References

Abraham, B.P., Moitra, S.D. Innovation assessment through patent analysis. Technovation. 2001; 21(4):245–252.

Angel, D.P., Engstrom, J. Manufacturing systems and technology change: the US personal computer industry. Economic Geography. 1995; 71(1):79–102.

Anon. (n.d.) TD-SCDMA – China’s Chance. Available from: http://www.palowireless.com/3g/docs/td-scdma-china.pdf

Archibugi, D., Iammarino, S. The globalization of technological innovation: definition and evidence. Review of International Political Economy. 2002; 9(1):98–122.

Archibugi, D., Pietrobelli, C. The globalization of technology and its implications for developing countries: windows of opportunity or further burden? Technological Forecasting & Social Change. 2003; 70:861–883.

Archibugi, D., Planta, M. Measuring technological change through patents and innovation surveys. Technovation. 1996; 16(9):451–519.

Athreye, S., The Indian software industry and its evolving service capability. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2005;14(3):393–418 Available from:, http://ideas.repec.org/cgi-bin/htsearch?q=Balatchandirane%2C+G.&ul=%2Fjet%2Fdpaper

Balachandirane, G. IT Clusters in India. Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO; 2007. [IDE Discussion Paper 85].

Balakrishnan, P. Benign neglect or strategic intent? Contested lineage of Indian software industry. Economic and Political Weekly. 2006; 41(36):3865–3873.

Banerjee, P. India: Science and Technology, 2008. New Delhi: National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, CSIR; 2009.

Bank of Korea. The impact of the increasing foreign production of domestic firms and policy implication. Bank of Korea Economic Review. 2012/4, 2012.

Bartholomew, S. National systems of biotechnology innovation: Complex interdependence in the global system. Journal of International Business Studies. 1997; 28(2):241–266.

Bartlett, C., Ghoshal, S. Managing innovation in the transnational corporation. In: Bartlett C., Doz Y., Hedlund G., eds. Managing the Global Firm. London: Routledge, 1990.

Bas, C.L., Sierra, C. Location versus home country advantages in R&D activities: some further results on multinationals’ locational strategies. Research Policy. 2002; 31(4):589–609.

Belderbos, R., Fukao, K., Iwasa, T. Foreign and Domestic R&D Investment. Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University; 2006.

Bennett, D. Innovative Technology Transfer Framework Linked to Trade for UNIDO Action. Vienna: UNIDO; 2002.

Bergek, A., Bruzelius, M. Are patents with multiple inventors from different countries a good indicator of international R&D collaboration? The case of ABB. Research Policy. 2010; 39(10):1321–1334.

Biswas, R.R. Making a technopolis in Hyderabad, India: the role of government IT policy. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2004; 71(8):823–835. [October].

Borrus, M., Borrus, Z. Globalization with borders: the rise of Wintelism and the future of global competition. Industry & Innovation. 1997; 4(2):141–166.

Bosworth, D.L. Foreign patent flows to and from the United Kingdom. Research Policy. 1984; 13(2):115–124.

Boutellier, R., Gassmann, O., von Zedtwitz, M. Managing Global Innovation: Uncovering the Secrets of Future Competitiveness. Berlin: Springer; 2008.

Bruche, G. Emerging Indian pharma multinationals: latecomer catch-up strategies in a globalised high-tech industry. European J. of International Management. 2012; 6:300–322.

Campa, J., Goldberg, L.S. The evolving external orientation of manufacturing industries: evidence from four countries. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review. 1997; 3(2):53–81.

Cantwell, J.A., Janne, O. Technological globalisation and innovative centres: the role of corporate technological leadership and locational hierarchy. Research Policy. 1999; 28(2/3):119–144.

Carlsson, B. Internationalization of innovation systems: a survey of the literature. Research Policy. 2006; 35(1):56–67.

Carmel, E. The new software exporting nations: success factors. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. 2003; 13(4):1–12.

Chandrasekhar, C.P., Ghosh, J., How big is IT. Business Line. 2008 March 11, 2008. Available from:, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/03/11/stories/2008031150170900.htm [[Accessed in December 2008]].

Chaudhuri, A., Creeping Tiger, Soaring Dragon: India, China and competition in information technologies. IPTS BRIC Workshop, October 5, Johannesburg, 2011 presentation at the. Available from:, http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/PREDICT/documents/06

Chaudhuri, A., Creeping Tiger, Soaring Dragon: India, China and competition in information technologies, 2012. Available from:, http://ssrn.com/author=1485828

Jinqio, Chen, China telecom sector market and regulation, 2010. Available from:, http://www.cprsouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010

Chen, S.H. Global production networks and information technology: the case of Taiwan. Industry & Innovation. 2002; 9(3):249–265.

Chen, S.H. Taiwanese IT firms’ offshore R&D in China and the connection with the global innovation network. Research Policy. 2004; 33(2):337–349.

Chen, S.H. The national innovation system and foreign R&D: the case of Taiwan. R&D Management. 2007; 37(5):441–453.

Chen, S.H., Trends in Public and Private Investments in ICT R&D in Taiwan. JRC-IPTS, Seville, Spain, 2011. Available from:, http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/pub.cfm?id=4240

Chen, S.H., Wen, P., Shanzhai handsets and China’s bottom of the pyramid innovation. paper presented at the IGCC Conference: Chinese Approaches to National Innovation, La Jolla, California, June 28–29, 2010, 2010.

Chen, S.H., Chen, Y.C., Wen, P. MNCs’ offshore R&D mandates and host countries’ locational advantages: a comparison between Taiwan and China. China Information. 2009; 23(1):159–187.

Chen, Y.-Y., Farris, G., Chen, Y.-H. Effects of technology cycles on strategic alliances. International Journal of Technology Management. 2011; 53:121–148.

, China Cultural Industry Development Report, 2010. [Annual report by the Chinese Social Science Research Institute (CSSRI), a government think tank.].

Cho, S.P., Lim, K., Kwon, G.J., Sung, Y.H. R&D investment and performance in Korea: Korean R&D scoreboard 2005. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation. 2008; 16(1):143–160.

Chu, W.W. Can Taiwan’s second movers upgrade via branding? Research Policy. 2009; 38(6):1054–1065.

Chun, Liu, Mapping the future of China’s telecommunications regulatory regime: a layered perspective, 2010. Available from:, http://www.cprsouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Layered-Model-CPR_Chun-Liu.pdf

CNNIC, China Internet Network Information Center, 2012. Available from:, www1.cnnic.cn

Curien, N., Toledano, J., ARCEP mission in China, French and English version, November 2009, 2009:70 Available from:, www.arcep.fr

Dachs, B., Pyka, A. What drives the internationalisation of innovation? Evidence from European patent data. Economics of Innovation & New Technology. 2010; 19(1):71–86.

Dataquest, M&A’s golden run, 2006. Available from:, http://dqindia.ciol.com/content/industrymarket/focus/2006/106021004.asp [[Accessed on April 20, 2010]].

Dataquest, DQ top ten, 2008. Available from:, http://dqindia.ciol.com/dqtop20/2008/CompanyRanking/ [[Accessed on February 3, 2009].].

Dataquest, DQ top ten, 2012. Available from:, http://dqtop20.dqindia.com/ [[Accessed on April 4, 2012].].

De, R., M&A’s Golden Run, Dataquest, 2006. Available from:, http://archive.dqindia.com/content/industrymarket/focus/2006/106021004.asp [[Accessed on April 20, 2010].].

De Benedictis, L., Tajoli, L. The world trade network. The World Economy. 2011; 34(8):1417–1454.

De La Tour, A., Glachant, M., Ménière, Y. Innovation and International Technology Transfer: The Case of the Chinese Photovoltaic Industry. Shanghai: HAL Publishing; 2011.

De Prato, G., Nepelski, D., Network Analysis of International R&D CentresGlobal R&D network. Seville, Spain: JRC-IPTS, 2011.

De Prato, G., Nepelski, D., Patent data analysis to support policy making. Assessing S&T cooperation partners: the case of India and ChinaThird IPTS Workshop – The Output of R&D Activities: Harnessing the Power of Patents Data. Seville, Spain: JRC-IPTS, 2011.

De Prato, G., Nepelski, D. A Framework for Assessing Innovation Collaboration Partners and Its Application to India. Germany: University Library of Munich; 2012.

De Prato, G., Nepelski, D. Global technological collaboration network: network analysis of international co-inventions. Journal of Technology Transfer. 2012; 1–1–18.18.

De Prato, G., Nepelski, D., Stancik, J. The Report on Internationalisation of ICT R&D. Seville, Spain: JRC-IPTS; 2011.

de Rassenfosse, G., Dernis, H., Guellec, D., Picci, L., van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B., A Corrected Count of Priority Filings. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research Working Paper. 2011. [forthcoming].

Dieter, E., Can Chinese IT Firms Develop Innovative Capabilities within Global Knowledge Networks. East–West Center Working Papers, Economics Series, No. 94, February. 2008.

DIPP, Fact Sheet on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from August 1991 to March 2009. Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, New Delhi, 2009. Available from:, http://www.dipp.nic.in/fdi_statistics/india_FDI_March2009.pdf [[Accessed on June 29, 2009].].

DIT. Annual Report. New Delhi: Department of IT, Ministry of Communication & IT, Government of India; 2011.

Doz, Y.L., Santos, J., Williamson, P. From Global to Metanational: How Companies Win in the Knowledge Economy. Boston: Harvard Business Press; 2001.

Dunning, J.H. The eclectic paradigm of international production: a restatement and some possible extensions. Journal of International Business Studies. 1988; 19(1):1–31.

Dunning, J.H. Multinational enterprises and the globalization of innovatory capacity. Research Policy. 1994; 23(1):67–88.

EC. JRC IPTS Scoreboard. Seville, Spain: JRC-IPTS; 2011.

Economic Times HCL Tech looking at string of acquisitions: CEO. 2009 November 10, 2009. Available from:, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/HCL-Tech-looking-at-string-of-acquisitions-CEO-/articleshow/5215186.cms [[Accessed on November 11, 2009].].

EITO, BRIC Countries’ ICT Markets, 2007–2011, 2011. Special Report, January 3, 2011, European Information Technology Observatory. Available from:, http://www.eito.com/epages/63182014.sf/en_GB/?ObjectPath=/Shops/63182014/Products/630-1107/SubProducts/630-1107-010

Engardio, P., India: R&D stronghold. Business Week. 2008 August 11, 2008. Available from:, http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/aug2008/gb20080811_250527.htm [[Accessed August 2, 2009].].

Ernst, D. Pathways to innovation in Asia’s leading electronics-exporting countries: a framework for exploring drivers and policy implications. International Journal of Technology Management. 2005; 29:6–20.

Ernst, D. Innovation Offshoring: Asia’s Emerging Role in Global Innovation Networks. Honolulu: East-West Center; 2006. [East-West Center Special Report No. 10].

ETRI, Characteristics of the Korean IT Innovation System. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejon, 2009. Available from:, www.etri.re.kr/eng

ETRI, ICT Industry Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejon, 2011. Available from:, www.etri.re.kr/eng

Fagiolo, G., Reyes, J., Schiavo, S. The Evolution of the World Trade Web. Pisa, Italy: Laboratory of Economics & Management (LEM), Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies; 2007.

Feenstra, R.C. Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the global economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1998; 12(4):31–35.

Florida, R. The globalization of R&D: results of a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the USA. Research Policy. 1997; 26(1):85–103.

Fransman, M. The New ICT Ecosystem: Implications for Policy and Regulation. Cambridge University Press; 2010.

Fransman, M., The importance of the ICT ecosystem in the current economic crisis. KISDI Global Conference 2011, Seoul, Korea, 2011. [unpublished presentation given at].

Garlaschelli, D., Loffredo, M., Structure and evolution of the world trade network. Market dynamics & Quantitative Economics, 2005;355(1):138–144 selection of papers presented at the First Bonzenfreies Colloquium on Market Dynamics and Quantitative Economics.

Gassler, H., Nones, B. Internationalisation of R&D and embeddedness: the case of Austria. Journal of Technology Transfer. 2008; 33(4):407–421.

Gassmann, O., von Zedtwitz, M. New concepts and trends in international R&D organization. Research Policy. 1999; 28:231–250.

Gilwald, A., Simon, J.P. The ICT landscape in BRIC countries, 4: South Africa. Communications & Strategies. 2012; 86:195–208.

Grefermann, K., Röthlingshöfer, K. Patentwesen und technischer Fortschritt: kritische Würdigung der Zusammenhänge in ausgewählten Branchen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland anhand empirischer Untersuchungen. Munich: IFO-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung [in German]; 1974.

Grevesen, C., Damanpour, F. The internationalization of R&D and innovative performance in multinational enterprises. International Journal of Technology Management. 2007; 38:113–137.

Griffith, R., Miller, H. Innovation in China: The Rise of Chinese Inventors in the Production of Knowledge. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies; 2011.

Griliches, Z. Patent statistics as economic indicators: a Survey. Journal of Economic Literature. 1990; 28(4):1661–1707.

Guellec, D., van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. The internationalisation of technology analysed with patent data. Research Policy. 2001; 30(8):1253–1266.

Gulbrandsen, M., Godoe, H. ‘We really don’t want to move, but …’: identity and strategy in the internationalisation of industrial RD. Journal of Technology Transfer. 2008; 33(4):379–392.

Harhoff, D., Scherer, F.M., Vopel, K. Citations, family size, opposition and the value of patent rights. Research Policy. 2003; 32(8):1343–1363.

Harrison, B. Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility. New York: Guilford Press; 1997.

He, Ning, Current and future regulation challenges for the Chinese telecommunications sector. Fifth Communication Policy Research South Conference (CPRsouth5), Xi’an, China, 2010 paper presented at, Available from:, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1725129

Heeks, R. The Uneven Profile of Indian Software Exports. Manchester: Institute for Development Policy & Management, University of Manchester; 1998. [Development Informatics Working Paper Series].

Heeks, R., Nicholson, B. Software Success Factors and Strategies in Developing and Transitional Economies. Manchester: Institute for Development Policy & Management, University of Manchester; 2002. [Working Paper].

Hilmola, O.P., Helo, O., Holweg, M. On the Outsourcing Dynamics in the Electronics Sector: The Evolving Role of the Original Design Manufacturer. Cambridge: Judge Institute of Management, University of Cambridge; 2005. [Working Paper Series WP04/2005].

Hsu, J.Y., Saxenian, A. The limits of guanxi capitalism: transnational collaboration between Taiwan and the USA. Environment & Planning A. 2000; 32:1991–2005.

Hutchinson, F., Ilavarasan, P.V. IT/ITES sector and economic policy at the sub-national level in India. Economic & Political Weekly. 2008; 43(46):64–70.

IBEF. Electronics: Market and Opportunities. Gurgaon, India: Indian Brand Equity Foundation; 2008.

IFI CLAIMS® Patent Services, IFI announces top global companies ranked by 2011 U.S. patents: global stampede for U.S. patents continues; IBM still tops list but Asian companies close in, 2012. Available from:, http://ificlaims.com/index.php?page=news&type=view&id=ifi-announces-top

Ilavarasan, P.V. R&D in Indian software industry. In: Varma R., ed. Managing Industrial Research Effectively. Panjagutta, India: ICFAI University Press; 2006:134–143.

Ilavarasan, P.V. Is Indian software workforce a case of uneven and combined development? Equal Opportunities International. 2007; 26(8):802–822.

Ilavarasan, P.V., “Center-for-Global” or “Local-for-Global”?An Examination of FDI in R&D Centers of IT MNEs in India. New Delhi: Forecasting & Assessment Council (TIFAC), Department of Science & Technology, 2010. [report submitted to the Technology Information].

Infobank, Database, 2008. Available from:, http://www.infobank.cn/

In-Stat, Virtual Goods in Social Networking and Online Gaming, 2010. November 2010, In-Stat. Available from:, www.in-stat.com

IMF. World Economic Outlook. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund; 2009.

IMF, World Economic Outlook: Slowing Growth, Rising Risks, 2011. Available from:, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/pdf/text.pdf

iSuppli, Rising Stars: ZTE and Huawei Go InternationalChina Research Q3 2008 Topical Report. El Segundo, CA: iSuppli, 2008.

Kali, R., Reyes, J. The architecture of globalization: a network approach to international economic integration. Journal of International Business Studies. 2007; 38(4):595–620.

KCC. 2010 Yearbook of IT Industry Statistics. Seoul: Korea Communications Commission, Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Korea Association of ICT Promotion, and Korean Electronics Association [in Korean]; 2010.

KCC, KAIP. Monthly Survey of Broadcasting and Communications Industry Statistics. Seoul: Korea Communications Commission and Korea Assocation of ICT Promotion [in Korean]; 2012.

KCC, MKE, KAIT, KEA. 2010 Yearbook of IT Industry Statistics. Seoul: Korea Communications Commission, Ministry of Knowledge Economy, Korea Association of ICT Promotion and Korean Electronics Association [in Korean]; 2011.

KDI. 2010 Modularization of Korea’s Development Experience: IT Promotion. Seoul: Korea Development Institute; 2011.

Khan, H.R., Outward Indian FDI: recent trends and emerging issues. Bombay Chamber of Commerce and Industry, March 2012, 2012. [address delivered at the].

Khomiakova, T. Information technology clusters in India. Transition Studies. 2007; 14(2):355–378.

Kim, S.R., von Tunzelmann, N. Aligning Internal and External Networks: Taiwan’s Specialization in IT. Brighton: Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex; 1998.

Kircher-Kohl, M., High Level International Business Symposium “China and R&D Globalisation: Integration and Mutual Benefits,” Beijing, August, 28, 2007, 2007. Available from:, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/15/39114368.pdf

Ko, S.W., Kim, C.W., Kim, K.H., Kim, H.K., Park, J.M., Rhee, S.G. ICT Masterplan for Development (II): Lessons from Policy Practices of Korea. Seoul: Korea Information Society Development Institute; 2011.

KOITA. Survey on R&D Activities in the Private Sector. Seoul: Korea Industrial Technology Association [in Korean]; 2011.

KOITA. Technology Trade Statistical Database. Seoul: Korea Industrial Technology Association; 2011.

Korea Productivity Center. International Comparison of Total Factor Productivity. Seoul: Korea Productivity Center [in Korean]; 2010.

Kraemer, K.L., Dedrick, J., Hwang, C.Y., Tu, T.C., Yap, C.S. Entrepreneurship, flexibility and policy coordination: Taiwan’s computer industry. The Information Society. 1996; 12(3):215–249.

Kubota, L.C., Nogueira Milani, D. Relatório Setorial: Industria de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação. Belo Horizonte, Brazil: Agência Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Industrial; 2009. [April 2009].

Kuemmerle, W. The drivers of foreign direct investment into research and development: an empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies. 1999; 30(1):1–24.

Kumar, N. Internationalization of Indian enterprises: patterns, strategies, ownership advantages, and implications. Asian Economic Policy Review. 2008; 3(2):242–261.

LG Electronics, 2011 Annual Business Report, 2012. [[in Korean].].

LG Electronics, 2011 IR Report, 2012. [[in Korean].].

Chen, Ling, Xue, Lan. China’s integrated circuit industry. China & World Economy. 18(6), 2010. [November/December 2010].

Ling, W., Shiguo, L. Trends in Public and Private Investments in ICT R&D in India. JRC-IPTS; 2011.

Linli, Huang, ICT and R&D in China. Beijing IPTS/IWEP Meeting, December 3, 2010. China Center for Information Development (CCID), Beijing, 2010. [presentation at the].

Liu, M.C., Chen, S.H. International R&D deployment and locational advantage: a case study of Taiwan. In: Ito T., Rose A., eds. International Trade in East Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Liu, M.C., Chen, S.H. Cross-border R&D network and R&D internationalization: a perspective of overseas subsidiary. NTU Management Review. 2007; 18(1):211–237. [[in Chinese]].

Liu, X., White, S. An exploration into regional variation in innovative activity in China. International Journal of Technology Management. 2001; 21:114–129.

Macher, J.T., Mowery, D.C., Di Minin, A. The ‘non-globalization’ of innovation in the semiconductor industry. California Management Review. 2007; 50(1):217.

Majumdar, R. Indian electronics hardware industry: growth and productivity (1993-2004). Economic & Political Weekly. 2010; 45(14):72–77. [April 3–9].

Malik, P., An Analysis of the Reforms of India’s Telecommunications Industry: Policy, Regulation and Indicators. LIRNEasia Six Country Multicomponent Study. 2007 Available from:, http://www.lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/malik-2007-6cmcs-india.pdf [[Accessed on September 22, 2009]].

Malik, P., Telecom regulatory and policy environment in India: results and analysis of the 2008 TRE survey, 2010. Available from:, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1555459

Malik, P., Ilavarasan, P.V. Trends in Public and Private Investments in ICT R&D in India. Brussels: Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Center, EC; 2011.

Malik, P., Mundhe, R., Statistical Compilation of the ICT Sector and Policy Analysis: India Country Report. ORBICOM, UNESCO, 2010. Available from:, http://www.orbicom.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1191&Itemid=1191

Mani, S. The dragon vs. the elephant: comparative analysis of innovation capability in the telecom industry of China and India. Economic & Political Weekly. 2005; 40(39):4271–4283.

Mazumdar, S. Industry and Services in Growth and Structural Change in India: Some Unexplored Features. Germany: University Library of Munich; 2010.

Meyer, K.E., Mudambi, R., Narula, R. Multinational enterprises and local contexts: the opportunities and challenges of multiple embeddedness. Journal of Management Studies. 2011; 48(2):235–252.

Meyers, H., Dachs, B., Welfens, P. Internationalisation of European ICT activities: Dynamics of Information and Communications Technology. Berlin: Springer; 2008.

MII. 2006 Yearbook of China Information Industry. Beijing: Ministry of Information Industry; 2006. [Communication Version].

MII. 2007 Yearbook of China Information Industry. Beijing: Ministry of Information Industry; 2007. [Communication Version].

MIIT, 2009. Available from:, http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n11294132/n12858387/index6.html. [in Chinese] and, www.stats.gov.cn/english [[similar sites are cached].].

MIIT, http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n11294132/n12858387/index13.html, 2010 Available from: [in Chinese] and, www.stats.gov.cn/english [[similar sites are cached].].

MIIT, http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n11294132/n12858387/index16.html, 2011 Available from: [in Chinese] and, www.stats.gov.cn/english [[similar sites are cached].].

MIIT, http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n11294132/n12858387/index.html, 2012 Available from: [in Chinese] and, www.stats.gov.cn/english [[similar sites are cached].].

MKE, KEIT. Identifying Industrial Technology Mega Trend through Patent Analyis: ICT Industry. Seoul: Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology [in Korean]; 2012.

Ministry of Science and Technology of China and OECD. High Level International Business Symposium “China and R&D Globalisation: Integration and Mutual Benefits,” Beijing, August 28, 2007, 2007 Available from:, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/15/39114368.pdf

MOFCOM. 2010 Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment. Beijing: Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China; 2011.

Moon, S. What determines the openness of a firm to external knowledge? Evidence from the Korean service sector. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation. 2011; 19(2):185–200.

Narin, F., Noma, E., Perry, R. Patents as indicators of corporate technological strength. Research Policy. 1987; 16(2/4):143–155.

Narula, R., Hagedoorn, J. Innovating through strategic alliances: moving towards international partnerships and contractual agreements. Technovation. 1999; 19(5):283–294.

NASSCOM. The IT-BPO Sector in India: Strategic Review 2009. New Delhi: National Association of Software and Services Companies; 2009.

NASSCOM. The IT-BPO Sector in India: Strategic Review 2011. New Delhi: National Association of Software and Services Companies; 2011.

NBS. National Economic Industrial Classifications GB/T4754-2002. Seoul: Department of Statistical Design & Management; 2002.

NBS. China’s Economic Census 2004. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2006.

NBS. China Yearbook of Enterprise Group. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2006.

NBS. China Statistical Yearbook, 1998–2007. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2007.

NBS. China Statistical Yearbook of the Tertiary Industry 2006–2007. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2007.

NBS. Yearbook of China’s Large-sized Industrial Enterprises. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2007.

NBS. Database Main Economic Indicators. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2008.

NBS. China’s National Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2008. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2008.

NBS, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2010/indexeh/htm, 2009 [Available from].

NBS, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2011/indexeh/htm, 2010 [Available from].

NBS, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2012/indexeh/htm, 2011 Available from: and, www.stats.gov.cn/english [[similar sites are cached]].

NBS, MST, National Comprehensive Statistics on the R&D Census 2000. China’s Statistics Press, Beijing, 2002:4.

NBS, MST. China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2006.

NBS, MST. Statistical Yearbook of China’s High-tech Industries. Beijing: China’s Statistics Press; 2007.

Nepelski, D., J. Stancik, The Top World R&D-investing Companies from the ICT Sector: A Company-level Analysis. JRC-IPTS, Seville, Spain, 2011. Available from:, http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/pub.cfm?id=4379

Nepelski, D., De Prato, G., Stancik, J. Internationalisation of ICT R&D. Seville, Spain: JRC-IPTS; 2011.

News Xinhua, Brands in China’s consuming electronic industry, 2009. Available from:, http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2009-01/10/content_10634235.htm

Nieto, M.J., Rodriguez, A. Offshoring of R&D: looking abroad to improve innovation performance. Journal of International Business Studies. 2011; 42(3):345–361.

Niosi, J., Bellon, B. The global interdependence of national innovation systems: Evidence, limits, and implications. Technology in Society. 1994; 16(2):173–197.

Niosi, J., Manseau, A., Godin, B. Canada’s National System of Innovation. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press; 2000.

Nokia. Affordability key in bringing digital inclusion. Expanding Horizons. 2008; 1:12–13.

Nokia. A roadmap to affordable mobility in emerging markets. Expanding Horizons. 2008; 4:4–7.

Nollen, S. Intellectual Property in the Indian Software Industry: Past Role and Future Need. Washington, D.C: International Intellectual Property Institute; 2004.

NSTC. Survey of Research and Development in Korea. Seoul: National Science and Technology Commission [in Korean]; 2011.

OECD. Frascati Manual: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, Sixth Edition. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2002.

OECD, China will become world’s second highest investor in R&D by end of 2006, finds OECD, 2006. Available from:, http://www.oecd.org/document/26/0,2340,en_2649_201185_37770522_1_1_1_1,00.html [[Accessed on August 2, 2008].].

OECD. OECD Information Outlook 2010. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2008.

OECD, China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment, 2008. Available from:, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/28/10/40283257.pdf

OECD. Compendium of Patent Statistics. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2008.

OECD. OECD Innovation Strategy. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; 2009.

OECD. OECD Information Outlook 2010. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2010.

OECD, The Information and Communication Technology Sector in India. Performance, Growth and Key Challenges. M. Bhattacharya, G. Vickery. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 2010. [June 2010].

OECD. Measuring Globalisation: OECD Economic Globalisation Indicators 2010. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2010.

OECD, 2011. Available from:, http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=PATS_IPC

OECD. Looking to 2060: Long-term Global Growth Prospects. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2012. [OECD Economic Policy Paper 03, November 2012].

Oh, D., Kim, Y.J., Ahn, H. An analysis of international cooperation in the public research and development programs of Korea. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation. 2010; 18(2):43–67.

Parthasarathi, A., Joseph, K.J. Limits to innovation set by strong export orientation: the experience of India’s information and communication technology sector. Science, Technology & Society. 2002; 7(10):13–49.

Parthasarathy, B. Globalizing information technology: the domestic policy context for India’s software production and exports. Iterations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Software History. 2004; 3:1–38.

Pascall, S. EU-China Cooperation of Information and Communication Technologies in RTD: Status and way ahead. Brussels: EC, DGInfso; 2010. [February].

Patel, P., Pavitt, K. Large firms in the production of the world’s technology: an important case of ‘non-globalisation’. Journal of International Business Studies. 1991; 22(1):1–21.

Patel, P., Pavitt, K. The technological competencies of the world’s largest firms: complex and path-dependent, but not much variety. Research Policy. 1997; 26(2):141–156.

Patel, P., Vega, M. Patterns of internationalisation of corporate technology: location vs. home country advantages. Research Policy. 1999; 28(2/3):145–155.

Patibandla, M., Petersen, B. Role of transnational corporations in the evolution of a high-tech industry: the case of India’s software industry. World Development. 2002; 32(3):561–566.

Pattnaik, B. Impact of globalization on the technological regime in India: aspects of change. Perspectives on Global Development & Technology. 2005; 4(1):63–82.

Petti, C. Technological Entrepreneurship in China. How Does it Work?. Cheltenham, U.K: Edward Elgar; 2012.

Picci, L. The internationalization of inventive activity: a gravity model using patent data. Research Policy. 2010; 39(8):1070–1081.

Pittiglio, R., Sica, E., Villa, S. Innovation and internationalization: the case of Italy. Journal of Technology Transfer. 2009; 34(6):588–602.

PricewaterhouseCoopers. Global Entertainment and Media Outlook. London: PricewaterhouseCoopers; 2011.

Reitzig, M. Improving patent valuations for management purposes: validating new indicators by analyzing application rationales. Research Policy. 2004; 33(6/7):939–957.

Sachwald, F. Location choices within global innovation networks: the case of Europe. Journal of Technology Transfer. 2008; 33(4):364–378.

Samsung Electronics, 2011 Annual Business Report, 2012. [[in Korean]].

Samsung Electronics, 2011 IT Report, 2012. [[in Korean]].

Santamaria, L., Surroca, J. Matching the goals and impacts of R&D collaboration. European Management Review. 2011; 8(2):95–109.

Saxenian, A. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1994.

Saxenian, A. The Silicon Valley connection: transnational networks and regional development in Taiwan, China and India. Science, Technology & Society. 2002; 7(1):117–149.

Schmiele, A. Drivers for international innovation activities in developed and emerging countries. The Journal of Technology Transfer. 2011; 37(1):98–123.

Schware, R. Software industry entry strategies for developing countries: a ‘walking on two legs’ proposition. World Development. 1992; 20:143–164.

Seo, H.J., Kim, K.S., Lee, Y.S. An empirical investigation on the contribution of R&D outsourcing to innovation of domestic manufacturing industry. Koreanische Zeitschrift fur Wirtschaftswissenschaften. 2009; 27(3):91–118. [September, [in Korean]].

Serrano, M.Á., Boguñá, M. Topology of the world trade web. Physical Review. 2003; E68(1):015101.

Sharma, D.S. The Long Revolution: The Birth and Growth of India’s IT Industry. Noida, India: Harper Collins; 2009.

Simon, J.P., Asian rise in ICT R&D: looking for evidence. Proceedings of the International Conference, February 16–17, 2011, Brussels. JRC-IPTS, Seville, Spain, 2011. Available from:, http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/PREDICT/AsiaICT.html

Simon, J.P., The ICT Landscape in BRICS Countries: Brazil, India, China. JRC-IPTS, Seville, Spain, 2011. Available from:, http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/pub.cfm?id=4619

Smith, D.A., White, D.R. Structure and dynamics of the global economy: network analysis of international trade 1965–1980. Social Forces. 1992; 70(4):857–893.

Smith, K. Measuring innovation. In: Fagerberg J., Mowery D.C., Nelson R., eds. Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Strauss-Kahn, V. The Role of Globalization in the Within-Industry Shift Away from Unskilled Workers in France. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2004. [NBER Working Paper 9716].

Sultana, R., What are driving global ICT growth: Asia, China, India …. IPTS BRIC Workshop, October 5, Johannesburg, 2011 presentation at the, Available from:, http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/PREDICT/documents/06.Rasheda_BRICWS.pdf

Sung-Bae, Mun, et al. Strategy for ICT industry development. Seoul: Korea Information Society Development Institute; 2012. [mimeo, April, [in Korean]].

Thomson, R. The Globalization of Technology Acquisition. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research; 2011.

TIFAC. FDI in the R&D Sector: Study for the Pattern in 1998–2003. Department of Science & Technology, Technology Information Forecasting & Assessment Council, Government of India; 2006.

TRAI, Recommendations on National Broadband Plan, 2010. Available from:, http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/Recommendations/124/Broadbandrecommendation08_12_10final.pdf [[Accessed on February 25, 2011]].

Turlea, G., Nepelski, D., De Prato, G., Lindmark, S., de Panizza, A., Picci, L., et al, The 2010 Report on R&D in ICT in the European Union. JRC-IPTS, Seville, Spain, 2010. EUR 23832 EN, Available from:, http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/pub.cfm?id=3239

Turlea, G., Nepelski, D., De Prato, G., Simon, J.-P., Sabadash, A., Stancik, J., et al, The 2011 Report on R&D in ICT in the European Union. JRC-IPTS, Seville, Spain, 2011. Available from:, http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/pub.cfm?id=4399

UN, United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, 2008. Available from:, http://comtrade.un.org/kb/article.aspx?id=10062

UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2005 (WIR05): Transnational Corporations and Internationalization of R&D. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, 2005. Available from:, http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2005_en.pdf

UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2007, 2007. Available from:, http://unctad.org/en/Docs/wir2007_en.pdf

UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2008 (WIR08). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, 2008. Available from:, http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2008_en.pdf

UNCTAD, United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, 2008. Available from:, http://comtrade.un.org/kb/article.aspx?id=10062

UNCTAD. Science Report 2010: UNESCO. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; 2010.

UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2011. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; 2011.

UNCTAD. Main Aggregates Database, and World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) 2011: Mid-year Update. Santiago, Chile: ECLAC (UNCTAD); 2011.

UNESCO, Science Report, 2010. Paris. Available from:, www.unesco.org/publishing

Van der Zee, F.A. The New Asian Growth Dynamics in a Context of Globalisation. The Hague: Toegepast Natuurweten-schappelijk Onderzoek (The Netherlands Organization); 2006. [TNO Working Paper].

von Zedtwitz, M., International R&D Strategies in Companies from Developing Countries: The Case of China Int’l R&D by Chinese Firms. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development/Beijing: Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China, Geneva, 2009. Available from:, http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/statistic/foreigninvestment/200607/20060702705397.html

von Zedtwitz. IPTS Conference “Asian Rise in ICT R&D – Looking for Evidence: Debating Collaboration Strategies, Threats and Opportunities”, 2011 Presentation at the. Available from:, http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/PREDICT/AsiaICT.html

Wi, Jong H. Innovation and Strategy of Online Games. London: Imperial College Press; 2009.

WIPO. World Intellectual Property Indicators. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization; 2011.

WIPO. World Intellectual Property Indicators. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization; 2010.

World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2009. WDI Database. Available from:, http://data.worldbank.org/products/data-books/WDI-2009

World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2011. WDI Database. Available from:, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/wdi-2011

Yan, E., Ding, Y. Applying centrality measures to impact analysis: A coauthorship network analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology. 2009; 60(10):2107–2118.

Zhang, Y., Li, H., Hitt, M.A., Cui, G. R&D intensity and international joint venture performance in an emerging market: moderating effects of market focus and ownership structure. Journal of International Business Studies. 2007; 38(6):944–960.

Zhongzhou, Li, China’s informatization strategy and its impact on trade in ICT goods and ICT services, 2006. Available from:, http://www.unctad.org/sections/wcmu/docs/c3em29p016_en.pdf

..................Content has been hidden....................

You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.
Reset
3.15.3.136