Rob Whitaker

Developing Inclusive Mobile Apps

Building Accessible Apps for iOS and Android

Rob Whitaker
Derby, UK
ISBN 978-1-4842-5813-2e-ISBN 978-1-4842-5814-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5814-9
Apress standard
© Rob Whitaker 2020
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Acknowledgments

Such an enormous number of people have helped me in various ways with the content of this book. Listing each person would be a full chapter. It’s safe to say if I’ve ever spoken to you in person or online about digital accessibility or inclusion, you’ve had an impact on this book for the better. This extends to the many great talks, blog posts, tweets, and more that I’ve consumed on the topic. Thank you all for spreading the word about mobile inclusion.

Thank you to Daniel Devesa, Jonathan Rothwell, Paul Hudson, Jon Gibbins, StuffMC, and a couple of anonymous sources – all of whom have furnished me with advice and fielded my questions that have shaped the book.

Thank you to Jessica Vakili, Aaron Black, Ahmed Bakir, James Markham, and all at Apress who have made the book possible. I hugely appreciate the work you have put in to make this project a reality. I’m also grateful to Matt Clark for the illustration he kindly provided.

A big thank you to all my colleagues at Capital One for humoring my constant accessibility talk. You are proof that it’s possible to create a pro-accessibility culture among a large development team. I especially want to mention Weiran Zang, Kasey Smith, and Harriet Matthews for their encouragement and Matthew Flint who is responsible for forging me into a semi-competent engineer.

Finally, thanks to my family, especially my wife Claire for having infinite patience, understanding, and support. Thanks also to my dog Bella, to whom I have read most of this book and who was polite enough to not look bored for most of it.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​ Accessibility 1
The Telephone and Accessible Innovation 1
Telecommunicatio​ns Device for the Deaf 2
Video Calling 3
Mobile Innovation 4
What Is Disability?​ 5
Major Minority 8
The Business Case for Accessibility 9
Accessibility Law 10
Advocating for Accessibility 12
Demonstrating Accessibility 13
Summary 16
Chapter 2:​ Digital Inclusion 17
The History of Inclusive Thinking 17
Universal Design 18
Inclusive Design 26
Persona Spectrum 35
Digital Inclusion 38
Users 40
Individuals 40
Your Experiences 41
Empathy 45
Empathy As a Motivation 46
Bias 47
Move Fast and Break Things 48
Summary 48
Chapter 3:​ Web Content Accessibility Guidelines for Mobile 51
Perceivable 53
Text Alternatives 53
Time-Based Media 55
Adaptable 56
Distinguishable 57
Operable 59
Keyboard Accessible 60
Time Limits 60
Seizures and Physical Reactions 61
Navigable 61
Input Modalities 62
Understandable 63
Readable 63
Predictable 64
Input Assistance 64
Robust 65
Compatible 65
Summary 66
Chapter 4:​ Android Accessibility Model 67
Accessibility Tree 69
Accessibility Nodes 70
Accessibility API 72
Content Description 73
Important for Accessibility 74
Hint 74
Accessibility Heading 75
Minimum Size 76
Label For 77
Traversal Order 78
Custom Controls 83
Semantic Views 88
Focusable Containers 89
Summary 91
Chapter 5:​ Android Accessibility Features 93
Features 94
Volume Key Shortcut 94
TalkBack 95
Select to Speak 101
Font Size 103
Display Size 105
Dark Theme 106
Magnification 109
Color Correction 112
Color Inversion 113
Remove Animations 113
Switch Access 114
Touch and Hold Delay 122
Time to Take Action 122
Captions 123
High-Contrast Text 125
Voice Access 126
Localization 128
Keyboard Navigation 131
Detecting Accessibility Services 132
Running Services 133
Summary 137
Chapter 6:​ iOS Accessibility Model 139
Accessibility Tree 139
Accessibility Protocol and Accessibility Attachment Modifier 140
Accessibility Element 140
Label 142
Value 142
Hint 143
Traits 145
Language 154
Elements Hidden 155
View Is Modal 155
Element Order 155
Escape 157
Custom Actions 158
Control Focus 159
Frame and Activation Point 160
Increment and Decrement 161
Semantic Views 165
Custom View 166
Frame 166
SwiftUI Stacks 169
Twitter Example 170
Summary 173
Chapter 7:​ iOS Accessibility Features – General 175
General Features 179
Accessibility Shortcut 180
Control Center 183
Guided Access 185
Localization 192
Summary 201
Chapter 8:​ iOS Accessibility Features – Vision 203
VoiceOver 203
Screen Updates 207
Attributed Accessibility Strings 209
Magic Tap 212
Zoom 215
Bold Text 219
Larger Text or Dynamic Type 220
Custom Styles 224
Button Shapes 224
On/​Off Labels 225
Reduce Transparency 226
Increase Contrast 229
Differentiate Without Color 233
Invert Colors 234
Color Filters 236
Reduce White Point 237
Reduce Motion 237
Speak Selection 239
Speak Screen 240
Audio Descriptions 244
Dark Mode 244
Summary 246
Chapter 9:​ iOS Accessibility Features – Physical and Motor 249
Assistive Touch 249
Shake to Undo 252
Switch Control 254
Navigation Style 257
Voice Control 258
Summary 260
Chapter 10:​ iOS Accessibility Features – Hearing 263
Hearing Devices 263
Mono Audio 265
Subtitles and Captioning 266
Summary 268
Chapter 11:​ Testing for Accessibility 269
Automated Testing 269
Google GTXiLib 270
Deque WorldSpace Attest 270
XCUI Testing 271
Espresso Testing 273
Verification Tools 274
Google GSCXScanner 275
Deque WorldSpace Attest 275
Apple Accessibility Inspector 275
Xcode Environmental Overrides 278
Xcode Application Language 279
Google Accessibility Scanner 281
Manual Testing 283
Screen Reader Testing 283
Voice Control Testing 284
User Feedback 287
User Testing 287
Summary 289
Chapter 12:​ Making Your App Inclusive 291
Dyslexia, Autism, and Learning Difficulties 291
Design Simplicity 292
Typography 292
Clear Written Content 293
Alternatives to Text 293
Color 294
Accuracy 294
Full Disclosure 295
Anxiety and Mental Health 296
Guide 297
Communicate 298
Self-control 299
Social Interaction 301
Gamification 302
Financially Disadvantaged 305
Digital Literacy 306
Essential Digital Skills 306
You ≠ Your Users 310
User Testing 310
Age 312
Text Sizes As a Gateway to Accessibility 312
Gender and Sexuality 313
Gender 314
Harassment 317
Deafness and Hearing Impairments 318
Clear Content 318
Captions 318
Physical and Motor Skills 319
Precision 319
Keyboard and Switch Access 319
Timeouts 320
Shortcuts 321
Automation 321
Visual Impairments 322
Careful Use of Color 322
Logical Layout 324
Race and Nationality 324
Machine Learning 324
Localization 326
Developing Accessibility and Inclusion 327
A11y Community 328
Meetups and Conferences 328
Index 331
About the Author
Rob Whitaker

is an iOS development engineer currently working for Capital One in the United Kingdom, where he works on their credit card servicing app. At Capital One, one of his major projects has been working with the Royal National Institute of Blind People. The project has created a high level of accessibility for Capital One’s mobile app through expert assessments and user testing.

Rob has been building iOS apps since the launch of the iOS SDK, as a hobbyist, independent developer, and a full-time engineer. Rob is most passionate about making great mobile experiences that work for everyone on both iOS and Android. He blogs on this subject at MobileA11y.com and @MobileA11y on Twitter. Here you can find discussion on techniques and tools for making accessible and inclusive mobile apps.

Rob has spoken at many conferences and meetups on the subject of accessibility and inclusion. This includes iOSDevUK, CodeMobile, and NSLondon in the United Kingdom. He’s also spoken further afield in Washington, DC, and at the CSUN Assistive Technology Conference in Anaheim, California.

Rob lives in the middle of the United Kingdom where he enjoys views over a national park when the weather is bad. When the weather is good, he enjoys getting out into the national park with his wife and dog.

You can find him on Twitter @RobRWAPP.

 
About the Technical Reviewer
Ahmed Bakir

is an iOS author, teacher, and entrepreneur. He has worked on over 30 mobile projects, ranging from advising startups to architecting apps for Fortune 500 companies. In 2014, he published his first book,Beginning iOS Media App Development , followed by the first edition ofProgram the Internet of Things with Swift for IOS in 2016 and its second edition in 2018. In 2015, he was invited to develop courses and teach iOS development at UCSD-Extension. He is currently building cool stuff in Tokyo! You can find him online at devatelier.com.

 
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