21st: The Journal of Contemporary Photography, 11, color plate 7
À la poupée. See Inking in color
A/B developer, 175
Additives, for ink
tack reducers, 121, 124, Fig. 9-3
alcohol/water solutions, 71
distilled or pre-boiled water, 71
temperature, 71
Adhering, dry lay-down, 154–55
summary, 155
Adhering, wet lay-down. See also Sensitizing the tissue
blotting, 74
procedure, 73–74, Figs. 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, color plate 13
safelight, 73
summary, 82
See also Sensitizing the tissue
Alcohol as Plexiglas degreaser, 28, 38
Alcohol, ethyl. See Adhering solutions
Alcohol, to dry resist, 79
contaminated, 72, 86–87, Figs. 6-12, 6-15
Ammonia as sensitizer additive, 150
Ammonium dichromate, 150
Annan, James Craig, 5–6, Fig. 1-5
application of
comparison, rosin vs. asphaltum, 151–02
etching, 154
Fox Talbot method, 151
photocopier toner, 151
removal after etch, 108
used to rework a plate, 154
vs. screen exposure, 55, 68–69
Asphaltum
liquid, to stage plates, 155
powder, as an aquatint, 152–53
Autotype Pigment Paper G35, 23, Appendix I, 189. See also Gelatin tissue
Baumé readings, shifting, 91
Beveling the copper plate, 43–45, Figs. 4-3, 4-4, 4-5
Blankets, woven, 122
cleaning, 140
suppliers, Appendix I
Bloom index, 163
Blue label 48° Bé composition, 180. See also Ferric chloride
Brasso polish
on a newly etched plate, 107–08, color plate 18
Brayer. See Roller
Brightener for copper:
exhausted, 50
Brightening the copper, 50, Fig. 4-11
Burnisher, 157
Camera Work, 6–7, Fig. 1-6, color plate 2. See also Stieglitz, Alfred
Carbon print as positive, 13
storage, 122
use, 122, 126–30, Figs. 9-6, 9-7, 9-8
Chemistry of ferric chloride, Appendix D, 179–81
Chine collé, 159–62, color plate 22, 24, Figs. 10-5, 10-6
Clean wipe, 130
Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 6–7, 8, Figs. 1-7, 1-8, color plate 3
Contrast control
Contrast range for film positive, 17–19. See also Density of film positive; Troubleshooting, positive
gauges, 41
mirror-polished, 41
roofing, 41
supplier, Appendix I
preparing. See also Beveling the copper plate
degreasing, 48–49, Figs. 4-9, 4-10
polishing, 47
trimming, 142, Figs. 9-20, 9-21
staging
equipment and supplies, 92
protecting non-image areas, 93–94, Fig. 7-4
stopping out pinholes, 94, Figs. 7-5, 7-6
North American Indian, The, 7–8, color plate 4 & 5
Cutting. See Copper, cutting; Copper plate; preparing, trimming
Dark effect and sensitized tissue, 36, 84
Dark reaction. See Dark effect
the copper plate, 49–50, Figs. 4-9, 4-10
the Plexiglas, 28
Densitometer, transmission, 15, Fig. 2-4
Density of film positive, 17–19. See also Contrast range for film positive
range of
highlight densities, 17
shadow densities, 18
visual evaluation, 18–19, Fig. 2-3
Developers for positives, 14, 17
problems, 16. See also Troubleshooting, positive
solution capability, 16
suppliers, 190
Development of adhered tissue
cauliflowers or cat’s feet, 76–77, Fig. 6-7
length of development, 78
procedure, 74–79, Figs. 6-5, 6-6, 6-8, color plate 14
set up, 74
Dichromate. See Potassium dichromate sensitizer
Diffuse vs. collimated light
effect on screen exposure, 62–63
Digital positives, 148
Direct gravure, 148–49, color plate 23
drawing (making) the positive, 148, Fig. 10-1
etching considerations, 149
screen exposure considerations, 149
Dixon, Steve, 196, color plate 29, 30
Drafting brush, use when blotting paper, 133
Dry lay-down. See Adhering, dry lay-down
Drying sensitized tissue. See Sensitizing the tissue
Drying the proof/print
blotters, boards and weight, 133–4, Fig. 9-17
pinning, taping, stapling, 134
Drying the resist, 79–81, Figs. 6-10, 6-11, 6-12
Dust-grain aquatint. See Aquatints
Dusting box construction, for asphaltum, 151
Edging. See Beveling the copper plate
conventions, Appendix H, 187–8
Emerson, Peter Henry, 5, Fig. 1-3, color plate 1
Engraving burin, 157
Enlargers, diffusion vs. condenser, 14
Etching form. See Exposure and etch forms
Etching needle
reworking the plate, 157
spotting pinholes, 142
Etching precipitate, 100, Appendix D
Etching reactions, 180
Etching
Baumé ranges, effect and use, 102, 104, 106–7
charting, 107
effects of over or under-exposure, 106–7
ending, rinsing, 105–6, 107, Figs. 8-4, 8-5, 8-6
equipment and supplies, 100
form, Appendix E
highlights, 105, color plate 17
length of etch, 102–03, 104–5, 106
maintaining separation in shadow detail, 104, color plate 16
rate and progress, 105, color plate 15
role of temperature and dilution, 102, 106–07
slowing down or speeding up, 104
stabilizing temperature, 101–02, Fig. 8-1
starting the etch, 103, Fig. 8-2
slow or quick start, 102
Step Scale use, 100–01, 102–03, 104–05, 107, Fig. 8-3
Exposure. See also Light exposure unit; Ultraviolet
cutting tissue to size, 58–9, Figs. 5-3, 5-4
positive/tissue assembly, 57, 63–4, color plate 11
Exposure and etch forms, Appendix E, 182–83
Exposure order, screen and positive, 55
Exposure testing for tissue, Appendix C, 176–79
adhering tissue to glass, 177
comparing step scales, 178
compensation for thin or dense positive, 64–65
correct exposure determination, 178
flashing, 65
relation of Step Scale to positive densities, 60–01
screen exposure, 62–63. See also Troubleshooting, exposure
standard times for positive, 60–62, 64
testing, 60, Appendix C
Exposure unit, 57, Appendix C
Felts. See Blankets, woven
Ferric chloride. See also Iron(III) chloride
adjusting working solutions, 91
Blue Label 48° Bé composition, 180
exhausted solutions, cause and appearance, 91
free acid, removing excess. See Free acid
handling and safety, 87–88, Appendix A
mixing supplies, 87
powdered or dry form, 91
reason for use, 99
suppliers, Appendix I
useful Baumé range 89
working temperature range, 88
Ferric hydroxide, 90, 111, Appendix D. See also Iron(III) hydroxide
Film positive. See Positive, film
lith, 14
orthochromatic continuous tone, 13
FitzGerald, Vincent, 11
After, Fig. 1-9
Fogging sensitized tissue, 36
Formulae for Iron(III) chloride reactions, 179–80
Foul-biting, Fig. 8-8. See also Resist problems, lateral etching
ridding the solution of excess, 90–91
chemistry and formation, 90, Appendix D
Gelatin resist. See Resist
Gelatin tissue. See Tissue
Gelatin, raw, source of, 163, 191
amounts for coverage, 163
solution preparation, 164
solution recipe, 164
spreading the solution, 168–69, Figs. 11-4, 11-5
Glacial acetic acid, source, 189
Glycerin as sensitizer additive, 150
Goodman, Jon, 11, 195–6, color plate 31, 32
Grain, film
effect on making positives, 13
GraphicStudio, 12
Hake brush, use
adhering, 73
Halation prevention
use of goldenrod, red or black paper, 15
Highlight detail densities. See also Density of film positive
and Step Scale relationship, 104–05, 107
See also Density of film positive
Hot plate, 126
Hydrochloric acid. See Muriatic acid
Hydrometer, Baumé
proper use, 88, Figs. 7-1, 7-2
suppliers, Appendix I
Image orientation chart, 15, Fig. 2-2
Ink
color, oxidizing, 121
mixing 124, 126, Figs. 9-3, 9-4
printing/wiping characteristics, 120–21, Appendix F
quantities/volume, 126
range of black inks, 121
source, 190
storage of mixed inks, 126
transparent and extender base, 121, 126
viscosity, 121
Ink tests, Appendix F
Inking in color. See also Printing with color inks
à la poupée technique 159
wiping methods, 159
Inking the plate. See also Wiping the plate
use of rollers, 122, 126, Fig. 9-5
use of screen-printing squeegee, 122, 126, Fig. 9-5
Iron(III) chloride, Appendix D. See also Ferric chloride explained, 179–80
Iron(III) hydroxide, Appendix D. See also Ferric hydroxide production, 181
Isopropyl alcohol, 71–72. See also Troubleshooting, adhering and developing the tissue
Light exposure unit, 60, Fig. 5-5
Lith film
forced to continuous tone, 14, 16
supplier, 189
MacCallum, Marlene, 218, color plates 23, 24, 33, 34
Mactac use
as stencil with sandpaper for reworking the plate, 156–57
in staging the plate, 93–94, Fig. 7-3
Magnetic sign material, 167–68
source, 191
Mangle, for lay-down, 150
Material Safety Data Sheets, 172–73
Mezzogravure, xiv
Mezzotint, to rework the plate, 157
Morrish, David, 217, color plates 22, 25, 26, 35, 36
Mottle in dried resist, Figs. 6-12, 6-15. See also Troubleshooting, adhering and developing the tissue
MSDS. See Material Safety Data Sheets
Multiple bath etching method, 99
dilute solution for brightening, 43
to remove resist and tarnish, 108
Mylar foil tape, as stripping alternative for positives, 149–50
Mylar sheets, use in direct gravure, 148
Negative, characteristics for making positive, 13
Negative, reworking, 147
Nègre, Charles, 4
Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore, 1, Fig. 1-1
Orientation. See Image orientation chart
Osterburg, Lothar, 196, color plates 27, 28
Paper tests, Appendix G, 186
blotting, 133
characteristics/testing chart, Appendix G
considerations, 120
cost, 120
pH, 120
surface finish, 120
weight, 120
grain, 123
handling with cards, 133
preparation for printing, 122–24
foxing or mold, 124
tearing to size, 122–23, Fig. 9-1
short soak technique, 157
suppliers, Appendix I
Photo-etching, xiii
Photo-flo as sensitizer additive, 150
Pictorialism, 5
Pigment paper. See Gelatin tissue
Pigmented gelatin coating. See Gelatin-pigment solution
Pigments for gelatin, suppliers, 191
Plate tone, 130
Plate, cleaning and storing:
paper storage folder, 137
removing the ink, 135, Fig. 9-18
storing with asphaltum layer, 137, Fig. 9-18
storing with Vaseline, 137
Plating, chrome or nickel, 155. See also Steel facing
Plexiglas, 25. See also Degreasing the Plexiglas; Sensitizing the tissue
Polishes for copper, 42
Polishing the copper plate, 47, Figs. 4-6, 4-7, 4-8. See also Copper, polishing
burnishing scratches, 47, Fig. 4-7
Positive mottle, 21
Positive, film. See also Exposure; Film types; Troubleshooting, film positive
Positives altering by hand, 147
drawing materials, 147
digitally generated, 148
saving a thin positive, 149
Potassium dichromate sensitizer
capacity of working solution, 25
concentration range, 24
concentrations, effect on speed, contrast, 150
exhausted, 25
mixing, 26
storage, handling and precautions, 24–25, 26, Appendix A
temperature for working solution, 29
Potassium dichromate, suppliers, Appendix I
Press blankets. See Blankets, woven
Press, intaglio, 122
Printing
blankets, setting the, 130, Fig. 9-12
checklist, 126
double pass, 159
holding the blankets, 133, Fig. 9-15
positioning the plate, 131
problems. See Troubleshooting, printing
registering paper to plate, 133, Fig. 9-14
registration sheet, 130, Figs. 9-13, 9-24
removing print from plate, 133–34, Fig. 9-16
removing stuck print, 134
Printing papers. See Paper rag/archival
Printing with color inks, 130. See also Inking in color
oxidizing, 121
Printmaking papers. See Paper, rag/archival; Paper tests
Proof numbering. See Editioning: conventions
Random-dot screen, making, Appendix B, 173–6
digital output, 176
Relative humidity factor in
stabilizing the resist, 81–2, 101
Resist. See also Tissue
and etching
absorption rate, 99
migration of ferric chloride, 100, 102, 106–07, Appendix D
thickness, 71
Retouching. See reworking
Re-warming the plate before printing, 130, 132
Reworking the negative, 147
beveling the edges, 142
Brasso, to lighten tones, 157
burnishing foul-bitten edges, 142, 145
correcting foul biting with aquatints, 156
correcting spotted out pinholes, 142, Figs. 9-22, 9-23, color plate 20
darkening tones with sandpaper, 156–57
drawing through sandpaper, 157, Figs. 10-3, 10-4
mezzotint to darken, 157
trimming the plate, 142, Figs. 9-20, 9-21
types of reworking, 141, color plates 25 and 26
Rice paste for chine collé, 161
used to adhere tissue, 150
used to ink, 122, 126, Fig. 9-5
Rosin aquatint. See Aquatints
Rotogravure
use in publications, xiv, 6, 8
Roulette for reworking the plate, 157
Ruling pen to stage plates, 155
Safe edge. See Stripping the positive
Safelights
for orthochromatic films, 14
when exposing the tissue, 58
Safety considerations, xv, Appendix A
disposal of waste
dichromates, 173
ferric chloride, 173
protective measures
apron, 172
barrier creams, 172
dust mask, 172
face shield, 172
gloves, 172
lab coat, 172
respirator, 172
UV protection, 172
routes of entry
eye contact, 171
ingestion, 172
inhalation, 171
skin contact, 171
UV light, (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C), 172
Scraper, for reworking the plate, 157
Screen exposures. See Exposure; Exposure times
Screen types
commercial gravure, 56, 68, Fig. 5-1, color plate 12
home made, 56, 68, Fig. 5-1, color plate 12, Appendix B
soft-dot vs. hard-dot screen, 56
Screen-printing squeegee. See Inking the plate
Selenium toner, saving a thin positive, 149
Sensitized gelatin tissue
speed, fogging, storage, age, 36
Sensitizer
additives, 150
capacity, 25
disposal, safe, 173
solution, exhausted, 84
storage, 25
Sensitizing equipment and supplies, 25
See also Troubleshooting, sensitizing the tissue
adhering the tissue to the Plexiglas, 29–31, Figs. 3-4, 3-5, 3-6
avoiding air bubbles and pinholes, 29
drying the sensitized tissue, 33–4, Fig. 3-8
drying method, 34
immersion in solution and times, 29, Fig. 3-3, color plate 9
storing the sensitized tissue, 36
lifespan, 36
stripping from the Plexiglas, 34, 36, Fig. 3-9
Shadow detail density. See also Density of film positive
and Step Scale relationship, 102, 104, 107
Shadow mask for film positive, 17
Single bath etching, 100
Sludge. See Ferric hydroxide
Soaking paper, 123–24, Fig. 9-2. See also Paper, rag/archival
Sodium dichromate, 150
Solvents
acetone, 121
alcohol, 121
handling and safety, 121, Appendix A
mineral spirits, 121
paint thinners, 121
soy-based (ester), 121
Sources. See Suppliers
Specific gravity, conversion formula, 88
Speed of sensitized tissue, 36
Squeegee
Stieglitz, Alfred, 6
appearance in gelatin, 61
calculating exposure compensation, 64–75
supplier, 190
Storing the sensitized tissue. See Sensitizing the tissue
Stouffer 21-Step Scale. See Step Scale
Mexican Portfolio, The, 9, color plate 6
with Step Scale, 55–56, 57, color plate 10
with goldenrod paper, 55
with Mylar tape, 55
Summaries
Adhering and developing the gelatin tissue, 82–83
Etching the plate, 110
Exposing the sensitized tissue, 65–66
Making a film positive, 20
Preparing the ferric chloride, 92
Preparing the copper, 52
Sensitizing the gelatin tissue, 36–37
Staging the plate, 87
Sunspots
caused during sensitizing, 38
Suppliers, Appendix I, 189–91
Talbot, William Henry Fox, 2–4, Fig. 1-2
photoglyphic engravings, 3
Talbot-Klič process of photogravure, 4
Tanning. See Insolubilization
Tarlatan, 122. See also Cheesecloth
Temperature control panel, 78, Fig. 6-9
Tissue, about. See also Exposure; Exposure times
edge allowance, 28
trimming sensitized, 58–59, Fig. 5-4
use when frozen, 58
Tissue, adhering. See Adhering, dry lay-down method; Adhering, wet lay-down method
Tissue, sensitizing. See Sensitizing the tissue
Toxins. See Safety considerations
Tracking the etch, 182
Trimming. See Copper, cutting, trimming
Trisodium phosphate, use of, 28, 42
adhering and developing the tissue
development problems, 86
dust speck and sunspots, 67, 83
flaws 86
lay-down problems, 84–85, Figs. 6-3, 6-4, 6-13
mottle, 83
etching the plate
mordant problems
Baumé reading that change, 111
dirty solutions, 111
exhausted solutions, 111
plate flaws
devils, 111, 112, 115, Figs. 8-10, 8-11, color plate 19. See also Free acid
foul-bitten borders, 117
resist problems
excess free acid, 111
lateral etching, 111–12, Fig. 8-7
pinholes, 112
Step Scale and image discrepancies, 112
technique problems
highlight streaks, 115
overly slow etch, 114
water contamination, 114, Fig. 8-9
exposing the tissue
continuing action, 68
dust, 67
mottle, 68
positive
contrast too high, 21
contrast too low, 21
dust specks, 21
fogging of the film, 20
grainy image, 21
low density, 21
scratches, 21
splotches or fingerprints, 21
test strip disagreement, 20
preparing the copper
cuts to your hands, 53
scratches and swirls, 52
splash pattern after brightening, 53
tarnish and streaks, 53, Fig. 4-12
printing
contrast problems
grainy print, 141
highlight detail, 141
shadow detail, 141
drying problems
paper ripples, 141
printing problems
degraded images, 140
dirty blankets, 140
sensitizing the tissue
air bubbles and pinholes, 37
blemishes and spots, 38
concentric fracture lines in corners, 37, Fig. 3-10
cupping and edge frilling, 37
fingerprints, 39
pits and bumps, scratches and flaws, 38, Fig. 3-11
TSP. See Trisodium phosphate
bulbs, 57
safety considerations, Appendix A
wavelength requirements, 57
light, effect on gelatin, 23, Fig. 3-1
Vacuum frame for exposure, 57, 62
Venetian red, 164
source, 191
Wet lay-down. See Adhering, wet lay-down
Wheat paste use in chine collé, 161
White etching, 111
Wiping the plate. See also Inking the plate
cleaning borders, 130, Fig. 9-11
cold wipe, effect, 126
final wipe, 130
hand wipe, 130, Fig. 9-9, color plate 21
retroussage, 141
use of mag, whiting or talc, 130, Fig. 9-10
warm wipe, effect, 126