Daniele Archibugi is a Research Director at the Italian National Research Council (CNR-IRPPS) in Rome, and Professor of Innovation, Governance and Public Policy at the University of London, Birkbeck College. He works on the economics and policy of science, technology, and innovation and on the political theory of international relations. He has worked at the Universities of Sussex, Cambridge, London School of Economics, Harvard, and Rome LUISS. In 2006 he was appointed honorary professor at Sussex University. He has chaired the European Commission’s Expert Group on “A Wide Opening of the European Research Area to the World.” Besides several edited books and articles in academic journals, he has authored The Technological Specialization of Advanced Countries (with Mario Pianta, Kluwer, 1992) and Innovation and Economic Crisis: Lessons and Prospects from the Economic Downturn (with Andrea Filippetti, Routledge, 2011).

Suma Athreye is Professor of International Strategy at Brunel Business School, Brunel University. Her research interests include technology development of emerging market firms and their use of international markets to gain competiveness. Her recent work has focused on the internationalization of Indian and Chinese firms, especially those in the software and pharmaceutical sectors.

Helena Barnard, since obtaining her PhD in Management from Rutgers University, has been working at GIBS, University of Pretoria, in South Africa where she is Director of Research. Her research interests are in how knowledge (and with it technology, organizational practices, and innovation) moves from more to less developed countries. She focuses both on organizational mechanisms (notably emerging multinationals) and individual mechanisms, especially the diaspora and scientific collaborations.

Sabine Brunswicker is researcher with a particular interest in open innovation and innovation ecosystems. She is an Associate Professor of Innovation and Director of the Research Center for Open Digital Innovation at Purdue University, Indiana. She is also a Visiting Professor at ESADE Business School at Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, and is a strategic advisor for open innovation at the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Stuttgart. Her general research interests lie in understanding collaborative models of innovation and value creation in today’s global and digital economy.

Fulvio Castellacci is Director of the TIK Centre, University of Oslo, and Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). He holds a PhD in Innovation Studies (University of Oslo, 2004) and a PhD in Economics (University of Rome La Sapienza, 2005). His main research interests are in the fields of the economics of innovation, and particularly on the relationship between innovation and economic performance.

Jongmin Choi is a doctoral student in the Department of Public Policy at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. His main research interests include innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic development policy suited for regional characteristics. In particular, he focuses on industry cluster as an economic development strategy. He plans to shed light on regional characteristics that spark the initial takeoff of an industry in a region.

Alessandro Cordova is a PhD candidate in Business Administration at Bocconi University, Milan. He graduated cum laude in Economics at Bocconi University, and he obtained an MSc in Economics from the London School of Economics. In 2013, he has been awarded a research grant and worked with the Dean of the Bocconi PhD School on projects related to the economy of innovation, entrepreneurship, and public administration. Currently, his main research interests lie in new business ventures and Big Data. Alongside, he is founding a start-up in the health sector.

Simone Corsi is Programme Manager of the Lancaster China Catalyst Programme (Lancaster University) and Honorary Researcher at the Institute for Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development (IEED) at the Lancaster University Management School. His research and work deal with R&D internationalization and collaboration in China. He holds a PhD in Management from Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna in Pisa (Italy) and he is Research Associate at the Research Center for Global R&D Management (GLORAD) at Tongji University in Shanghai (China) where he has been visiting doctoral student (2011).

Robin Cowan is Professor of Management at the University of Strasbourg, Professor of the Economics of Technical Change at Maastricht University, and Professorial Fellow at UNU-MERIT. His research focuses on the economics of networks, knowledge, and innovation.

Alberto Di Minin is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Management of Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna in Pisa (Italy), and Research Fellow at the Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy (BRIE). He has a PhD from University of California, Berkeley. His research deals with the appropriability of innovation, open innovation, business models, intellectual property, and R&D management. His research has appeared in Research Policy, California Management Review, R&D Management, and Journal of International Business Studies.

Johanna Dolci is a financial consultant at CMC Capital in London, where she executes M&A transactions, principal investing, and valuation assignments. She completed her Master of Science in Finance at Bocconi University, Milan. Johanna started research on crowdfunding during her studies at Bocconi University.

Paolo Davide Farah is University Professor at West Virginia University, Department of Public Administration within the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences and Law School; Research Scientist and Principal Investigator at gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (United Kingdom); Principal Investigator and Research Team Coordinator for European Commission-funded projects at the University Institute of European Studies (IUSE) in Turin (Italy). He has been Visiting Scholar (2011–2012) at Harvard Law School, East Asian Legal Studies (EALS) and Marie Curie Fellow (2013–2014) at Peking University, Center for European Studies in Beijing (China).

Maryann P. Feldman is the Heninger Distinguished Professor in the Department of Public Policy at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Her research and teaching interests focus on the areas of innovation, the commercialization of academic research and the factors that promote technological change and economic growth.

Marta Fernandez de Arroyabe Arranz is a PhD student at the Center for Research in Economics and Management (CREA) at the University of Luxembourg and at UNU-MERIT. Her research interests include the areas of innovation roadmap, innovation planning, networks, and alliances.

Andrea Filippetti is Marie Curie Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Geography and Environment, and Researcher at the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Institute for Regional Studies. He is interested in innovation and technological change, the globalization of science and technology, and intellectual property rights. He has been Visiting Fellow at Birkbeck College, University of London, Fulbright-Schuman Post Doc at Harvard University, Center for European Studies, Visiting Fellow at the University of Queensland, Faculty of Economics, Center for Productivity Analysis, Australia, Marie Curie Visiting Fellow at the School of Government, Beijing Normal University, Beijing (China) in 2013, and Visiting Fellow at the Department of Political Science of Columbia University, New York. He has co-authored (with Daniele Archibugi) Innovation and Economic Crisis: Lessons and Prospects from the Economic Downturn (Routledge, 2011).

Kieron Flanagan is Senior Lecturer in Science and Technology Policy at the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research of the University of Manchester. He works on rationales for policy intervention and the construction of science policy problems; on policy dynamics in science, technology and innovation; on the international dimensions of science policy; on the place of science and technology in government; and on science and innovation policies for local and regional economic development. He has published in a range of innovation, science policy, and economic geography journals, is an active commentator on science policy issues, and is a founding contributor to the science policy blog of The Guardian.

Richard Florida is Director of the Martin Prosperity Institute at the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management and Global Research Professor at New York University. He is the author of several global best-sellers, including the award-winning The Rise of the Creative Class (Basic Books, 2002). He previously taught at Carnegie Mellon and George Mason Universities, and has been a visiting professor at Harvard and MIT. He earned his Bachelor’s degree from Rutgers University and his PhD from Columbia University

Gianfranco Gianfrate is an “Empedocle Maffia Fellow” of the Sustainability Science Program at the Harvard Kennedy School, an Assistant Professor of Finance at Bocconi University, and a Research Affiliate of Tufts University. He did both his undergraduate and postgraduate work (PhD in Business Administration) at Bocconi University. In 2014 he was awarded the Alfred D. Chandler Jr. Fellowship by the Harvard Business School. His current research focuses on the valuation, financing, and geography of entrepreneurial ventures.

Donald Gillies studied mathematics and philosophy at Cambridge University (1962–1966). In 1966 he became a graduate student in Sir Karl Popper’s department at the London School of Economics, and completed his PhD with Imre Lakatos as supervisor in 1970. From 1971 until retirement in 2009, he taught at London University, and researched in the history and philosophy of science and mathematics. He is Emeritus Professor at University College London.

Frederick Guy is Senior Lecturer at Birkbeck University of London, Department of Management. He has been Visiting Scholar at the London School of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand, Chuo University, Tokyo, and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas at Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain. He is interested in international political economy and international business, labor economics and industrial relations, and inter-firm relations. He has published The Global Environment of Business (Oxford, 2009).

Stefan Hennemann is research associate in Economic Geography at the University of Giessen, Germany. He is interested in spatial network science (the analysis and visualization of geographical networks) and in the application of these methods to science, technology, and innovation systems and to world city networks. His research was published in the fields of economic geography (e.g., Environment and Planning A/B), computer and information science (e.g., Journal of Informetrics), and business and economics (e.g., Journal of International Technology Management).

Jean-Yves Heurtebise holds a doctoral degree of philosophy from Aix-Marseille University (AMU, France). He is currently Assistant Professor, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan (ROC). He is also Associate Member of the Research Center for Comparative Epistemology and Ergology at AMU and Affiliated Research Scholar of the Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory in Stanford University.

Simona Iammarino is Professor of Economic Geography at the Department of Geography and Environment of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Her main research interests lie in the following areas: multinational corporations, location and innovation strategies, and global-local interactions; geography of innovation and technological change; regional systems of innovation; regional and local economic development.

Grazia Ietto-Gillies is Emeritus Professor of Applied Economics at London South Bank University and Visiting Research Professor at Birkbeck University of London. She held Visiting Professorships at various international institutions and is one of the founders of the World Economics Association. Her main field of research has been the transnational corporation, its activities and effects. She has authored six books, co-edited two, and published many papers in international journals and as chapters in edited volumes.

Jeremiah Johnson is an Assistant Professor in Technology Leadership and Innovation at Purdue University, Indiana. He is also a Research Fellow of the Research Center for Open Digital Innovation at Purdue. He received a PhD in Information Systems from the Marshall School of Business at the University of Southern California. Prior to pursuing a doctorate, Jeremiah worked for SAIC at Sandia National Labs. His research interests include online communities, open innovation and data, collective preference, technology policy, and anonymity.

Sandeep Kapur is Professor of Economics at Birkbeck University of London. His research interests include foreign direct investment and technology diffusion especially in emerging markets. His recent publications have analyzed the phenomenon of outward FDI from China and India.

Thanh Quang Le is currently a Lecturer in Economics working in the School of Economics at the University of Queensland. He received his PhD from The Australian National University in 2007. His main research areas are growth and development economics. He is the author of several journal articles and has taught macroeconomics for many years at intermediate and graduate levels.

Jiang Li is an Associate Professor of Information Science at Zhejiang University, and a Researcher Associate at Tsinghua University, China. He received his PhD from Nanjing University in 2010, prior to which he studied at the University of Sheffield as a visiting student. The focus of his research is bibliometrics. Recently, he is attempting to apply bibliometric methodology to science and technology policies which have similar text structure to journal articles.

Ingo Liefner is a Professor of Economic Geography at the University of Giessen, Germany. He is an economic geographer with a strong interest in knowledge production and dissemination, innovation and upgrading, and regional economic change in newly industrializing countries. He has published in international journals in economic geography (e.g., EPA, Applied Geography, Geoforum), business (e.g., Technovation), science research (e.g., Higher Education, Scientometrics), and interdisciplinary (e.g., Research Policy, Growth & Change). His research has been funded with grants from the German Research Foundation, the Volkswagen Foundation, the German Academic Exchange Service, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, governments, and companies.

Mark Lorenzen is Professor at the Department of Innovation and Organizational Economics at the Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, director of DRUID, and editor of Industry and Innovation. His research is in the field of industrial dynamics, with a special focus on the relations between innovation and the economic organization of the market in networks, projects, and clusters, currently within the creative industries. He has published in journals including Journal of Economic Geography, Organization Studies, and Economic Geography and convened sessions at DRUID, Academy of Management, AIB, EGOS, and AAG.

Andrea Martínez-Noya is Associate Professor in the Management Department at the University of Oviedo in Spain. Her research is mainly focused on internationalization and cooperation strategies on R&D, especially on international R&D outsourcing practices by technological firms and how these firms can benefit from outsourcing. She was a visiting PhD at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and she is a Visiting Fellow at the John H. Dunning Centre for International Business, University of Reading (UK).

Philip McCann holds the University of Groningen Endowed Chair of Economic Geography. He was previously Special Adviser to EU Commissioner for Regional Policy Johannes Hahn (2010–2013), Chief Independent Economic Advisor on the EU Sixth Cohesion Report on Economic Social and Territorial Cohesion (2013–2014), and also works on range of research activities with both the OECD and the European Investment Bank. He is co-editor of Spatial Economic Analysis and also editor of the Edward Elgar “New Horizons in Regional Science” series.

Charlotta Mellander is Professor of Economics, Jönköping International Business School. Her research is focused on the location patterns of creative individuals and firms, as well as the interrelationship between these actors, and how this in the end shapes regional development.

Ian Miles is Professor of Technological Innovation and Social Change at Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, and Head of the Laboratory for the Economics of Innovation in Moscow. His work for this volume is an output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), where this Laboratory is based. He is researching service innovation, KIBS, and other topics.

Marcela Miozzo is Professor of Economics and Management of Innovation at Manchester Business School, University of Manchester. She has published around 40 refereed journal articles and books, many focusing on the relation between internationalization and innovation of services firms. Her recent research is on collaboration for innovation of knowledge-intensive service firms and the means through which knowledge-intensive service firms capture value from innovation. She is also working on organizational forms and governance in science-based sectors.

Ram Mudambi is Professor and Perelman Senior Research Fellow at the Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia and Visiting Professor at the Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK. He previously served on the faculties of the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and Case Western Reserve University. His current research projects focus on innovation and governance of knowledge-intensive processes. He has published over 80 peer-reviewed articles, including work in the Journal of Political Economy, the Journal of Economic Geography, the Strategic Management Journal, and the Journal of International Business Studies. He holds a Master’s degree from the London School of Economics and a PhD from Cornell University.

Moritz Müller is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Economics and Management of the University of Strasbourg and researcher at the Bureau for Economic Theory and Applications (BETA), a research laboratory of the University of Strasbourg, University of Lorraine, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). His research centers on the implication of human interaction in industrial as well as science systems.

Rajneesh Narula is Professor of International Business Regulation at the Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK. He is also Adjunct Professor at the Norwegian School of Business in Oslo. His research and consulting have focused on the internationalization of innovation, R&D alliances, and the role of multinational firms in industrial development.

Jose Miguel Natera is Catedras CONACYT researcher at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Unidad de Xochimilco in México and associate researcher at the Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI). He holds a PhD in Economics and Management of Innovation (Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2014). His main research interests are linked to use of knowledge as a development tool, emphasizing the evolutionary aspects of this relationship.

Andrea Piccaluga is Professor of Innovation Management at the Institute of Management of Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna in Pisa (Italy) where he is Deputy Director and coordinator of the PhD program in Management. He holds a PhD from Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna and a Master’s in Technology and Innovation Management from SPRU (University of Sussex). He has published books and papers in the field of R&D management and technology transfer.

F.M. Scherer is Aetna Professor Emeritus at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. His research specialties are industrial economics and the economics of technological change, leading inter alia to his books Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (Rand McNally, 1970), Innovation and Growth: Schumpeterian Perspectives (MIT Press, 1984), Mergers, Sell-offs, and Economic Efficiency, with David J. Ravenscraft (Brookings Institution, 1987), Industry Structure, Strategy, and Public Policy (Harper Collins, 1996), and New Perspectives on Economic Growth and Technological Innovation (Brookings Institution, 1999).

Paul Stoneman is Emeritus Professor, formerly Research Professor, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, UK. He has been Visiting Professor at Stanford University and Visiting Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford. He has been a former member of the UK Competition Appeal Tribunal. He is also an advisor to governments and private sector companies on innovation, productivity, and performance. Research interests center upon the economics of innovation and technical change, especially diffusion.

Kam Ki Tang is an Associate Professor in Economics at the University of Queensland and a research associate at the Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis (CAMA) at The Australian National University. His past and current research covered development, health, education, and international economics. He is particularly interested in interdisciplinary research.

Alessio Terzi is Affiliate Fellow at Bruegel, Brussels and Research Associate at the Hertie School of Governance, Berlin. His work focuses on competitiveness, structural reforms, and determinants of long-term growth.

Riccardo Tremolada is PhD Candidate at University Federico II Naples (Italy), SJD Candidate at Shanghai JiaoTong University (China), Research Fellow, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi per l’Impresa e il Territorio (Italy), and a Research Associate at gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development (UK).

Andrew Tylecote is Professor of the Economics and Management of Technological Change, University of Sheffield. His book The Long Wave in the World Economy (Routledge, 1992), described by Chris Freeman as a tour de force, looked at the interaction between techno-economic paradigms and socio-institutional frameworks over two centuries. Corporate Governance, Finance and the Technological Advantage of Nations, with Francesca Visintin (Routledge, 2007) shared the 2010 Myrdal Prize. He has been Visiting Professor at Tsinghua and Zhejiang Universities.

Ping Zhou is a Professor of Information Science at the Department of Information Resources Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University. Former Senior Researcher at the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China. Researcher at the Centre for R&D Monitoring, Catholic University Leuven. She holds a PhD from the University of Amsterdam. Her research interests include bibliometrics, research evaluation, and science and technology management.