Notes
Preface
1. Jen Manuel Krogstad, Jeffrey S. Passel, Luis Noe-Bustamante, “Key Facts about US Latinos for National Hispanic Heritage Month, Pew Research Center, September 23, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/09/23/key-facts-about-u-s-latinos-for-national-hispanic-heritage-month/.
2. William H. Frey, “The US Will Become ‘Minority White’ in 2045, Census Projects,” Brookings, March 14, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/03/14/the-us-will-become-minority-white-in-2045-census-projects.
3. Nia-Malika Henderson, “Latino Mayor to Keynote DNC Convention,” Washington Post, July 31, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/latino-mayor-to-keynote-dnc-convention/2012/07/31/gJQA3fpqNX_story.html.
4. UCLA Latino Policy and Politics Initiative, “Latino Voters Were Decisive in 2020 Presidential Election,” UCLA, January 19, 2021, https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/latino-vote-analysis-2020-presidential-election.
5. Suzanne Gamboa, “A Class of Newly Elected Latinos in Congress Sets a Record,” https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/latinos-record-number-elected-congress-midterms-rcna57943.
6. Glenn Kessler, “Do 10,000 Baby Boomers Retire Every Day?,” Washington Post, December 7, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2014/07/24/do-10000-baby-boomers-retire-every-day.
7. Stef W. Kight and Sara Kehaulani Goo, “A Decades-Long Blue Wave,” Axios, November 2, 2020, https://www.axios.com/2020/11/02/blue-wave-decades-biden-democrats.
8. Pew Research Center, “Between Two Worlds: How Young Latinos Come of Age in America,” updated edition, July 1, 2013, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2009/12/11/between-two-worlds-how-young-latinos-come-of-age-in-america.
9. The twenty-six countries include Puerto Rico, which is a commonwealth of the United States. Except for Spain, these were conquered by the Spanish and therefore share a common language and culture.
10. Cary Funk and Mark Hugo Lopez, “A Brief Statistical Portrait of US Hispanics,” Pew Research Center, June 14, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/06/14/a-brief-statistical-portrait-of-u-s-hispanics.
11. Tom Peters, Address to National Association of American Architects, Charlotte, North Carolina, May 2002.
12. Juana Bordas, “Latino Leadership: Building a Humanistic and Diverse Society,” Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 8, no. 2 (Fall 2000).
Introduction
1. Martha White, “As White Boomers Retire, Fast-Growing Latino Labor Will Fill Gaps,” NBC News, October 1, 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/white-boomers-retire-fast-growing-latino-labor-will-fill-gaps-n1280592.
2. Jerry Porras, “Latinos: The Force Behind Small-Business Growth in America,” CNBC, April 18, 2016, https://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/18/latinos-the-force-behind-small-business-growth-in-america.html.
3. Kathy Kantorski, “US Latino GDP Report: Latinos to the Rescue,” Hispanic Executive, December 11, 2019, https://hispanicexecutive.com/ldc-latino-gdp-report-lattitude-2019.
4. William Scarborough, “What the Data Says about Women in Management between 1980 and 2010,” Harvard Business Review, February 23, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/02/what-the-data-says-about-women-in-management-between-1980-and-2010.
5. Jorge Ramos and Ezra E. Fitz, The Latino Wave: How Hispanics Are Transforming Politics in America (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).
6. United States Census Bureau, “Hispanic Origin,” July 6, 2022, https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin.html.
7. “Scholarship Connects Chicano, Catholic Identities,” review of The Gospel of César Chávez, ed. Mario T. Garcia, The Free Library, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Scholarship+connects+Chicano,+Catholic+identities.-a0209618503.
8. “Hispanic Population in the United States, by Country of Origin 2019,” Statista, September 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/234852/us-hispanic-population. Accessed August 31, 2022.
9. Rachel Marks and Merarys Rios-Vargas, “Improvements to the 2020 Census Race and Hispanic Origin Question Designs, Data Processing, and Coding Procedures,” United States Census Bureau, August 3, 2021, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2021/08/improvements-to-2020-census-race-hispanic-origin-question-designs.html.
10. Mike Schneider, “Census Shows White Decline, Nonwhite Majority among Youngest,” ABC News, June 24, 2020, https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/census-shows-white-decline-nonwhite-majority-youngest-71441394.
11. Luis Noe-Bustamante et al., “4. Measuring the Racial Identity of Latinos,” Pew Research Center, November 4, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2021/11/04/measuring-the-racial-identity-of-latinos.
12. William H. Frey, “The US Will Become ‘Minority White’ in 2045, Census Projects,” Brookings, March 14, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/03/14/the-us-will-become-minority-white-in-2045-census-projects.
13. United States Census Bureau, “About the Hispanic Population and Its Origin,” April 15, 2022, https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html.
14. Paul Taylor et al., “When Labels Don’t Fit: Hispanics and Their Views of Identity,” Pew Research Center, April 4, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/04/when-labels-dont-fit-hispanics-and-their-views-of-identity.
15. Luis Noe-Bustamante, Lauren Mora, and Mark Hugo Lopez, “About One-in-Four US Hispanics Have Heard of Latinx, but Just 3% Use It,” Pew Research Center, August 11, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2020/08/11/about-one-in-four-u-s-hispanics-have-heard-of-latinx-but-just-3-use-it.
Part I
1. World Population Review, “Mexico City Population 2022,” https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/mexico-city-population. Accessed August 31, 2022.
Chapter 1
1. Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude (New York: Penguin, 1990).
2. Carlos Fuentes, The Buried Mirror: Reflections of Spain and the New World (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992).
3. “Latin American Network Information Center,” Countries in Latin America & the Caribbean, http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries.
4. Fuentes, Buried Mirror.
5. Fuentes, Buried Mirror, 56–73.
6. Erin Blakemore, “Who Were the Moors?,” National Geographic, December 12, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/who-were-moors.
7. Trudi Alexy, The Mezuzah in the Madonna’s Foot: Oral Histories Exploring Five Hundred Years in the Paradoxical Relationship of Spain and the Jews (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).
8. Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 126–27; “Pizarro Executes Last Inca Emperor,” History, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pizarro-executes-last-inca-emperor.
9. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 2017), 69–74.
10. Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 211–12, 357–58.
11. Jeanette Rodriguez, Our Lady of Guadalupe (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), 10–13.
12. Antonio Valerian, “Nican Mojpohua: Original Account of Guadalupe,” in Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate, A Handbook on Guadalupe (Waite Park, MN: Park Press, 1996), part 11, 194. Translated from the Nahuatl.
13. Virgilio P. Elizondo et al., Los Católicos Hispanos en los Estados Unidos (New York: Centro Católico de Pastoral para Hispanos del Norte, 1980), 75–79.
14. Mary Farro, Our Lady of Guadalupe: Empress of the Americas, Catholic News Agency, December 11, 2018, https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/40124/our-lady-of-guadalupe-empress-of-the-americas. Pope Pius XII declared the Virgin of Guadalupe “Queen of México and Empress of the Americas” in 1945 and “Patroness of the Americas” in 1946.
15. José Ignacio Echeagary et al., Album Conmemorativo del 450 Anivesario de las Apariciones de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (México: Ediciones Buena Nueva, 1981).
16. Jeanette Rodriquez, Our Lady of Guadalupe: Faith and Empowerment among Mexican-American Women (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001), 30.
17. Elizondo et al., Los Católicos Hispanos, 75–79.
18. Rodriquez, Our Lady of Guadalupe, 29.
19. “Our Lady of Charity: Patroness of Cuba,” Catholic Tradition, http://www.catholictradition.org/Mary/lady-charity.htm.
20. Plinio Correa de Oliveira, “Our Lady Aparecida—October 12,” Tradition in Action, http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/j227sd_OLAparecida_10-12.html.
21. Paz, Labyrinth of Solitude.
22. Rodriquez, Our Lady of Guadalupe, 31.
23. Ilan Rachum, “Origins and Historical Significance of Día de la Raza,” Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe 76 (April 2004): 61.
Chapter 2
1. Raul Yzaguirre, “Liberty and Justice for All: Civil Rights in the Years Ahead,” in Latinos and the Nation’s Future, ed. Henry Cisneros with John Rosales (Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 2009), 28–29.
2. Nicholás Kanellos, “The Latino Presence: Some Historical Background,” in Latinos and the Nation’s Future, ed. Henry Cisneros with John Rosales (Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 2009, pp. 15–19.
3. Kanellos, “Latino Presence,” 21.
4. Joint Economic Committee, The Economic State of the Latino Community in America, US Congress, https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/f16b51b0-5f61-43a6-9428-8835d0ad6a7c/economic-state-of-the-latino-community-in-america-final-errata-10-15-2019.pdf.
5. Paul A. Janson, “Manifest Destiny and Mission in the 21st Century,” History News Network, https://hnn.us/articles/534.html.
6. William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996), 61.
7. Stephen L. Hardin, The Alamo 1836: Santa Anna’s Texas Campaign (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2001).
8. Bill Groneman, Battlefields of Texas (Plano: Republic of Texas Press, 1998).
9. S. C. Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon (New York: Scribner, 2010), 162, 164–65, 167.
10. “‘The White Man’s Burden’: Kipling’s Hymn to U.S. Imperialism,” History Matters, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5478.
11. Coretta Scott King, The Words of Martin Luther King Jr. (New York: Newmarket Press, 1983), 67.
12. William H. Frey, “The US Will Become ‘Minority White’ in 2045, Census Projects,” Brookings, March 14, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/03/14/the-us-will-become-minority-white-in-2045-census-projects.
13. “Former Spanish Colonies of the World,” WorldAtlas, https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/former-spanish-colonies.html.
14. Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Western Hemisphere,” https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas.
15. Ken Roberts, “It’s Official: Mexico Is No. 1 US Trade Partner for First Time, Despite Overall US Trade Decline,” Forbes, February 5, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenroberts/2020/02/05/its-official-mexico-is-no-1-us-trade-partner-for-first-time-despite-overall-us-trade-decline.
16. “Spanish Speaking Demographics in the US,” Acutrans, October 8, 2019, https://acutrans.com/a-study-spanish-speaking-demographics-in-the-u-s.
17. Mark Hugo Lopez, Jens Manuel Krogstad, and Antonio Flores, “Most Hispanic Parents Speak Spanish to Their Children, but This Is Less the Case in Later Immigrant Generations,” Pew Research Center, April 2, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/02/most-hispanic-parents-speak-spanish-to-their-children-but-this-is-less-the-case-in-later-immigrant-generations.
18. James Lane, “The 10 Most Spoken Languages in the World,” Babbel Magazine, June 2, 2021, https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/the-10-most-spoken-languages-in-the-world.
19. Christina Obolenskaya, “Hispanic Buying Power Rising in US, Bolstering Consumer Sectors,” Insider Intelligence, December 21, 2021, https://www.insiderintelligence.com/content/hispanic-buying-power-rising-us-bolstering-consumer-sectors.
20. Maria Luisa Arredondo, “Latino GDP in US Ranks 8th in World,” Calexico Chronicle, November 5, 2021, https://calexicochronicle.com/2021/11/05/latino-gdp-in-us-ranks-8th-in-world.
21. Jerry Porras, “This Is a $1.5 Trillion Force in the US Economy,” CNBC, April 18, 2016, https://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/18/latinos-the-force-behind-small-business-growth-in-america.html.
22. Kate Cimini, “‘Puro Cash’: Latinos Are Opening More Small Businesses Than Anyone Else in the US,” USA Today, May 23, 2020, https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/nation/2020/02/24/latino-small-business-owners-becoming-economic-force-us/4748786002.
23. UCLA Latino Policy and Politics Initiative, “Latino Voters Were Decisive in 2020 Presidential Election,” UCLA Newsroom, January 19, 2021, https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/latino-vote-analysis-2020-presidential-election.
24. Suzanne Gamboa, “A Class of Newly Elected Latinos in Congress Sets a Record,” https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/latinos-record-number-elected-congress-midterms-rcna57943.
25. Nate Silver and Walt Hickey, “What Is Americans’ Favorite Global Cuisine?,” FiveThirtyEight, July 25, 2014, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-is-americans-favorite-global-cuisine.
26. Anne Stych, “It’s a Wrap: Why Tortilla Sales Are on the Rise,” The Business Journals, August 29, 2018, https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2018/08/its-a-wrap-why-tortilla-sales-are-on-the-rise.html.
27. “What’s the Most Popular Condiment in America?,” Gilly Loco, September 29, 2016, https://gillyloco.com/blogs/loco-living/what-s-the-most-popular-condiment-in-america.
28. Richard Lapchick, “MLB Race and Gender Report Card Shows Progress Still Needed,” ESPN, April 18, 2017, https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/19185242/mlb-race-gender-report-card-shows-progress-needed.
29. Erika Ardila, “The Growth of Latin Music in the US,” Al Dia, October 7, 2021, https://aldianews.com/en/culture/heritage-and-history/latin-music-growing.
30. Antonio Gueudinot, “7 Latinos Who Have Won Academy Awards,” Hola!, February 4, 2020, https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20211021324849/oscars-latino-historic-wins.
Part II
1. Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, trans. Gia-Fu Feng and Jane English with Toinette Lippe (New York: Vintage, 1989).
2. James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 6th ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2017).
3. Stephen R. Covey, 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).
4. Lee Bowman and Terrence Deal, Leading with Soul: An Uncommon Journey of Spirit (San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, 2011).
5. Robert K. Greenleaf, The Servant as Leader (South Orange, NJ: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 2008).
Chapter 3
1. National Alliance for Hispanic Health, Quality Health Services for Hispanics: The Cultural Competency Component, DHHS Publication No. 99-21 (Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, 2000).
2. Miguel Corona, “Empowering Hispanic Interns through Personalismo,” Intern Matters, March 4, 2010, http://internmatters.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/empowering-hispanic-interns-through-personalismo.
3. Andrew Hernandez, Alfred Ramirez, and National Community for Latino Leadership, Reflecting an American Vista: The Character and Impact of Latino Leadership (Washington, DC: National Community for Latino Leadership, 2001). No longer in print.
4. Rory Foster, “From Personalismo to Confianza: Building Relationships with Latinos,” Common Ground International Language Services, January 26, 2009, http://commongroundinternational.com/from-personalismo-to-confianza-building-relationships-with-latinos.
5. Robert K. Greenleaf, The Servant as Leader (South Orange, NJ: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 2008).
6. Nilda Chong, The Latino Patient: A Cultural Guide for Health Professionals (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 2002), 24–25, 29.
Chapter 4
1. Robert K. Greenleaf, The Servant as Leader (South Orange, NJ: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 2008).
2. Andrew Hernandez, Alfred Ramirez, and National Community for Latino Leadership, Reflecting an American Vista: The Character and Impact of Latino Leadership (Washington, DC: National Community for Latino Leadership, 2001), chapter 3, note 3.
3. Rodolfo Corky Gonzales, “I Am Joaquin,” Latin American Studies, http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/latinos/joaquin.htm.
4. Peggy McIntosh, “White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women’s Studies,” Working Paper 189, Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley, MA, 1988, https://www.wcwonline.org/images/pdf/White_Privilege_and_Male_Privilege_Personal_Account-Peggy_McIntosh.pdf.
5. Paulo Freire, The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, trans. Myra Bergman Ramos (New York: Continuum, 2000).
6. E. J. R. David and Annie O. Derthick, The Psychology of Oppression (New York: Springer, 2018).
7. California Department of Education, “César E. Chávez Middle School Biography,” http://chavez.cde.ca.gov/ModelCurriculum/Teachers/Lessons/Resources/Biographies/Middle_Level_Biography.aspx.
Chapter 5
1. Stephen R. Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).
2. Norma Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity: People Skills for a Multicultural Workplace (Andover, UK: International Thomson Publishing, 1996), 41–45.
3. Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity, 42–43.
4. Juana Bordas, Passion and Power: Finding Personal Purpose, 2nd ed. (self-published, 2009).
5. Shirley Griggs and Rita Dunn, “Hispanic-American Students and Learning Styles,” Emergency Librarian 23, no. 2 (November–December 1995).
6. Zev Chafets, “The Post-Hispanic Hispanic Politician,” New York Times Magazine, May 6, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/magazine/09Mayor-t.html?pagewanted=all.
7. United States Census Bureau, “Quickfacts: San Antonio City, Texas,” https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sanantoniocitytexas/LND110210. Accessed September 1, 2022.
8. Steven Greenhouse, “As Labor Secretary, Finding Influence in Her Past,” New York Times, July 5, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/06/us/politics/06solis.html.
9. Robert Rodriquez and Andres Tapia, Auténtico: The Definitive Guide to Latino Career Success (Latino Institute Press, 2017), 18, 20, 23, 154, 233.
10. Joseph Jaworski, Synchronicity: The Inner Path of Leadership, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2011).
11. Joseph Campbell, The Hero’s Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work, centennial ed., ed. Phil Cousineau (Novato, CA: New World Library, 2003).
12. Greenleaf, Servant as Leader.
`13. Covey, 7 Habits.
Part III
1. Norma Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity: People Skills for a Multicultural Workplace (Andover: International Thomson Publishing, 1996), 32–38.
Chapter 6
1. Nicole Chavez, “Multiracial Population Grew in Almost Every County in the US. It Doesn’t Mean Racism Is Over,” CNN, August 15, 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/15/us/census-2020-multiracial-nation/index.html.
2. Personal communication with Leobardo Estrada, whose focus is on ethnic and racial demographic trends, particularly in the Latino population. The US Bureau of the Census has asked Estrada to provide his knowledge on methodologies related to ethnic and racial groups.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Directive no. 15: Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting,” May 12, 1977, https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/populations/bridged-race/Directive15.html.
4. D’Vera Cohn, “Census History: Counting Hispanics,” Pew Research Center, March 3, 2010, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2010/03/03/census-history-counting-hispanics-2.
5. F. James Davis, Who Is Black? One Nation’s Definition (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2001).
6. United States Census Bureau, “About the Topic of Race,” March 1, 2022, https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html.
7. Karen R. Humes, Nicholas A. Jones, and Roberto R. Ramirez, Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010, 2010 Census Briefs, C2010BR-02, United States Census Bureau, March 2011, https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2011/dec/c2010br-02.pdf.
8. Mark Hugo Lopez, Jens Manuel Krogstad, and Jeffrey S. Passel, “Who Is Hispanic?,” Pew Research Center, September 23, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/23/who-is-hispanic.
9. C. E. Ross and J. Mirowsky, “Socially Desirable Responses and Acquiescence in a Cross-Cultural Society,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 25 (1984): 189–97.
10. Robert Rodriguez, Latino Talent (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008), 39.
11. Yolanda Nava, It’s All in the Frijoles (New York: Fireside, 2000), 40–42.
12. Cristina Benitez, Latinization: How Latino Culture Is Transforming the US (Ithaca, NY: Paramount Marketing, 2007), 28.
13. James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 6th ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
14. Kevin Dubina, “Hispanics in the Labor Force: 5 Facts,” US Department of Labor Blog, September 15, 2021, https://blog.dol.gov/2021/09/15/hispanics-in-the-labor-force-5-facts.
15. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Participation Rate of Hispanics at 66.1 Percent in 2017,” TED: The Economics Daily, September 25, 2018, https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2018/labor-force-participation-rate-of-hispanics-at-66-point-1-percent-in-2017.htm.
16. Mark Hugo Lopez, Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, and Jens Manuel Krogstad, “Latinos Are More Likely to Believe in the American Dream, but Most Say It Is Hard to Achieve,” Pew Research Center, September 11, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/11/latinos-are-more-likely-to-believe-in-the-american-dream-but-most-say-it-is-hard-to-achieve.
17. Randall B. Lindsay et al., Cultural Proficiency: A Manual for School Leaders, 4th ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2019), 48.
18. Chavez, “Multiracial Population Grew.”
Chapter 7
1. Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam, 1998).
2. New York Times/CBS News poll based on telephone interviews conducted with 3,092 adults throughout the United States, July 13 to July 27, 2003. See Simon Romero and Janet Elder, “Hispanics in US Report Optimism,” New York Times, August 6, 2003, https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/06/us/hispanics-in-us-report-optimism.html.
3. Mark Hugo Lopez, Jens Manuel Krogstad, and Antonio Flores, “Key Facts About Young Latinos, One of the Nation’s Fastest-Growing Populations,” Pew Research Center, September 13, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/13/key-facts-about-young-latinos.
4. Violeta Parra, “Gracias a La Vida,” Lyrics, https://www.lyrics.com/lyric/6739728/Violeta+Parra/Gracias+a+la+Vida.
5. “United Farm Workers’ Prayer,” National Farm Worker Ministry, April 23, 2009, https://nfwm.org/news/united-farm-workers-prayer.
6. “Education of the Heart: César Chávez in His Own Words,” United Farm Workers, https://ufw.org/research/history/education-heart-cesar-chavez-words.
7. Federico Peña, “We Are America,” speech delivered in Denver, Colorado, May 1, 2006. Unpublished.
8. “156 Thought-Provoking Quotes by César Chávez That Prove Nothing Is Impossible,” Famous People, https://quotes.thefamouspeople.com/cesar-chavez-988.php.
9. Yolanda Nava, It’s All in the Frijoles (Collingdale, PA: Diane Publishing, 2000), 150–52.
10. Robert K. Greenleaf, The Servant as Leader (South Orange, NJ: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 2008).
Chapter 8
1. Robert K. Greenleaf, The Servant as Leader (South Orange, NJ: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 2008).
2. Federico Peña, “Not Bad for a South Texas Boy”: A Story of Perseverance (self-published, 2021).
3. James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (New York: Harper Perennial, 1978).
4. League of United Latin American Citizens, “LULAC History—All for One and One for All,” http://lulac.org/about/history.
5. Latino Policy Forum, An American Agenda from a Latino Perspective, April 2008, https://www.latinopolicyforum.org/resources/document/C0589015_LatinosUnited_v3_FINAL_VERSION.pdf.
6. Latino Policy Forum, An American Agenda.
7. “American GI Forum,” National Museum of American History, https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1988707.
8. Peter Miller and Carlos Sandoval, dir., “A Class Apart: A Mexican American Civil Rights Story,” American Experience, Public Broadcasting Service, February 23, 2009.
9. “Hispanics: A People in Motion,” Pew Research Center, January 24, 2005, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2005/01/24/hispanic-trends.
10. Rodolfo O. de la Garza and Alan Yang, Are Cubans Conservative?, research paper presented at the Symposium on Revisiting the Cuban-American Vote, Florida International University, Miami, November 6. 2013, https://cri.fiu.edu/research/commissioned-reports/are-cubans-conservative.pdf.
11. Jens Manuel Krogstad, Jeffrey S. Passel, and Luis Noe-Bustamante, “Key Facts about US Latinos for National Hispanic Heritage Month,” Pew Research Center, September 23, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/09/23/key-facts-about-u-s-latinos-for-national-hispanic-heritage-month.
12. “13 WYAS Hispanic Owners Are Among the Most Generous in Providing Employee Benefits,” Latina Style Business Series, February 23, 2019, https://bs.latinastyle.com/13-wyas-hispanic-owners-are-among-the-most-generous-in-providing-employee-benefits.
13. Peña, “Not Bad for a South Texas Boy.”
14. William H. Frey, “Less Than Half of US Children under 15 Are White, Census Shows,” Brookings, June 24, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/research/less-than-half-of-us-children-under-15-are-white-census-shows.
Chapter 9
1. “Hispanic Heritage Month 2010: Sept. 15–Oct. 15,” US Census Bureau News, Facts for Features, CB10-FF.17, July 15, 2010, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_015178.pdf.
2. Jeanne Batalova, Mary Hanna, and Christopher Levesque, “Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States,” Migration Policy Institute, February 11, 2021, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states-2020.
3. Wyatt Clarke, Kimberly Turner, and Lina Guzman, “One Quarter of Hispanic Children in the United States Have an Unauthorized Immigrant Parent,” National Researcher Center on Hispanic Children & Families, October 4, 2017, https://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/research-resources/one-quarter-of-hispanic-children-in-the-united-states-have-an-unauthorized-immigrant-parent.
4. Elaine Kamarck and Christine Stenglein, “How Many Undocumented Immigrants Are in the United States and Who Are They?,” Policy 2020, Brookings, November 12, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/votervital/how-many-undocumented-immigrants-are-in-the-united-states-and-who-are-they.
5. Jean Kayitsinga, “Latino Population Growth: Community Racial-Ethnic Makeup and Socioeconomic Well-Being in the Midwest,” Julian Samora Research Institute, https://jsri.msu.edu/publications/nexo/vol-xxv/no-2-spring-2022/latino-population-growth-community-racial-ethnic-makeup-and-socioeconomic-well-b.
6. Jane Lorenzi and Jeanne Batalova, “South American Immigrants in the United States,” Migration Policy Institute, February 16, 2022, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/south-american-immigrants-united-states.
7. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, “Renewing the US–Latin American Alliance for Progress, 50 Years Later,” Atlantic, September 15, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/renewing-the-us-latin-american-alliance-for-progress-50-years-later/245169.
8. Enrica Detragiache and William J. Carrington, “How Extensive Is the Brain Drain?,” Finance and Development 36, no. 2 (June 1999), https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/carringt.htm#.
9. Lorenzi and Batalova, “South American Immigrants.”
10. Abby Budiman, “Key Findings About US Immigrants,” Pew Research Center, August 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/20/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants.
11. Simona Varrella, “Main Reasons for Hispanics for Immigrating to the United States in 2011,” Statista, April 2012, http://www.statista.com/statistics/260454/main-reasons-for-hispanics-for-immigrating-to-the-us. Accessed August 31, 2022.
12. According the 2020 census, there are close to 62 million Latino/Hispanics in the United States and 33 percent of these Latinos are immigrants, making the total
20.46 million.
13. “New Data Shows Immigrant-Owned Businesses Employed 8 Million Americans; Immigrants Wield $1.1 Trillion in Spending Power,” New American Economy, March 12, 2019, https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/uncategorized/new-data-shows-immigrant-owned-businesses-employed-8-million-americans-immigrants.
14. David Wessel, “The US in 2050 Will Be Very Different Than It Is Today,” US 2050: Research Summary, Peter G. Peterson Foundation, https://www.pgpf.org/us-2050/research-summary.
15. Mweinschenk, “The Dependency Ratio: Use This Number to Find Good International Investments,” Investment U, October 1, 2019, https://investmentu.com/the-dependency-ratio.
16. “Projections Show Increasing Future Immigration Grows the US Competitive Advantage,” FWD.us, April 2021, https://www.fwd.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/GMU_V7.pdf.
17. Budiman, “Key Findings.”
18. United States Census Bureau, “Hispanic Population to Reach 111 Million by 2060,” October 9, 2018, https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/2018/comm/hispanic-projected-pop.html.
19. Budiman, “Key Findings.”
20. Safia Samee Ali, “Arrests of Undocumented Immigrants without Criminal Records Spikes 150%: Report,” NBC News, May 17, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/arrests-undocumented-immigrants-without-criminal-records-spikes-150-report-n761156.
21. “Polling Update: Americans Continue to Resist Negative Messages about Immigrants, but Partisan Differences Continue to Grow,” National Immigration Forum, September 18, 2020, https://immigrationforum.org/article/polling-update-americans-continue-to-resist-negative-messages-about-immigrants.
22. League of United Latin American Citizens, “LULAC History—All for One and One for All,” http://lulac.org/about/history.
23. “Immigration Court Backlog Now Growing Faster Than Ever, Burying Judges in an Avalanche of Cases,” TRAC Immigration, January 18, 2022, https://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/675.
24. Rocio Velazquez Kato, “The Illinois Trust Act a Great Step Forward but Still Misunderstood by Some,” Latino Policy Forum, May 2, 2018, https://www.latinopolicyforum.org/blog/the-illinois-trust-act-a-great-step-forward-but-still-misunderstood-by-some.
25. “Immigration,” Voto Latino, https://votolatino.org/issues/immigration.
26. Ernest Gundling, Terry Hogan, and Karen Cvitkovich, What Is Global Leadership? 10 Key Behaviors That Define Great Global Leaders (Boston: Nicholas Brealey, 2011); Walter Link, Thais Corral, and Mark Gerzon, eds., Leadership Is Global: Co-Creating a More Humane and Sustainable World (San Bruno, CA: Shinnyo-en Foundation, 2006). The Global Leadership Network website is https://globalleadership.org.
27. Gundling, Hogan, and Cvitkovich, What Is Global Leadership?.
28. Gundling, Hogan, and Cvitkovich, What Is Global Leadership?.
29. Gundling, Hogan, and Cvitkovich, What Is Global Leadership?.
30. Gundling, Hogan, and Cvitkovich, What Is Global Leadership?.
31. Between Two Worlds: How Young Latinos Come of Age in America, Pew Research Center, July 1, 2013, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2009/12/11/between-two-worlds-how-young-latinos-come-of-age-in-america.
32. Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, “About 6 Million US Adults Identify as Afro-Latino,” Pew Research Center, May 2, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/02/about-6-million-u-s-adults-identify-as-afro-latino.
33. Kim Parker et al., “Multiracial in America,” Pew Research Center, June 11, 2015, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/06/11/multiracial-in-america.
34. “Critical Mass,” Changing Minds, http://changingminds.org/disciplines/communication/diffusion/critical_mass.htm.
35. William H. Frey, “Less Than Half of US Children under 15 Are White, Census Shows,” Brookings, June 24, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/research/less-than-half-of-us-children-under-15-are-white-census-shows.
36. Nicholas Jones et al., “2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country,” United States Census Bureau, August 12, 2021, https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html.
Chapter 10
1. Antonia Pantoja, Memoir of a Visionary: Antonia Pantoja (Houston, TX: Arte Público Press, 2002), 61.
2. James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 6th ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2017), 28–33.
3. Latino Policy Forum, An American Agenda from a Latino Perspective (Chicago: Latino Policy Forum, 2008), 1, https://www.latinopolicyforum.org/resources/document/C0589015_LatinosUnited_v3_FINAL_VERSION.pdf.
4. Colorado General Assembly, “Reproductive Health Equity Act,” HB22-1279, 2022 Regular Session, https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb22-1279.
5. “New Polling on Latino/a Attitudes toward Abortion,” National Latina Institute for Reproductive Justice, https://www.latinainstitute.org/en/Latinopoll.
6. Rey W., “To: Mayor Lightfoot and Chicago City Council: Chicagoans Say ‘No New CPD Gang Database,’” Mijente, https://action.mijente.net/petitions/chicagoans-say-no-new-cpd-gang-database-in-chicago.
7. Megan Y., “To Mayor Strickland & Tacoma City Council: Close the Northwest Detention Center!,” Mijente, https://action.mijente.net/petitions/close-the-northwest-detention-center-release-immigrants-on-bond.
Chapter 11
1. Eileen Patten, “The Nation’s Latino Population Is Defined by Its Youth,” Pew Research Center, April 20, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2016/04/20/the-nations-latino-population-is-defined-by-its-youth.
2. Robert Griffin, William H. Frey, and Ruy Teixeira, “America’s Electoral Future,” Center for American Progress, October 2020, https://www.americanprogress.org/article/americas-electoral-future-3.
3. Wyatt Clarke, Kimberly Turner, and Lina Guzman, “One Quarter of Hispanic Children in the United States Have an Unauthorized Immigrant Parent,” National Researcher Center on Hispanic Children & Families, October 4, 2017, https://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/research-resources/one-quarter-of-hispanic-children-in-the-united-states-have-an-unauthorized-immigrant-parent.
4. America Counts Staff, “2020 Census Will Help Policymakers Prepare for the Incoming Wave of Aging Boomers,” United States Census Bureau, December 10, 2019, https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/12/by-2030-all-baby-boomers-will-be-age-65-or-older.html.
5. William Frey, “Now, More Than Half of Americans Are Millennials or Younger,” Brookings, July 30, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2020/07/30/now-more-than-half-of-americans-are-millennials-or-younger.
6. D’Vera Cohn et al., “1. The Demographics of Multigenerational Households,” Pew Research Center, March 24, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/03/24/the-demographics-of-multigenerational-households.
7. Melanie Hanson, “Average Cost of College by Year,” Education Data Initiative, January 9, 2022, https://educationdata.org/average-cost-of-college-by-year.
8. Sarah Min, “Average Americans Can’t Afford a Home in 70 Percent of the Country,” CBS News, March 28, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/housing-market-2019-americans-cant-afford-a-home-in-70-percent-of-the-country.
9. Sean Veal and Jonathan Spader, “Nearly a Third of American Households Were Cost-Burdened Last Year,” Joint Center for Housing Studies, December 7, 2018, https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/blog/more-than-a-third-of-american-households-were-cost-burdened-last-year.
10. Richard Fry, Jeffrey S. Passel, and D’Vera Cohn, “A Majority of Young Adults in the US Live with Their Parents for the First Time since the Great Depression,” Pew Research Center, September 4, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/04/a-majority-of-young-adults-in-the-u-s-live-with-their-parents-for-the-first-time-since-the-great-depression.
11. Caroline Hickman et al., “Climate Anxiety in Children and Young People and Their Beliefs about Government Responses to Climate Change: A Global Survey,” Lancet Planetary Health 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2021), https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(21)00278-3/fulltext.
12. Sarah Simon, “Gen Z Is Increasingly Developing Anxiety about Climate Change,” Verywell Health, April 19, 2021, https://www.verywellhealth.com/gen-z-climate-change-anxiety-survey-5179490.
13. Alicia Adamczyk, “Millennials Own Less Than 5% of All U.S. Wealth,” CNBC, October 9, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/09/millennials-own-less-than-5percent-of-all-us-wealth.html.
14. Annie Nova and John W. Schoen, “Automation Threatening 25% of Jobs in the US, Especially the ‘Boring and Repetitive’ Ones: Brookings Study,” CNBC, January 25, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/these-workers-face-the-highest-risk-of-losing-their-jobs-to-automation.html.
15. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Distribution of Household Wealth in the US since 1989,” August 5, 2022, https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/dataviz/dfa/distribute/chart/#quarter:122;series:Net%20worth;demographic:race;population:all;units:shares;range:1989.3,2020.1.
16. Eric Greenberg with Karl Weber, Generation We (Emeryville, CA: Pachatusan, 2008).
17. Tanya Lewis, “Guns Now Kill More Children and Young Adults Than Car Crashes,” https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/guns-now-kill-more-children-and-young-adults-than-car-crashes/.
18. United Farm Workers, “The Story of Cesar Chavez,” https://ufw.org/research/history/story-cesar-chavez.
19. Alexis Clark, “The Children’s Crusade: When the Youth of Birmingham Marched for Justice,” History, January 28, 2021, https://www.history.com/news/childrens-crusade-birmingham-civil-rights.
20. Black Lives Matter, “Herstory,” https://blacklivesmatter.com/herstory.
21. “Our Spaces,” United We Dream Network, https://unitedwedream.org/who-we-are/our-spaces.
22. Juana Bordas, Salsa, Soul, and Spirit: Leadership for a Multicultural Age, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), chapter 11, note 7.
23. Frey, “Now, More Than Half of Americans.”
24. Nicholas Jones et al., “2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country,” United States Census Bureau, August 12, 2021, https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html.
25. Carmen Ang, “Visualizing the World’s Population by Age Group,” Visual Capitalist, June 16, 2021, https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-worlds-population-2020-by-age.
26. Kim Parker and Ruth Igielnik, “On the Cusp of Adulthood and Facing an Uncertain Future: What We Know about Gen Z So Far,” Pew Research Center, May 14, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/05/14/on-the-cusp-of-adulthood-and-facing-an-uncertain-future-what-we-know-about-gen-z-so-far-2.
27. Christine Huang and Laura Silver, “US Millennials Tend to Have Favorable Views of Foreign Countries and Institutions—Even as They Age,” Pew Research Center, July 8, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/07/08/u-s-millennials-tend-to-have-favorable-views-of-foreign-countries-and-institutions-even-as-they-age.
28. “Guiding Principles,” United We Dream, https://unitedwedream.org/who-we-are/guiding-principles.
29. “Pronouns,” Washington State University Gender Identity/Expression and Sexual Orientation Resource Center, https://thecenter.wsu.edu/education/pronouns. According to Merriam-Webster, they has also been used to refer to one person whose gender identity is nonbinary. Sam Haysom, “Merriam-Webster Unveils Its Word of the Year for 2019,” Mashable, December 10, 2019, mashable.com/article/merriamwebster-word-of-the-year-2019; Lianne Koliri, “‘They’ Named as Merriam-Webster Dictionary’s Word of the Year,” CNN, December 10, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/10/americas/merriam-webster-they-word-year-scli-intl.
30. Eric Duran, “Latino Millennials Least Likely to Identify as Heterosexual, Survey Finds,” NBC News, July 23, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/latino-millennials-least-likely-identify-heterosexual-survey-finds-n893701.
31. Ritchie Torres, “How Ritchie Torres, Openly Gay Council Member from the Bronx, Came to Live a Life of ‘Radical Authenticity,’” I’m from Driftwood, https://imfromdriftwood.com/ritchie_torres.
32. Alexia Fernández Campbell and National Journal, “Every 30 Seconds, a Latino Reaches Voting Age. You Read That Right,” Atlantic, August 26, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/08/every-30-seconds-a-latino-reaches-voting-age-you-read-that-right/432627.
33. Jamie Margolin, Youth to Power: Your Voice and How to Use It (New York: Hachette, 2020).
34. Alec Tyson, Brian Kennedy, and Cary Funk, “Gen Z, Millennials Stand Out for Climate Change Activism, Social Media Engagement with Issue,” Pew Research Center, May 26, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2021/05/26/gen-z-millennials-stand-out-for-climate-change-activism-social-media-engagement-with-issue.
35. Margolin, Youth to Power.
36. “Guiding Principles,” United We Dream Network, https://unitedwedream.org/who-we-are/guiding-principles.
37. Margolin, Youth to Power.
38. “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): An Overview,” American Immigration Council, September 30, 2021, https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca-overview.
39. “Stephanie Valencia,” Georgetown University Institute of Politics and Public Service, https://politics.georgetown.edu/profile/stephanie-valencia.
40. Blake Hounshell, “He’s a 25-Year-Old Gun Control Activist. Now He’s Heading to Congress,” https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/22/us/politics/maxwell-frost-congress-florida.htm.
Chapter 12
1. Richard Gould, The Life and Times of Richard Castro (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 2007).
2. CommSense, “8 interesting Stats about US Hispanic Grocery Shopping Habits,” http://commsense.com/2017/12/hispanic-grocery-shopping-habits.
3. eMarketing Editors, “1.5 trillion Spending Power of US Hispanics Has a Caveat,” August 21, 2019, Insider Intelligence, https://www.emarketer.com/content/1-5-trillion-spending-power-of-us-hispanics-has-a-caveat.
4. Anna Washenko, “Nielsen: Hispanics Spend More on Music Than the Average Listener,” Rain News, October 13, 2017, https://rainnews.com/nielsen-hispanics-spend-more-on-music-than-the-average-listener.
5. Motion Picture Association of America, Theme Report 2019, https://www.motionpictures.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/MPA-THEME-2019.pdf.
6. Blake Hounshell, “He’s a 25-Year-Old Gun Control Activist. Now He’s Heading to Congress,” https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/22/us/politics/maxwell-frost-congress-florida.htm.
7. Norma Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity: People Skills for a Multicultural Workplace (Andover, UK: International Thomson Publishing, 1996).
8. Tracy Alston, “Why Expressing Emotions Is Beneficial?,” Mental Fitness Matters Blog, August 6, 2020, https://tracyalston.com/why-expressing-emotions-is-beneficial.
9. Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam, 1998).
10. James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 6th ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
Part V
1. “The Thirteenth Amendment: The Abolition of Slavery,” http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/thirteenthamendment.html.
Chapter 13
1. Neelam, “50 Most Common Surnames in the United States,” Gud Story, July 10, 2021, https://www.gudstory.com/most-common-surnames-in-the-united-states.
2. William H. Frey, “The Nation Is Diversifying Even Faster Than Predicted, According to New Census Data,” Brookings, July 1, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/research/new-census-data-shows-the-nation-is-diversifying-even-faster-than-predicted.
3. “10 Latino Organizations You Need to Know,” The Latin Way, September 2, 2022, https://www.nic.lat/10-latino-organizations-you-need-to-know.
4. Paul Taylor et al., “When Labels Don’t Fit: Hispanics and Their Views of Identity,” Pew Research Center, April 4, 2012, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2012/04/04/when-labels-dont-fit-hispanics-and-their-views-of-identity.
5. Taylor et al., “When Labels Don’t Fit.”
6. “Between Two Worlds: How Young Latinos Come of Age in America,” Pew Research Center, July 1, 2013, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2009/12/11/between-two-worlds-how-young-latinos-come-of-age-in-america.
7. Brad Brooks, “Victims of Anti-Latino Hate Crimes Soar in US: FBI Report,” Reuters, November 12, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hatecrimes-report-idUSKBN1XM2OQ.
8. Rohit Arora, “Latinos: A Powerful Force Turbocharging Small-Business Growth and Driving $700 Billion into the US Economy,” CNBC, September 25, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/25/latinos-are-a-powerful-force-fueling-small-business-growth-in-the-us.html.
9. “Latino Voter Registration Rates Reached an All-Time High in the 2020 Presidential Election,” Center for Latin American, Caribbean, and Latino Studies, May 7, 2021, https://clacls.gc.cuny.edu/2021/05/10/latino-voter-registration-rates-reached-an-all-time-high-in-the-2020-presidential-election.
10. Suzanne Gamboa, “A Class of Newly Elected Latinos in Congress Sets a Record,” https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/latinos-record-number-elected-congress-midterms-rcna57943.
11. “Latino Voter Registration Rates.”
12. José Vasconcelos, La Raza Cósmica (Mexico: Espasa Calpe Mexicana, SA, 1948), 47–51.
13. Valerian, “Nican Mopohua,” 194, note 11.
14. Mary Fong and Rueyling Chuang, eds., Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 112.
15. “We Are the Ones We’ve Been Waiting For: Prophecy Made by Hopi Elders,” University of Minnesota, July 23, 2020, https://artistic.umn.edu/we-are-ones-weve-been-waiting-prophecy-made-hopi-elders.