Notes
Chapter 1
1. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.04/blackout_pr.html.
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skinhead&oldid=10892675.
3. Nicholas G. Carr, “IT Doesn’t Matter,” Harvard Business Review, May 2006, 41–49; Nicholas G. Carr, Does IT Matter? Information Technology and the Corrosion of Competitive Advantage (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004).
4. Andrew P. McAfee, “Enterprise 2.0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration,” Sloan Management Review, April 2006, 21–28.
Chapter 2
1. Dan Barrett, interview by author, September 2008.
2. Chicago Crime eventually became part of the Web site everyblock.com.
3. Kyle Arteaga, interview by author, July 2008.
4. Thomas H. Kean and Lee H. Hamilton, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W.W. Norton, 2004). Tenet’s quote appears on page 259; the title of the August 6, 2001, president’s daily brief is given on page 260.
5. In addition to the report of the 9/11 Commission itself, Lawrence Wright’s The Looming Tower (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006) is an excellent source of information on bin Laden, those in America who perceived his threat, and information-sharing failures within and among the agencies responsible for preventing terrorist attacks.
6. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/21/phoenix.memo/index.html.
7. Wright, The Looming Tower, 389.
8. http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101020603/memo.html.
9. Kean and Hamilton, The 9/11 Commission Report, 268–272; also Wright, The Looming Tower.
10. Kean and Hamilton, The 9/11 Commission Report, 272.
11. Ibid., 416–418.
12. Ibid., 418–419.
13. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/886365/DNI-ANNUAL-REPORT-TO-CONGRESS.
14. http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/2005/
wmd_report_25mar2005_overview.htm.
15. http://www.slate.com/id/2110767/.
16. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies, and Nations (New York: Doubleday, 2004).
17. Joyce E. Berg, Robert Forsythe, Forrest D. Nelson, and Thomas A. Rietz, “Results from a Dozen Years of Election Futures Markets Research” (forthcoming in C.A. Plott and V. Smith, eds., Handbook of Experimental Economic Results), http://www.biz.uiowa.edu/iem/archive/BFNR_2000.pdf.
18. The accuracy of the Hollywood Stock Exchange was highlighted in Justin Wolfers and Eric Zitzewitz, “Prediction Markets,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 2 (Spring 2004): 107–126, http://bpp.wharton.upenn. edu/jwolfers/Papers/Predictionmarkets.pdf.
19. http://www.arthurdevany.com/2007/02/seeing_things_a.html.
20. Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds.
21. Peter A. Coles, Karim R. Lakhani, and Andrew P. McAfee, “Prediction Markets at Google,” Harvard Business School Case no. 9-607-088 (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007).
22. Ibid.
23. N. Chauhan and N. Bontis, “Organisational Learning via Groupware: A Path to Discovery or Disaster?” International Journal of Technology Management 27, no. 6 (2004): 591–610.
24. Thomas H. Davenport, Thinking for a Living: How to Get Better Performance and Results from Knowledge Workers (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2005).
Chapter 3
1. http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html.
2. Delicious was originally known as Del.icio.us.
3. http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/12/web-20-compact-definition-tryi.html.
4. Paul Dourish, “Process Descriptions as Organisational Accounting Devices: The Dual Use of Workflow Technologies” (proceedings of the 2001 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work), 52–60.
5. http://mail.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-February/001149.html.
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia.
7. Ibid.
8. “Wikipedia (A),” Harvard Business School online case, http://courseware.hbs.edu/public/cases/wikipedia/.
9. Marshall Poe, “The Hive,” Atlantic Monthly, September 2006, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia.
10. Delicious Web site.
11. http://archive.salon.com/21st/rose/1998/12/21straight.html.
12. http://blog.searchenginewatch.com/blog/060629-105413.
13. This is Wikipedia’s definition of social software.
14. http://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html.
15. Meredith Morris, How Do Users Feel About Technology? Forrester Research Report, http://www.forrester.com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0,7211,35895,00.html.
16. http://archive.fosdem.org/2005/index/interviews/interviews_wales.html.
17. http://www.forbes.com/best/2004/1213/bow001.html.
18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_pillars_of_Wikipedia.
19. http://blogs.nature.com/wp/nascent/2005/12/comparing_wikipedia_and_britan_1.html.
20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_peer_review/Nature_December_2005/Errors.
Chapter 4
1. Richard Gillespie, Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991) is perhaps the best summary of the Hawthorne experiments and the massive amount of discussion, research, and debate that they initiated.
2. Mark Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited,” Sociological Theory 1, no. 1 (1983): 201–233.
3. Ibid.
4. Morton T. Hansen, “The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge Across Organization Subunits,” Administrative Science Quarterly 44, no. 1 (1999): 82–85. Morton Hansen, Marie Louise Mors, et al., “Knowledge Sharing in Organizations: Multiple Networks, Multiple Phases,” Academy of Management Journal 48, no. 5 (2005): 776–793. Daniel Levin and Rob Cross, “The Strength of Weak Ties You Can Trust: The Mediating Role of Trust in Effective Knowledge Transfer,” Management Science 50, no. 11 (2004): 1477–1490.
5. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties.”
6. Ronald Burt, Structural Holes (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 17–18.
7. Dan Barrett, interview by author, September 2008.
8. Kyle Arteaga, interview by author, July 2008.
9. Dunbar’s papers on the “Dunbar number” include Robin Dunbar, “Neocortex Size as a Constraint on Group Size in Primates,” Journal of Human Evolution 20 (1992): 469–493; and Robin Dunbar “Co-Evolution of Neocortex Size, Group Size and Language in Humans,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 4 (1993): 681–735. Dunbar also wrote a popular book about his work: Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
10. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119518271549595364.html?mod=googlenews_wsj.
11. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no3/html_files/Wik_and_%20Blog_7.htm.
12. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no3/html_files/Intelligence_Networking_6.htm.
13. Clive Thompson, “Open Source Spying,” New York Times Magazine, December 3, 2006.
14. https://www.intelink.gov/wiki/Three_Core_Principles, accessed May 20, 2009.
15. Nancy M. Dixon and Laura A. McNamara, “Our Experience with Intellipedia: An Ethnographic Study at the Defense Intelligence Agency,” February 5, 2008, https://cfwebprod.sandia.gov/cfdocs/CCIM/docs/DixonMcNamara.pdf.
16. http://www.fastforwardblog.com/2007/01/08/survey-proves-90-of-managers-are-clueless/.
17. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=meatspace.
18. Peter A. Coles, Karim R. Lakhani, and Andrew P. McAfee, “Prediction Markets at Google,” Harvard Business School Case no. 9-607-088 (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007).
19. Ibid.
20. Friedrich Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,”American Economic Review 35, no. 4 (1945): 519–530.
21. Tim Harford, The Undercover Economist: Exposing Why the Rich Are Rich, the Poor Are Poor—and Why You Can Never Buy a Decent Used Car! (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
1. A summary of Wenger’s work can be found at http://www.ewenger.com/theory/.
2. Daniel G. Bobrow and Jack Whalen, “Community Knowledge Sharing in Practice: The Eureka Story,” Reflections 4, no. 2 (2002): 47–59.
3. Democratizing Innovation is available online at http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm.
4. http://www.socialtext.net/cases2/index.cgi?intrawest_wiki_intranet.
5. Dava Sobel, Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time (Toronto: Penguin, 1996).
6. Karim Lakhani, Lars Po Jeppesen, Peter Lohse, and Jill Panetta, The Value of Openness in Scientific Problem Solving (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2007).
Chapter 6
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_troll.
2. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/flame_war.html.
3. https://ttlc.intuit.com/app/full_page. For a review, see http://review.zdnet.com/accounting-finanee/intuit-turbotax-2007-premier/4505–6405_16-32850170.html, which contains the following: “TurboTax includes a new peer-support system, called Live Community, which lets users post and answer questions. This is an improvement upon prior versions because it lets users answer each other’s odd questions, such as how a pet breeder should treat the death of animals in their care. The crowd’s contributions to Live Community also bubble time-sensitive details to the surface, such as updates about the alternative minimum tax.”
4. http://www.e-consultaney.com/news-blog/364781/bazaarvoice-ceo-brett-hurt-on-customer-reviews.html.
5. http://blogs.zdnet.com/soeial/?p=439.
6. JP Rangaswami, interview by author. Rangaswami was one of the first executives outside the high-tech industry to blog; he maintains the excellent Confused of Calcutta blog at http://confusedofcalcutta.com/.
7. On Spitzer’s prosecutions of the analysts Jack Grubman, Henry Blodgett, and others, see Charles Gasparino, Blood on the Street: The Sensational Inside Story of How Wall Street Analysts Duped a Generation of Investors (New York: Free Press, 2005). On the porousness of Chinese walls, see, for example, Hasan Nejat Seyhun, “Insider Trading and the Effectiveness of Chinese Walls in Securities Firms,” Journal of Law, Economics and Policy: 1001 (forthcoming).
8. JP Rangaswami, interview by author, July 2008.
9. http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Information_Technology/Management/Building_the_Web_20_Enterprise_McKinsey_Global_ Survey_2174.
10. John T. Gourville, “Eager Sellers and Stony Buyers: Understanding the Psychology of New-Product Adoption,” Harvard Business Review, June 2006, 98–106.
11. Richard Thaler, “Toward a Positive Theory of Consumer Choice,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 1, no. 1 (March 1980): 39–60.
12. John T. Gourville, “Why Consumers Don’t Buy: The Psychology of New Product Adoption.” Harvard Business School Note #504–056 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2004).
13. Ibid.
Chapter 7
1. John T. Gourville, “Why Consumers Don’t Buy: The Psychology of New Product Adoption.” Harvard Business School Note #504–056 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2004).
2. Reynol Junco and Jeanna Mastrodicasa, Connecting to the Net.Generation: What Higher Education Professionals Need to Know About Today’s Students (Washington, DC: NASPA, 2007).
3. Robert Last, “The War for Talent Is NOT a Myth,” The Economist, October 5, 2006, 1–2.
4. “Home Tweet Home,” Sloan Management Review, July–August 2008, user account information from www.twitdir.com.
5. http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0907/092407nj1.htm.
6. http://michaeli.typepad.com/my_weblog/2007/12/in-the-flow-and.html.
7. Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, Strategy Maps: Converting Intangible Assets into Tangible Outcomes (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004).
Chapter 8
1. David N. Ford and John D. Sterman, “The Liar’s Club: Concealing Rework in Concurrent Development,” Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications 11, no. 3 (2003): 211–219.
2. Chris Argyris and Donald A. Schön, Organizational Learning II (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996).
3. Ibid., 95.
4. Ibid., 78.
5. Ibid., 117–119.
6. Michael Oakeshott, The Voice of Liberal Learning: Michael Oakeshott on Education, ed. TimothyFuller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
7. Nicholas G. Carr, “IT Doesn’t Matter,” Harvard Business Review, May 2006, 41–49.
8. Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson, “Investing in the IT That Makes a Competitive Difference,” Harvard Business Review, July–August, 2008.