Contents

Preface

A short history of audio technology

Part One: Principles of Digital Signal Processing

1   Introduction

2   Principles of sampling

The Nyquist theorem

Sampling frequency

Sample-hold circuits

Aperture control

Characteristics and terminology of sample-hold circuits

3   Principles of quantization

Quantization error

Calculation of theoretical signal-to-noise ratio

Masking of quantization noise 51 Conversion codes

4   Overview of A/D conversion systems

Linear (or uniform) quantization

Companding systems

Floating-point conversion

Block floating-point conversion

Differential PCM and delta modulation

Super bit mapping (SBM)

Direct stream digital (DSD)

5   Operation of A/D–D/A converters

A/D converters

High-density linear A/D converter

D/A conversion in digital audio equipment

6   Codes for digital magnetic recording

Non-return to zero (NRZ)

Bi-phase

Modified frequency modulation (MFM)

Three-position modulation (3PM)

High-density modulation-1 (HDM-1)

Eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM)

EFM+

7   Principles of error correction

Types of code errors

Error compensation

Error detection

Error correction

Error concealment

Interleaving

Part Two: The Compact Disc

8   Overview of the compact disc medium

Main parameters

Optical discs

Recording and read-out system on a CD

Signal parameters

Audio signal

Additional information on the CD

Compact disc production

9   Compact disc encoding

CIRC encoding

The control word

The Q subcode and its usage

EFM encoding

The sync word

Final bit rate

10 Opto-electronics and the optical block

The optical spectrum

Interaction of optical waves with matter

Optical components

The injection laser diode (ILD)

TOP: T-type optical pick-up

FOP: flat-type optical pick-up

11 The servo circuits in CD players

Summary of the servo circuits in a CD player

The focus servo circuit

The tracking servo circuit

The sled servo motor

The disc motor servo circuit

Digital servo

12 Signal processing

RF amplification

Signal decoding

D/A converter

High-accuracy D/A conversion

Part Three: Digital Audio Recording Systems

13 Outline

14 Video PCM formats

Video 8 PCM format

A/D–D/A conversion

Description of the format

DV-PCM format

15 Digital audio tape (DAT) format

R-DAT

Automatic track following

Error correction

Subcode

Tape duplication

Cassette

16 Non-tracking digital audio tape (NT-DAT)

NT playback

Double density scan

NT read-out

NT stamp-size DAT

17 MiniDisc

The rainbow book

Block diagram

Physical format

Physical track layout

Recording on MD

Read-out of the disc

The MiniDisc optical block unit

The Wollaston principle

The detector block

Psychoacoustics

ATRAC

Data format

Anti-shock operation

Part Four: Advanced Digital Audio Technologies

18 Super Audio CD (SACD)

Introduction

Technical specifications and dimensions

Disc types

Watermarking

Encoding and sector format

Disc structure

Direct stream transfer

Conclusion

19 DVD-Audio

Introduction

Basic concept

DVD versus CD

Compression

Disc structure

Optical read-out system

Options

20 Audio compression

Introduction

MPEG

Compression for other applications

Multi-channel compression

Appendix 1: Error correction

Appendix 2: Sampling theorem

Appendix 3: Serial copy management system (SCMS)

Appendix 4: Digital audio interface format (S/PDIF-IEC958)

Index