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Part III: Spaces and Flows of Knowledge
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Part III: Spaces and Flows of Knowledge
by Andrea Filippetti, Daniele Archibugi
The Handbook of Global Science, Technology, and Innovation
Cover
Title page
Notes on Contributors
Introduction: Editors’ Introduction: Science, Technology, and Innovation Go Global
An Overview of the Book
Efforts and Ambitions
Acknowledgements
References
Part I: Global Trends
Chapter 1: The Convergence Paradox: The Global Evolution of National Innovation Systems
Introduction
Literature and Conceptual Framework
Data, Indicators and Descriptive Evidence
Empirical Analysis
Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: World Top University Rankings: From Distribution to Implications on National Knowledge Creation and Competitiveness
Introduction
Research and Innovations in Universities
International Comparison of Academic Research Output
Discussions and Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: The International Race of Top Supercomputers and Its Implications
Introduction
Measure of Supercomputer Capacity
World Distribution of Supercomputer Capacity
High-Tech Output and Supercomputing Capacity
A New Arms Race?
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Soft Innovation and Changes in Product Aesthetics: An Omitted Dimension in Economic Analyses of Innovation Activities
Introduction
Production of Innovations
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Macroeconomic Indicators of Soft Innovation
Microeconomic Indicators of Soft Innovation
Policy Issues
Conclusions and Implications
References
Chapter 5: Is the World of Science Moving to the East? What Bibliometrics Says
Investment in Research and Development
Leading Players in Science Publication
Leading Players in International Collaboration
Conclusions and Discussion
References
Part II: The Globalization of Technology and Innovation
Chapter 6: Innovation, Internationalization, and the Transnational Corporation
Introduction
Innovation and the Transnational Corporations
Transnationality and Innovation
International Trade and Innovation
From Micro to Aggregate Effects
Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: International R&D Alliances by Firms: Origins and Development
Introduction
Defining Strategic Technology Partnering (STP)
Theoretical Perspectives to Explain Growth of STP
Relating STP to Internationalization
The Challenges of STP
Policy Issues Associated with STP
References
Chapter 8: The Globalization of Knowledge-Intensive Services
Introduction
Liberalization and International “Trade” in Services
“Barriers” to Internationalization of Services
Services Multinationals
The Role of Services in Globalization and the International Division of Labor
Knowledge Intensity
What Are Knowledge-Intensive Business Services?
Issues Affecting the Internationalization of KIBS
Outsourcing and Offshoring of KIBS
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Capital and Technology Flows: Changing Technology Acquisition Strategies in Developing Countries
Traditional Modes of Technology Acquisition in Developing Countries
Limitations of Technology Acquisition Through Licensing and FDI
Changes in Modes of Technology Acquisition in the 1990s
Impact of Globalization on Technology Acquisition Strategies
Summary and Policy Implications
References
Chapter 10: Clusters and Global Innovation: The Role of Connectedness and Connectivity
Introduction
Global Connections: Connectedness and Connectivity
The Decision-Making Locus within Connections: Personal Relationships vs. Organizational Pipelines
The Network Structure of Connections: Centralized vs. Decentralized
Global Connectivity: Archetypes and Examples
The Decision-Making Locus within Connections and Innovation: Emergent vs. Strategic
The Network Structure of Connections and Innovation: Appropriation vs. Participation
Connectivity and Innovation: Breadth, Depth, and Spillovers
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 11: New Product Development in Emerging Economies: Innovation in Reverse from China
Introduction
Literature Review
Empirical Base
Discussion
Implications and Future Research
References
Chapter 12: Crowdfunding: Toward the Democratization of Innovation Financing
Introduction
What is Crowdfunding?
Crowdfunding Numbers at a Glance
The Advantages of Crowdfunding
The Early Evidence on Crowdfunding
Policy Implications
The Future of Crowdfunding
References
Part III: Spaces and Flows of Knowledge
Chapter 13: Harnessing the Geography of Innovation: Toward Evidence-Based Economic Development Policy
Introduction
Geography as a Platform to Organize Innovative Activity
Harnessing the Natural Tendency of Innovative Clustering
Evaluation Challenges for Economic Development Policies and Projects
A New Definition of Economic Development
Cluster Genesis
Reconsidering the Role of Government in Economic Development
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Multinational Enterprises Innovation Networks and the Role of Cities
Introduction
Classical MNE Theories: Hymer and Vernon on Organizational and Urban Structures
The New Context: A Fast-Changing World and the Evolving MNE
Innovation, Spillovers and Spatial Typologies
MNEs and Cities in the World
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 15: The Rise of the Global Creative Class
Introduction
Methodology, Data, and Variables
The Global Creative Class
Creativity and National Economic Performance
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Global Science Collaboration
Introduction: The Organization of Science Collaboration
How Researchers Connect Given a Set of Potential Partners at Various Distances
Explanatory Factors: Institutions, Network Dynamics and Attributes of Knowledge
Science Collaboration: Truly Global and Better?
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: International Mobility of Scientists
Introduction
Definitional Challenges
Conceptualising Mobility
The Context of Mobility: Drivers, Impacts and Barriers
Measuring Mobility
Levels of Scientific Mobility
Push and Pull Factors
Impacts of Mobility
The Construction of Mobility as a Policy Issue
Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: The Role of Global Connectedness in the Development of Indigenous Science in Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Understanding Global Connectedness in Science
International Knowledge Flows and South African Science
The Role of Foreign PhDs in the South African Science System
Discussion
References
Chapter 19: Global Trends in Brain Drain and Likely Scenario in the Coming Years
Introduction
Brain Drain: Migration Patterns of the Highly Educated
Recent Trends
Austerity and Brain Drain in the EU
Conclusions
References
Part IV: Global Institutions and Intellectual Property Rights
Chapter 20: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights
Introduction
What Are Intellectual Property Rights?
The Rise of a Global IPR Regime
Two Models on IPRs
A Different View: How Powerful Are IPRs?
Is a Global IPR Regime Possible?
What Is the Future of IPRs in a Global Economy?
References
Chapter 21: Patents, Monopoly Power, and the Pricing of Pharmaceuticals in Low-Income Nations
Introduction
Pricing New Drugs Under Monopoly Conditions
The Extent of Differential Pricing
Reasons for the Paucity of Differential Pricing
The Ultimate Triumph of Differential Pricing
Compulsory Patent Licensing
Consequences for Research and Development
References
Chapter 22: Global Governance and Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Information Society: At the Crossroads of IPRs and Innovation
Introduction
Global Governance and the Excesses of Globalization: Preliminary Considerations
Definitional Issues: Information Society, Culture, and Social Involvement
Development of the Information Society
IPRs and Intangible Cultural Heritage: Options for Protection and the Commodification of Intangible Cultural Property
Tort of Cultural Misappropriation in the Context of the Information Society
The Information Society Conundrum and the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage
Concluding Remarks
References
Part V: The Global Governance of Science and Technology
Chapter 23: Knowledge as Global Public Good
Introduction
What Is a Public Good?
Is Knowledge a Public Good?
Governments in the Generation and Distribution of Knowledge
Intellectual Property Rights as a Tool for Exclusion
Knowledge as a Global Public Good
Vaccine Research as a Case of a Global Public Good Management
The Governance of Knowledge as Global Public Good
References
Chapter 24: From Governmental Open Data Toward Governmental Open Innovation (GOI): A Global Perspective
Introduction
Governmental Open Innovation: “Openness” of Governments for Innovation
The Emergence of Governmental Open Innovation: A Global Perspective
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 25: Serendipity and Chance in Scientific Discovery: Policy Implications for Global Society
Introduction
Serendipity and Chance
Implications of Serendipity and Chance for the Individual Researcher
Policy Implications of Serendipity and Chance
The Effects of Globalization on Research
Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Global Climate Change and the Direction of Technological Change
Introduction
The Oncoming Storm
Getting Away from the Mouth of Hell
Reflections on the Technologies Discussed
The Role of Less Developed Countries in Carbon Reduction
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27: Global Risks: Cause and Consequence of the New Interactions Between Science, Technology, and Society
Introduction: The “Anthropogenicity” of Global Social-Environmental Risks
Ulrich Beck’s and Mary Douglas’s Understanding of Risks: A Critical Review
Redefining Risks from an Epistemological Point of View
Consequences of the Definition of Risk for Understanding the New Interactions Between Science, Technology, and Society
Redefining Risks and Risk Society: Political Challenges of Risk Management
References
Chapter 28: Globalization, Regionalization, and Technological Change
Introduction
The “First Globalization” of the Nineteenth Century, and the Emergence of National Economies
Global Liberalization and Regional Integration Today
Regional Production
Regional Economic Integration: Europe, China, and Others
Will It Be Different This Time?
References
Index
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Part III
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