neighboring interface

Tip

With the switchport trunk encapsulation negotiate command set, the preferred trunking method is ISL.

Caution

The 2960, 2960-x, and 9200 series of switches support only dot1q trunking.

VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)

VTP is a Cisco proprietary protocol that allows for VLAN configuration (addition, deletion, or renaming of VLANs) to be consistently maintained across a common administrative domain.

Switch(config)# vtp mode client Changes the switch to VTP client mode
Switch(config)# vtp mode server

Changes the switch to VTP server mode

Note

By default, all Catalyst switches are in server mode
Switch(config)# vtp mode transparent Changes the switch to VTP transparent mode
Switch(config)# no vtp mode Returns the switch to the default VTP server mode
Switch(config)# vtp domain domain-name

Configures the VTP domain name. The name can be from 1 to 32 characters long

Note

All switches operating in VTP server or client mode must have the same domain name to ensure communication
Switch(config)# vtp password password

Configures a VTP password. In Cisco IOS Software Release 12.3 and later, the password is an ASCII string from 1 to 32 characters long. If you are using a Cisco IOS Software release earlier than 12.3, the password length ranges from 8 to 64 characters long

Note

To communicate with each other, all switches must have the same VTP password set
Switch(config)# vtp version number

Sets the VTP Version to Version 1, Version 2, or Version 3

Note

VTP versions are not interoperable. All switches must use the same version (with V1 and V2). The biggest difference between Versions 1 and 2 is that Version 2 has support for Token Ring VLANs. Version 3 has added new features such as the creation of a VTP primary server, to prevent the accidental deletion of VLANs that occurred in V1 and V2. V3 also supports extended VLANs, private VLANs, Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) and the ability to be disabled per interface as well as globally

VTP Version 3 is compatible with Version 2, but not Version 1
Switch2960# vtp primary-server Changes the operation state of a switch from a secondary server (the default state) to a primary server and advertises the configuration to the domain. If the switch password is configured as hidden, you are prompted to reenter the password. This happens only if configured in Version 2. This prompt occurs in privileged EXEC mode but not in global config mode
Switch2960# vtp primary-server vlan (Optional) Selects the VLAN database as the takeover feature. This is the default state
Switch2960# vtp primary-server mst (Optional) Selects the multiple spanning tree (MST) database as the takeover feature
Switch2960# vtp primary-server force (Optional) Entering force overwrites the configuration of any conflicting servers. If you do not enter force, you are prompted for confirmation before the takeover
Switch9200# vtp primary Configures the device as a VTP primary server on the 9200 series switch. The same optional parameters of vlan, mst, and force are also valid on this platform
Switch(config)# vtp pruning

Enables VTP pruning

Note

By default, VTP pruning is disabled. You need to enable VTP pruning on only one switch in VTP server mode

Note

Only VLANs included in the pruning-eligible list can be pruned. VLANs 2 through 1001 are pruning eligible by default on trunk ports. Reserved VLANs and extended-range VLANs cannot be pruned. To change which eligible VLANs can be pruned, use the interface-specific switchport trunk pruning vlan command:

Click here to view code image

Switch(config-if)# switchport trunk pruning vlan remove 4,20-30
! Removes VLANs 4 and 20-30
Switch(config-if)# switchport trunk pruning vlan except 40-50
! All VLANs are added to the pruning list except for 40-50

Caution

Due to the inherent risk in having VTP servers overwrite each other and cause VLANs to disappear, Cisco recommends as a best practice deploying VTP in transparent mode. If you are going to use a client/server model, use Version 3 and the use of a VTPv3 primary server to prevent accidental database overwrites.

Verifying VTP

Switch# show vtp status Displays general information about VTP configuration
Switch# show vtp counters Displays the VTP counters for the switch

Note

If trunking has been established before VTP is set up, VTP information is propagated throughout the switch fabric almost immediately. However, because VTP information is advertised only every 300 seconds (5 minutes), unless a change has been made to force an update, it can take several minutes for VTP information to be propagated.

Inter-VLAN Communication Using an External Router: Router-on-a-Stick

Router(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0 Moves to interface configuration mode
Router(config-if)# duplex full Sets the interface to full duplex
Router(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
Router(config-if)# interface fastethernet 0/0.1 Creates subinterface 0/0.1 and moves to subinterface configuration mode
Router(config-subif)# description Management VLAN 1 (Optional) Sets the locally significant description of the subinterface
Router(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 1 native Assigns VLAN 1 to this subinterface. VLAN 1 will be the native VLAN. This subinterface uses the 802.1q tagging protocol
Router(config-subif)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns the IP address and netmask
Router(config-subif)# interface fastethernet 0/0.10 Creates subinterface 0/0.10 and moves to subinterface configuration mode
Router(config-subif)# description Accounting VLAN 10 (Optional) Sets the locally significant description of the subinterface
Router(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 10 Assigns VLAN 10 to this subinterface. This subinterface uses the 802.1q tagging protocol
Router(config-subif)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns the IP address and netmask
Router(config-subif)# exit Returns to interface configuration mode
Router(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
Router(config)#

Note

The networks of the VLANs are directly connected to the router. Routing between these networks does not require a dynamic routing protocol. In a more complex topology, these routes need to either be advertised with whatever dynamic routing protocol is being used or be redistributed into whatever dynamic routing protocol is being used.

Note

Routes to the networks associated with these VLANs appear in the routing table as directly connected networks.

Note

In production environments, VLAN 1 should not be used as the management VLAN because it poses a potential security risk; all ports are in VLAN 1 by default, and it is an easy mistake to add a nonmanagement user to the management VLAN.

Inter-VLAN Communication on a Multilayer Switch Through a Switch Virtual Interface

Note

Rather than using an external router to provide inter-VLAN communication, a multilayer switch can perform the same task through the use of a switched virtual interface (SVI).

Removing L2 Switchport Capability of an Interface on an L3 Switch

Switch9300(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1 Moves to interface configuration mode
Switch9300(config-if)# no switchport

Creates a Layer 3 port on the switch

Note

You can use the no switchport command on physical ports only on a Layer 3-capable switch

Configuring Inter-VLAN Communication on an L3 Switch

Switch9300(config)# interface vlan 1 Creates a virtual interface for VLAN 1 and enters interface configuration mode
Switch9300(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns IP address and netmask
Switch9300(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
Switch9300(config)# interface vlan 10 Creates a virtual interface for VLAN 10 and enters interface configuration mode
Switch9300(config-if)# ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
Switch9300(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
Switch9300(config)# interface vlan 20 Creates a virtual interface for VLAN 20 and enters interface configuration mode
Switch9300(config-if)# ip address 172.16.20.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
Switch9300(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
Switch9300(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
Switch9300(config)# ip routing Enables routing on the switch

Note

For an SVI to go to up/up and be added to the routing table, the VLAN for the SVI must be created, an IP address must be assigned, and at least one interface must support it.

Inter-VLAN Communication Tips

  • Although most older routers (routers running IOS 12.2 and earlier) support both ISL and dot1q, some switch models support only dot1q, such as the 2960, 2960-x, and 9200 series. Check with the version of IOS you are using to determine whether ISL or dot1q is supported.

    • ISL will probably not be an option, as it has been deprecated for quite some time.

    • If you need to use ISL as your trunking protocol, use the command encapsulation isl x, where x is the number of the VLAN to be assigned to that subinterface.

  • Recommended best practice is to use the same number as the VLAN number for the subinterface number. It is easier to troubleshoot VLAN 10 on subinterface fa0/0.10 than on fa0/0.2

Configuration Example: Inter-VLAN Communication

Figure 10-1 illustrates the network topology for the configuration that follows, which shows how to configure inter-VLAN communication using commands covered in this chapter. Some commands used in this configuration are from other chapters.

Image

Figure 10-1 Network Topology for Inter-VLAN Communication Configuration

ISP Router

Router> enable Moves to privileged EXEC mode
Router># configure terminal Moves to global configuration mode
Router(config)# hostname ISP Sets the host name
ISP(config)# interface loopback 0 Moves to interface configuration mode
ISP(config-if)# description simulated address representing remote website Sets the locally significant interface description
ISP(config-if)# ip address 198.133.219.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
ISP(config-if)# interface serial 0/0/0 Moves to interface configuration mode
ISP(config-if)# description WAN link to the Corporate Router Sets the locally significant interface description
ISP(config-if)# ip address 192.31.7.5 255.255.255.252 Assigns an IP address and netmask
ISP(config-if)# clock rate 56000 Assigns a clock rate to the interface; DCE cable is plugged into this interface
ISP(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
ISP(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
ISP(config-if)# router eigrp 10 Creates Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) routing process 10
ISP(config-router)# network 198.133.219.0 Advertises directly connected networks (classful address only)
ISP(config-router)# network 192.31.7.0 Advertises directly connected networks (classful address only)
ISP(config-router)# no auto-summary Disables automatic summarization
ISP(config-router)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
ISP(config)# exit Returns to privileged EXEC mode
ISP# copy running-config startup-config Saves the configuration to NVRAM

CORP Router

Router> enable Moves to privileged EXEC mode
Router># configure terminal Moves to global configuration mode
Router(config)# hostname CORP Sets the host name
CORP(config)# no ip domain-lookup Turns off Domain Name System (DNS) resolution to avoid wait time due to DNS lookup of spelling errors
CORP(config)# interface serial 0/0/0 Moves to interface configuration mode
CORP(config-if)# description link to ISP Sets the locally significant interface description
CORP(config-if)# ip address 192.31.7.6 255.255.255.252 Assigns an IP address and netmask
CORP(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
CORP(config)# interface fastethernet 0/1 Moves to interface configuration mode
CORP(config-if)# description link to L3Switch1 Sets the locally significant interface description
CORP(config-if)# ip address 172.31.1.5 255.255.255.252 Assigns an IP address and netmask
CORP(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
CORP(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
CORP(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0 Enters interface configuration mode
CORP(config-if)# duplex full Enables full-duplex operation to ensure trunking takes effect between here and L2Switch2
CORP(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
CORP(config-if)# interface fastethernet 0/0.1 Creates a virtual subinterface and moves to subinterface configuration mode
CORP(config-subif)# description Management VLAN 1 - Native VLAN Sets the locally significant interface description
CORP(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 1 native Assigns VLAN 1 to this subinterface. VLAN 1 is the native VLAN. This subinterface uses the 802.1q protocol
CORP(config-subif)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
CORP(config-subif)# interface fastethernet 0/0.10 Creates a virtual subinterface and moves to subinterface configuration mode
CORP(config-subif)# description Sales VLAN 10 Sets the locally significant interface description
CORP(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 10 Assigns VLAN 10 to this subinterface. This subinterface uses the 802.1q protocol
CORP(config-subif)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
CORP(config-subif)# interface fastethernet 0/0.20 Creates a virtual subinterface and moves to subinterface configuration mode
CORP(config-subif)# description Engineering VLAN 20 Sets the locally significant interface description
CORP(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 20 Assigns VLAN 20 to this subinterface. This subinterface uses the 802.1q protocol
CORP(config-subif)# ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
CORP(config-subif)# interface fastethernet 0/0.30 Creates a virtual subinterface and moves to subinterface configuration mode
CORP(config-subif)# description Marketing VLAN 30 Sets the locally significant interface description
CORP(config-subif)# encapsulation dot1q 30 Assigns VLAN 30 to this subinterface. This subinterface uses the 802.1q protocol
CORP(config-subif)# ip add 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
CORP(config-subif)# exit Returns to interface configuration mode
CORP(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
CORP(config)# router eigrp 10 Creates EIGRP routing process 10 and moves to router configuration mode
CORP(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 Advertises the 192.168.1.0 network
CORP(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0 Advertises the 192.168.10.0 network
CORP(config-router)# network 192.168.20.0 Advertises the 192.168.20.0 network
CORP(config-router)# network 192.168.30.0 Advertises the 192.168.30.0 network
CORP(config-router)# network 172.31.0.0 Advertises the 172.31.0.0 network
CORP(config-router)# network 192.31.7.0 Advertises the 192.31.7.0 network
CORP(config-router)# no auto-summary Turns off automatic summarization at classful boundary
CORP(config-router)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
CORP(config)# exit Returns to privileged EXEC mode
CORP# copy running-config startup-config Saves the configuration in NVRAM

L2Switch2 (Catalyst 2960)

Switch> enable Moves to privileged EXEC mode
Switch# configure terminal Moves to global configuration mode
Switch(config)# hostname L2Switch2 Sets the host name
L2Switch2(config)# no ip domain-lookup Turns off DNS resolution
L2Switch2(config)# vlan 10 Creates VLAN 10 and enters VLAN configuration mode
L2Switch2(config-vlan)# name Sales Assigns a name to the VLAN
L2Switch2(config-vlan)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L2Switch2(config)# vlan 20 Creates VLAN 20 and enters VLAN configuration mode
L2Switch2(config-vlan)# name Engineering Assigns a name to the VLAN
L2Switch2(config-vlan)# vlan 30

Creates VLAN 30 and enters VLAN configuration mode.

Note

You do not have to exit back to global configuration mode to execute this command
L2Switch2(config-vlan)# name Marketing Assigns a name to the VLAN
L2Switch2(config-vlan)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L2Switch2(config)# interface range fastethernet 0/2 - 4 Enables you to set the same configuration parameters on multiple ports at the same time
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# switchport mode access Sets ports 2 to 4 as access ports
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# switchport access vlan 10 Assigns ports 2 to 4 to VLAN 10
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# interface range fastethernet 0/5 - 8 Enables you to set the same configuration parameters on multiple ports at the same time
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# switchport mode access Sets ports 5 to 8 as access ports
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# switchport access vlan 20 Assigns ports 5 to 8 to VLAN 20
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# interface range fastethernet 0/9 - 12 Enables you to set the same configuration parameters on multiple ports at the same time
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# switchport mode access Sets ports 9 to 12 as access ports
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# switchport access vlan 30 Assigns ports 9 to 12 to VLAN 30
L2Switch2(config-if-range)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L2Switch2(config)# interface fastethernet 0/1 Moves to interface configuration mode
L2Switch2(config)# description Trunk Link to CORP Router Sets the locally significant interface description
L2Switch2(config-if)# switchport mode trunk Puts the interface into trunking mode and negotiates to convert the link into a trunk link
L2Switch2(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L2Switch2(config)# interface vlan 1 Creates a virtual interface for VLAN 1 and enters interface configuration mode
L2Switch2(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
L2Switch2(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
L2Switch2(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L2Switch2(config)# ip default-gateway 192.168.1.1 Assigns a default gateway address
L2Switch2(config)# exit Returns to privileged EXEC mode
L2Switch2# copy running-config startup-config Saves the configuration in NVRAM

L3Switch1 (Catalyst 3560/3650/3750)

Switch> enable Moves to privileged EXEC mode
Switch# configure terminal Moves to global configuration mode
Switch(config)# hostname L3Switch1 Sets the host name
L3Switch1(config)# no ip domain-lookup Turns off DNS queries so that spelling mistakes do not slow you down
L3Switch1(config)# vtp mode server Changes the switch to VTP server mode
L3Switch1(config)# vtp domain testdomain Configures the VTP domain name to testdomain
L3Switch1(config)# vlan 10 Creates VLAN 10 and enters VLAN configuration mode
L3Switch1(config-vlan)# name Accounting Assigns a name to the VLAN
L3Switch1(config-vlan)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L3Switch1(config)# vlan 20 Creates VLAN 20 and enters VLAN configuration mode
L3Switch1(config-vlan)# name Marketing Assigns a name to the VLAN
L3Switch1(config-vlan)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L3Switch1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1 Moves to interface configuration mode
L3Switch1(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q Specifies 802.1q tagging on the trunk link
L3Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode trunk Puts the interface into trunking mode and negotiates to convert the link into a trunk link
L3Switch1(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L3Switch1(config)# ip routing Enables IP routing on this device
L3Switch1(config)# interface vlan 1 Creates a virtual interface for VLAN 1 and enters interface configuration mode
L3Switch1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
L3Switch1(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
L3Switch1(config-if)# interface vlan 10 Creates a virtual interface for VLAN 10 and enters interface configuration mode
L3Switch1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and mask
L3Switch1(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
L3Switch1(config-if)# interface vlan 20 Creates a virtual interface for VLAN 20 and enters interface configuration mode
L3Switch1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.20.1 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and mask
L3Switch1(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
L3Switch1(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L3Switch1(config)# interface fastethernet 0/24 Enters interface configuration mode
L3Switch1(config-if)# no switchport Creates a Layer 3 port on the switch
L3Switch1(config-if)# ip address 172.31.1.6 255.255.255.252 Assigns an IP address and netmask
L3Switch1(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L3Switch1(config)# router eigrp 10 Creates EIGRP routing process 10 and moves to router configuration mode
L3Switch1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 Advertises the 172.16.0.0 classful network
L3Switch1(config-router)# network 172.31.0.0 Advertises the 172.31.0.0 classful network
L3Switch1(config-router)# no auto-summary Turns off automatic summarization at classful boundary
L3Switch1(config-router)# exit Applies changes and returns to global configuration mode
L3Switch1(config)# exit Returns to privileged EXEC mode
L3Switch1# copy running-config startup-config Saves configuration in NVRAM

L2Switch1 (Catalyst 2960)

Switch> enable Moves to privileged EXEC mode
Switch# configure terminal Moves to global configuration mode
Switch(config)# hostname L2Switch1 Sets the host name
L2Switch1(config)# no ip domain-lookup Turns off DNS queries so that spelling mistakes do not slow you down
L2Switch1(config)# vtp domain testdomain Configures the VTP domain name to testdomain
L2Switch1(config)# vtp mode client Changes the switch to VTP client mode
L2Switch1(config)# interface range fastethernet 0/1 - 4 Enables you to set the same configuration parameters on multiple ports at the same time
L2Switch1(config-if-range)# switchport mode access Sets ports 1 to 4 as access ports
L2Switch1(config-if-range)# switchport access vlan 10 Assigns ports 1 to 4 to VLAN 10
L2Switch1(config-if-range)# interface range fastethernet 0/5 - 8 Enables you to set the same configuration parameters on multiple ports at the same time
L2Switch1(config-if-range)# switchport mode access Sets ports 5 to 8 as access ports
L2Switch1(config-if-range)# switchport access vlan 20 Assigns ports 5 to 8 to VLAN 20
L2Switch1(config-if-range)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L2Switch1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/1 Moves to interface configuration mode
L2Switch1(config-if)# switchport mode trunk Puts the interface into trunking mode and negotiates to convert the link into a trunk link
L2Switch1(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L2Switch1(config)# interface vlan 1 Creates a virtual interface for VLAN 1 and enters interface configuration mode
L2Switch1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 Assigns an IP address and netmask
L2Switch1(config-if)# no shutdown Enables the interface
L2Switch1(config-if)# exit Returns to global configuration mode
L2Switch1(config)# ip default-gateway 172.16.1.1 Assigns the default gateway address
L2Switch1(config)# exit Returns to privileged EXEC mode
L2Switch1# copy running-config startup-config Saves the configuration in NVRAM
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