Preface

1. Roger Martin, The Opposable Mind: How Successful Leaders Win Through Integrative Thinking (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007), 6.

2. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,” Science 185, no. 4157 (1974): 1124–1131, and Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk,” Econometrica 74, no. 2 (1979): 263–291.

3. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth and Happiness (New York: Penguin Books, 2008); Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2009); and Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).

4. Herbert A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969).

5. Roger Martin, The Design of Business: Why Design Thinking Is the Next Competitive Advantage (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2009), and Tim Brown, Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2009).

6. Martin, Opposable Mind, 15. Italics added.

Chapter 1

1. Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, The LEGO Movie, Blu-Ray Disc, directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller (Los Angeles: Warner Bros., 2014).

2. Unless otherwise noted, all quotations from Jørgen Vig Knudstorp are taken from an interview with Jennifer Riel and Roger Martin, June 28, 2016.

3. Jørgen Vig Knudstorp, “LEGO Boss Reads The Opposable Mind,” YouTube video, CNN, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2014/12/08/spc-reading-for-leading-jorgen-vig-knudstorp.cnn/video/playlists/intl-reading-for-leading/.

Chapter 2

1. Kenneth Craik, The Nature of Explanation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943), 61.

2. Unless otherwise noted, all John Sterman quotations are taken from his lecture, Rotman School of Management, March 23, 2003.

3. Charles A. Lave and James G. March, An Introduction to Models in the Social Sciences (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993), 3.

4. Alfred Korzybski, Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics (Lancaster, PA: The International Non-Aristotelian Library Publishing Company, 1933), 58.

5. Albert H. Hastorf and Hadley Cantril, “They Saw a Game,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 29, no. 1 (1954): 129–134.

6. Ibid., 130.

7. Ibid., 132.

8. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions (New York: Harper Collins, 2009), 157–162.

9. Chen Bo Zhong and Geoffrey Leonardelli, “Cold and Lonely: Does Social Exclusion Literally Feel Cold?” Psychological Science 19, no. 9 (2008): 838–842.

10. Randolph E. Shmid, “Facing a Judge? Study Says Go Early or After Lunch,” Globe and Mail, April 11, 2011, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/facing-a-judge-study-says-go-early-or-after-lunch/article575948/.

11. Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer, “Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction between Language and Memory,” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13 (1974): 585–589.

12. Richard Ronay and Bill von Hippel, “The Presence of an Attractive Woman Elevates Testosterone and Physical Risk Taking in Young Men,” Social Psychology and Personality Science 1 (2010): 57–64.

13. Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler, “When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions,” Political Behavior 32, no. 2 (June 2010): 303–330.

14. Quoted in Fred Attewill, “World’s Cheapest Car Upsets Environmentalist,” Guardian, January 10, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/10/india.climatechange.

15. John D. Sterman, “All Models Are Wrong: Reflections on Becoming a Systems Scientist,” Systems Dynamics Review 18, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 501–531.

16. Fisher Black and Myron Scholes, “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities,” Journal of Political Economy 81, no. 3 (May–June 1973): 637–654.

17. Warren Buffett, “Letter to Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway,” January 27, 2009, http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/2008ltr.pdf.

18. Fischer Black, “Living Up to the Model.” Risk 3, no. 3 (1990): 11–13.

19. Lave and March, Introduction to Models in the Social Sciences, 3.

20. Peter Drucker, The Effective Executive (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 148.

21. Ibid., 148.

Chapter 3

1. Lewis Ayres, Augustine and the Trinity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 298.

2. Chris Argyris, Overcoming Organizational Defenses (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1990), 88.

3. Quoted as part of an interview for The Learning Exchange, Innovations in Thinking and Learning online resource, http://thelearningexchange.ca/itl-project-home/itl-project-reflections/itl-project-k-5/itl-project-beth-grosso/.

4. Giacomo Rizzolatti et al., “Premotor Cortex and the Recognition of Motor Actions,” Cognitive Brain Science 3, no. 2 (1996): 131–141.

5. Susan Krauss Witbourne, “How Reading Can Change You in a Major Way,” Psychology Today Blog, January 6, 2015, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201501/how-reading-can-change-you-in-major-way.

6. Twyla Tharp, The Creative Habit (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 7.

7. Tim Brown, “Tales of Creativity and Play,” TED video, May 2008, https://www.ted.com/talks/tim_brown_on_creativity_and_play?language=en.

8. David Kelley and Tom Kelley, Creative Confidence (New York: Crown Business, 2013), 9–10.

9. Belle Beth Cooper, “The Secret to Creativity, Intelligence and Scientific Thinking,” Fast Company Blog, June 18, 2014, http://www.fastcompany.com/3031994/the-future-of-work/the-secret-to-creativity-intelligence-and-scientific-thinking.

Chapter 4

1. Jay Z, Decoded (New York: Speigel & Grau, 2011), 104–105.

2. Peter Drucker, “The Effective Decision,” Harvard Business Review (January 1967), https://hbr.org/1967/01/the-effective-decision.

Chapter 5

1. Cynthia G. Whitney et al., “Benefits from Immunization During the Vaccines for Children Program Era: United States, 1994–2013,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63 (2014): 352–355, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6316a4.htm.

2. Andrew J. Wakefield et al., “Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children,” Lancet 351, no. 9103 (February 1998): 637–641. (Retracted)

3. Laurie D. Elam-Evans et al., “National, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19–35 Months: United States, 2013,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63 (2014): 741–748, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6334a1.htm.

4. Erin Allday, “Vaccine Avoiders Put California at Risk,” San Francisco Chronicle, February 7, 2015, http://www.sfchronicle.com/health/article/Vaccine-avoiders-procrastinators-put-California-6068858.php.

5. Bill Kaufmann, “Alberta Not Immune to Raging Debate over Vaccinations for Infectious Diseases,” Calgary Sun, February 7, 2015, http://www.calgarysun.com/2015/02/07/alberta-not-immune-to-raging-debate-over-vaccinations-for-infectious-diseases.

6. Jonathan Haidt, “Two Stories About Capitalism, Which Explain Why Economists Don’t Reach Agreement,” Righteous Mind Blog, January 1, 2013, http://righteousmind.com/why-economists-dont-agree/.

7. Michael L. McDonald and James D. Westphal, “Getting By with the Advice of Their Friends: CEOs’ Advice Networks and Firms’ Strategic Responses to Poor Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly 48 (2003): 1–32.

8. Charlan Nemeth, “The Differential Contributions of Majority and Minority Influence,” Psychological Review 93 (1985): 23–32.

9. Adam Grant, Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World (New York: Viking, 2016), 185.

10. John Dewey, Logic: Theory of Inquiry (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1938), 108.

11. Warren Berger, “The Secret Phrase Top Innovators Use,” HBR.org, September 17, 2012, https://hbr.org/2012/09/the-secret-phrase-top-innovato.

Chapter 6

1. Peter Sciretta, “What Is the Longest Theatrical Run in the History of Cinema?” August 12, 2008, http://www.slashfilm.com/what-is-the-longest-theatrical-run-in-the-history-of-cinema/.

2. “Transforming the Way People See the World, Through Film,” http://tiff.net/explore/history.

3. Unless otherwise noted, all quotations from Piers Handling are from an interview with Roger Martin, March 2002, at the Rotman School.

4. “About the Festival: About Us,” http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/about/whoWeAre.html.

5. Peter M. Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization (New York: Currency Doubleday, 2006), 71.

6. “Film Festivals: Which Is Top Dog?” Guardian, April 19, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/19/film-festivals-which-is-top-dog.

Chapter 7

1. John C. Bogle, “Saving a Company, Building a Colossus, Preserving a Culture: Reflections on the History of Vanguard,” speech given June 23, 2016, edited and expanded, July 9, 2016.

2. Stoyan Bojinov, “Illustrated History of Every S&P Bear Market,” Trader HQ Blog, April 5, 2014, http://traderhq.com/illustrated-history-every-s-p-500-bear-market/.

3. Unless otherwise indicated, all Jack Bogle quotes are from an interview with Jennifer Riel and Roger Martin on July 19, 2016.

4. Roger Martin, Fixing the Game: Bubbles, Crashes and What Capitalism Can Learn from the NFL (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011).

5. This quote from Bogle’s senior thesis was provided by Bogle in an email communication to Jennifer Riel on January 31, 2017.

6. Unless otherwise indicated, all Bruce Kuwabara quotations are from an interview with Jennifer Riel, September 14, 2016.

7. “About Winnipeg,” https://www.tourismwinnipeg.com/plan/about-winnipeg.

8. Christopher Hume, “Canada’s Most Important Building,” Toronto Star, December 19, 2009, https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2009/12/19/hume_canadas_most_important_building.html.

Chapter 8

1. Richard Shim et al., “Apple’s iPod Spurs Mixed Reactions,” CNET, October 19, 2006, https://www.cnet.com/news/apples-ipod-spurs-mixed-reactions/.

2. Yoni Heilser, “Read These Hilariously Negative Reactions to the Original iPhone Announcement,” BGR, April 7, 2015, http://bgr.com/2015/04/07/original-iphone-reaction-comments/.

3. A.G. Lafley and Roger Martin, Playing to Win: How Strategy Really Works (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2013).

4. Bronwyn Fryer, “Storytelling That Moves People.” Harvard Business Review (June 2013), 51–55.

5. Dan Roam, The Back of the Napkin: Solving Problems and Selling Ideas with Pictures (New York: Portfolio, 2008), 4.

6. The visual alphabet is typically credited to Dave Gray, an author and consultant focused on visual thinking.

7. Eric Ries, The Lean Startup (New York: Crown Business, 2011), 93.

8. Ed Catmull, Creativity Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2014), 90.

Chapter 9

1. “The Wirral’s Model Village, Port Sunlight, Merseyside,” Guardian Walking Guides, June 9, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/jun/09/walk-guides-port-merseyside.

2. Standish Meacham, Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 34.

3. Unless otherwise noted, all quotations from Paul Polman are taken from an interview with Jennifer Riel and Roger Martin, August 1, 2016.

4. “About Our Strategy,” https://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/the-sustainable-living-plan/our-strategy/about-our-strategy/.

5. Jason Zweig, “Why Hair-Trigger Traders Lose the Race,” Wall Street Journal, April 10, 2015, https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/04/10/why-hair-trigger-stock-traders-lose-the-race/.

6. Kamal Ahmed, “Davos 2011: Unilever’s Paul Polman Believes We Need to Think Long Term,” Telegraph, January 15, 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/davos/8261178/Davos-2011-Unilevers-Paul-Polman-believes-we-need-to-think-long-term.html.

7. Roger Martin, The Opposable Mind: How Successful Leaders Win Through Integrative Thinking (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007), 93.

8. Hilary Austen Johnson, “Artistry for the Strategist,” Journal of Business Strategy 28, no. 4 (2007): 18.

9. Carol Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (New York: Ballantine Books, 2006), 6.

10. Ibid., 23.

11. Chris Argyris, “Teaching Smart People How to Learn,” Harvard Business Review (May–June 1999): 99–109.

12. Robert Burton, On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right, Even When You Are Not (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008), xiii.

13. Victoria Hale, interview with Roger Martin, December 15, 2006.