Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.

A

Accent lighting, 190
Advanced economic analyses, 350–352
Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO), 235
Aggregation of energy uses, 42
Agriculture and food processes, 277–279
direct uses, 277–278
food processing, 279
indirect uses, 278
on-farm energy production, 278–279
Air change method, 300
Air compressor, 271, 272–273, 273f
Air conditioner, measures of efficiency of, 104
Air conditioning, See space cooling
Air distribution systems, description of, 157–161
chilled water systems, 137
direct expansion (DX) system, 137
dual duct system, 158, 158f
multi-zone system, 158–159, 159f
passive and active beam systems, 160–161
reheat systems, 157–158, 157f
variable air volume (VAV) systems, 159–160, 160f
Air data, 240
Air handlers, 137
AIRMaster+, 115
Alternate-fueled vehicles, 221
American Medical Expedition to Mount Everest, 301–302
American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 88–89
Anaerobic digestion, 278–279
Annual cycle energy system (ACES), 321–322
Anodizing, 269–270
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, 156
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013, 194
Apparent power, 121–122
Appliances, 309, 310
Area energy audit, 79f
Assessment of energy programs, See Implementation and continuous assessment
Audit, See energy audit
Audit and analysis phase, 50–56
historical review, 51–56
energy and economic analyses, 56, 95, 331
energy audit, 55–56, 69
Availability, defined, 100
Available work, 10, 95, 100, 101, 103

B

Ballasts, disconnecting, 200
Baseline, 51, 109–110
Batteries, electric vehicles, 223
Benefit/cost analysis, 340–341
Benefits of energy management, 29–31
nonenergy benefits, 29–31, 30t
Berms, 296
Bernoulli’s law, 142–143
Bin method, 152–153
Blowdown, 169
Boilers, 141, 236, 241
combustion efficiency, 169, 169–170, 239, 243t
gas-fired, 241, 243t
hot water, 247–251
Bottoming cycles, 325
Break-even analysis, 336–339
BREEAM, 327
Building audits, See Energy audit
Building codes and standards, 110, 154–155, 194–195, 194
Building data, individual, 84–85
Building envelope, 84, 86, 176
design considerations, 296–307
energy management opportunities, 303t
Building Information Management (BIM), 283–284
Building orientation, 292–296
Building profile data sheet, 86f
Building simulation software, 153–154
Building summary sheet example, 87f
Building systems, integrated, See Integrated building systems
“Bullet” trains, 219–220
Burner maintenance procedures, 243–244
Burrows, 286, 291, 292f, 293f

C

California Public Utility Commission, 4
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), 155–156
Candelas (cd), 192
Capacitors, power factor adjustment, 122
Capacity, of cooling system, 138
Capacity, optimizing, 128
Cap-and-trade programs, 27
Capital recovery factor, 340t, 341t, 345, 355
Capitalized cost analysis, 345–346
Carbon dioxide emissions, 223
Carbon policy, 27–28
Cascading energy use, 43–44
Catalysts for energy management, 13
benefits of energy management, 29–31
nonenergy benefits, 29–31, 30t
energy costs, 28
environmental impacts, 23–24
growing demand for energy, 14–17
policy and regulatory matters, 24–28
carbon policy, 27–28
sector, energy use by, 17
energy resources, 22–23
world fossil fuel resources, 19–21
supply constraints, 18–23
Ceiling insulation blankets, 305f
Centrifugal compressors, 138
Centrifugal pump curves, 147f
Ceramics, for thermal energy storage, 323
Chernobyl disaster in 1986, 14
Chernobyl: The True Scale of the Accident, 15
Chevrolet Volt, 221
Chilled beam systems, 160
Chillers
air-cooled screw chiller (ACC), 186
centrifugal, 138
controls
chilled water temperature reset, 165
chiller sequencing controls, 164
condenser water temperature reset, 164–165
night precooling, 165
variable speed drive (VSD) chiller, 165
expansion valves, 135, 139–140, 140
reciprocating, 138
screw, 138
scroll, 138
water-cooled centrifugal chiller (WCC), 186
China
coal consumption, 14
hydropower, 15
industrial energy use in, 229–230
Clamp-on ammeter, 81–82
Climate’s effects on buildings, 286–287
Coal and fuel oil rates, 64
Coefficient of performance (COP), 96, 99, 99
Cogeneration, 325–326
Color rendition, 196–197
Color Rendering Index (CRI), 201
Combined heat and power, See Cogeneration
Combustion, 238–239, 240, 240f
monitoring, 243
Compact fluorescent lamp, 196, 200–201, 201, 201
Compressed air, 271–275
compressors, air, various types, 138, 271–275
Compressed natural gas (CNG), 225–226
Computer data centers, 315–316, 316f
Computer demand controls, 317
Computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathe, 276f
Condensate return, management of, 245–246
Condenser water pumps, 147
Condensing boilers, 170
Conduction heat losses, 236, 237, 237, 238
Continuous assessment phase, See Implementation and continuous assessment
Continuous program assessment, 58, 379–380
Contrast, illumination, 192, 192
Controls, optimizing, 126
Convection, 131, 161
convective heat losses, 237–238
Cool storage techniques, 319–322
Cooling degree-days (CDDs), 53, 151, 375–376
Cooling system, capacity of, 138
Cooling towers, 147–148, 172–176
Corporate carbon policies, 27–28
Corporate management support, 359
Corrosion, 269
Cost avoidance, 378, 378
Cost of money, 339–346
benefit/cost analysis, 340–341
capitalized cost analysis, 345–346
equivalent annual cost analysis, 345
payback period analysis, 342–343
present worth analysis and net present value, 343–345
Crack method, 300
Critical peak pricing (CPP), 60
Critical peak rebates (CPR), 60
Crude oil, ultimate world production of, 20f
CUSUM (cumulative sum) control chart, 376

D

Dampers, 143, 144f
Daily load curve, 117, 118t, 119f, 173
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE™), 66
Daylight harvesting, See Daylighting
Daylighting, 207, 210–211
DC motors, 262–263
Declining block rate, 60, 64, 64
Decorative lighting, 190, 191f
Defining energy management, 7–10
Degree-day method, 150–152
base temperature, 151
degree-days, 151
Delamping, 199–200
Demand charges, 61–62
Demand factor, 120, 120
Demand limiting controls, 317
Demand response (DR) programs, 9–10, 65, 126–128
Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), 182–183, 182–184, 183
Demand-side management (DSM), 8–9, 65
Desiccant spray system, 181
Dielectric heating, 257, 262
Diesel locomotives, 219–220
Dimmers, 207
Dimming ballasts, 211, 211
Direct evaporative coolers, 140
Direct expansion (DX) unitary system, 137
Distributed energy resources, fuel switching and, 9
Diversity factor, 118–120, 120, 120
Dlux, 192
DOE-2, 115, 153
Drivers, of energy management, 13, 29
Dry bulb temperature, 132f, 148, 179–180
Dual duct system, 158, 158f, 177–178
Ductless space conditioning, 137–138
Ductwork, 176

E

Economic study, defined, 331
Economics of efficient energy use, 331
advanced economic analyses, 350–352
checklist of data for energy management economic studies, 333t
comparison of methods, 352–354
cost of money, 339–346
benefit/cost analysis, 340–341
capitalized cost analysis, 345–346
equivalent annual cost analysis, 345
payback period analysis, 342–343
present worth analysis and net present value, 343–345
energy management projects, financing, 357–358
energy studies, basic concepts of, 333
examples of economic analysis methods, 334–339
break-even analysis, 336–339
life-cycle costing, 335–336
formulae and nomenclature for economic analyses, 340t
general considerations, 331–332
internal rate of return (IRR), 346–349
return on investment (ROI), 340t
simplification of analysis, 350
taxes and escalation, effect of, 354–357
Economizer systems and enthalpy controllers, 179–180
Eddy currents, 261
Efficacy, defined, 98
Efficiency, increasing, 37
Efficiency, measures of, 95–104
for air conditioner, 104
coefficient of performance (COP), 96, 99, 99
effectiveness, 101
for electric motor, 96, 103
energy efficiency ratio (EER), 99
first law, 95, 96
heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), 99
for incandescent lamp, 98
for resistance heater, 97–98, 103
seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), 99
second law, 95, 101
for steam boiler, 101
table of first-law and second-law efficiencies, 102t
for window air conditioner, 99
Efficiency Valuation Organization (EVO), 371
Efficient equipment, using, 129
Efficient processes, using, 129
Electric heat applications, 256–260
dielectric heating, 257
electric arc furnace, 258
heat pumps, 258
induction heating, 256
infrared heating, 258
microwave heating, 258
resistance heating, 256
Electric incandescent lamp, measures of efficiency of, 98
Electric infrared radiant heaters, 141, 141f
Electric load analysis, 115–123
parameters for, 118–123
Electric motors and drives, 262–265
conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy, 263–264
electric motor efficiency, 96, 103
energy management opportunities with motors, 264–265, 264t
7.5 kW (10 hp) electric motor, example, 334, 334f
variable speed drives (VSDs), 264
Electric resistance heater, measures of efficiency of, 97–98, 103
Electric system losses, 260–262
Electric vehicles, 219–220, 223, 224
Electricity, 16, 16, 16, 73–76
conversion to mechanical energy, 263–264
production, 16, 17, 17t
site audit, 75f
storage, 324–325
Electricity rates, 59–63
demand charges, 61–62
energy charges, 59–61
rate adjustments, 62
taxes and fees, 63
Electrolytic systems, 268–270
corrosion, 269
electrochemical machining, 270
electro winning, 269
electroforming, 270
energy management opportunities in electrolytic processes, 270, 270t
Faraday’s laws, 268
plating and anodizing, 269–270
welding, 269
Employee awareness programs, See energy awareness program
Energy, growing demand for, 14–17
Energy analysis, 95
baseline conditions, appropriate, 109–111
efficiency, measures of, 95–104
for air conditioner, 104
for electric motor, 96, 103
for incandescent lamp, 98
for resistance heater, 97–98, 103
for steam boiler, 101
for window air conditioner, 99
electric load analysis, 115–123
parameters for, 118–123
inefficiency, factors contributing to, 104–109
savings, estimating, 112–115
building simulation and system modeling, 114–115
engineering algorithms, 112–114
Energy and economic analyses, 56, 95, 331
Energy audit, 39, 55–56, 69
building, 78–87
building audit energy management opportunities, 88t
form, 84f
instrumentation, 82f, 83t
methodology, 80f
summary sheet, 87f
concept development, 70f
flowchart of, 74f
principles of, 72t
site, 73–78
electricity, 73–76, 75f
methodology, 75f
site energy management opportunity checklist, 80t
steam, 76, 77f
water, compressed air, and other utilities, 76, 77f
summary sheet, 78f
varying levels of, 87–93
Energy availability, 18, 19
Energy awareness program, creating, 213, 364–366
Energy champions, 47–49
Energy charges, 59–61
Energy containment, 41
Energy content of fuels and equivalencies, 395t
Energy conversion, 44
Energy costs, 28
Energy crisis, 4
Energy duty cycle, 81, 81
Energy efficiency, 9, 95, 280–281
improvements, 110
planning new facilities for, 380–384, 382t
Energy efficiency ratio (EER), 99
Energy end-uses, 70
Energy indices, 54, 54
Energy management
defined, 7–10
by insects, termites, 293–294
by rodents, 291
Energy management data, 395t
Energy Management Principles, 14
Energy management projects, financing, 357–358
Energy management units, 10
Energy manager, responsibilities of, 47
Energy Program Assessment Matrix, 372–373, 373–374
Energy resources, finiteness of, 9–10
Energy service companies (ESCOs), 49–50, 362
ENERGY STAR tool, 372–373, 373
Energy storage, 44, 317, 318–325
capability, providing, 130
cool storage techniques, 319–322
electrical energy storage, 324–325
heat storage techniques, 322–324
for process industries, 279–280
Energy tracking, 368
Energy Use Performance Factors (EUPFs), 96
EnergyPlus, 115
Engineering economic study, 331
Enthalpy controllers, 179–180
Entropy, 100
Environmental conformation, 286–288
effects of climate, 286–287
microclimate important, 287–288
Environmental manipulation, 286
eQUEST, 115, 153
Equipment operation, 129
Equivalent annual cost analysis, 345
Escalation, 332, 333t, 340t, 350–352, 354–357
Estimated proven reserves, 20
Eutectic salts, 322, 322
Evaporative coolers, 140, 141f
Excess air, 239–242
relationship between boiler heat loss and, 242f
Exfiltration, 300–302
Exponential growth, 21

F

Fans, 142–144, 171
fan affinity laws, 142–143
performance curve, 145f
power comparison, for various types of part load controls, 144f
power needed to drive, 143
pressure developed by, 143
volumetric flow rate of air flowing through, 142–143
Faraday’s laws, 268
Feedwater, 244
Field audits, measurements and, 82
Financial aspects of energy management projects, 357–358
“Fine-tuning” operations, 379–380
First law efficiencies, 95
for single-source-single output devices, 102t
Flow availability, 100
Flue gas analysis, 239–242, 243
Fluorescent lamps, 195–196
Food processing, 279
membrane separation in, 40–41
Foot-candles (fc), 192, 192
Forced air furnaces, 141
Fossil fuel resources, 19–21, 20t
Friction, 105t
Fuel cells, 221, 239, 268, 318
Fuel efficiency, recent trends in, 221–223
Fuel materials, properties of, 241t
Fuel oil rates, 64
Fuel quality and excess air, 239–242
Fuel switching, 37
and distributed energy resources, 9
Fuels and equivalencies, energy content of, 395t
Furnaces, 251–256

G

General principles of energy management, See principles of energy management
Glazing, 298–299
Global energy usage, 15, 16
Global temperatures and CO2 concentration 1880–2014, 11f
Goals, establishing, 56, 360–361
Green buildings, 326
and LEED certification, 327–330
Greenhouse gas equivalencies, 396t
Greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles, 223–224

H

Halogen lamp, 205f
Health and Safety Executive in the United Kingdom, 156
Heat and light, 214–218
Heat capacity, specific, 247, 253–254, 301
Heat exchanger, temperature difference across, 139
Heat gains, reduction of, 307
Heat losses
calculation, models for, 237f
reduction of, 238, 252, 302–307
Heat of combustion, 238
Heat pipes, 182
Heat pumps, 141, 168, 258
efficient processes and equipment, 168
heat recovery, 168
Heat recovery, 43, 181–182, 255
air-to-air plate heat exchanger, 181
employing, 129–130
heat pipe, 182
heat wheel, 181
recuperative, 181, 181
regenerative, 181, 181
runaround systems, 182
using air preheater, 41, 41f
Heat storage techniques, 322–324
Heat wheel, 181
Heat transfer mechanisms, 236–238
conduction, 236
convection, 237–238
radiation, 238
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, 86, 214–215, 311, 311–312, 318
basic principles governing, 134–148
cooling towers, 147–148
fans, 142–144
pumps, 144–146
space cooling systems, 135–140
space heating systems, 141–142
energy management in, 126–130
capacity, optimizing, 128
controls, optimizing, 126
efficient equipment, using, 129
efficient processes, using, 129
energy storage capability, providing, 130
heat recovery, employing, 129–130
load, reducing, 128
operating equipment efficiently, 129
passive concepts, using, 129
peak demand, managing, 126–128
principles for, 127t
purpose of, 128
energy management opportunities in, 161–186
building envelope, 176, 303t
cooling towers, 172–176
demand-controlled ventilation, 182–184
dual duct systems, 177–178
ductwork, 176
economizer systems and enthalpy controllers, 179–180
fans, 171
heat pumps, 168
heat recovery, 181–182
HVAC system controls, 162–164
multi-zone systems, 178–179
pumps, 172
retrocommissioning (RCx), 186
space cooling systems, 164–168
systems using preheat or reheat, 177
thermal energy storage (TES), 184–186
Heating and cooling, management of, 125
air distribution systems, description of, 157–161
dual duct system, 158, 158f
multi-zone system, 158–159, 159f
passive and active beam systems, 160–161
reheat systems, 157–158, 157f
variable air volume (VAV) systems, 159–160, 160f
analyzing heating and cooling loads in buildings, 148–154
bin method, 152–153
building simulation software, 153–154
degree-day method, 150–152
codes, 154–155
human comfort and health, requirements for, 130–133
standards, 155–157
Heating and cooling loads in buildings, analyzing, 148–154
bin method, 152–153
building simulation software, 153–154
degree-day method, 150–152
base temperature, 151
degree-days, 151
Heating degree-days (HDDs), 53, 151
Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), 99
Heating value, 239
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps, 196
Homeotherms, 131
Hot water and water pumping, 247–251
Hours use of demand (HUOD), 120–121
Human comfort and health, requirements for, 130–133
Hydrated salts, 323
Hydrogen, 22
Hydropower, 15, 23
Hysteresis, 105t, 261, 262

I

Illuminance, 192, 193–194, 194, 194
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), 193, 193–194
Illumination, 190, 192, 193, 193
clean luminaires to increase, 212
pragmatic aspects of, 191–192
task-oriented, 209–210
Impeller, 145
Implementation and continuous assessment, 56–58, 359, 360t
establishing the basis for an ongoing program, 379–385
continuous program assessment, 58, 379–380
energy efficiency, planning new facilities for, 380–384
ISO Standard 50001, 384–385
general principles for, 359–360
goals, establishing, 56, 360–361
informing, training, and motivating personnel, 57, 364–366, 367t
measurement, verification, and reporting, 57–58, 367–379
energy management assessments, 372–374
M&V plan, 369–370
M&V standards, 371–372
monitoring, targeting, and reporting, 378–379
reporting, 374–378
Uniform Methods Project, 372
need for assessment, 385
prioritizing and implementing projects, 57, 361–364
tragedy of the commons, 385–386
Incandescent lamps, 195, 197–198
60W incandescent A-19 lamp, 203
India
electric locomotives in, 219–220
energy use in, 229–230
industrial energy use in, 229–230
Induction heating, 256
Induction motors, 262–263
Industrial Assessment Center (IAC), 114
Industrial energy use, 229, 229–230, 230
Inefficiency
aggregate impact of, 109t
causes of, 105t
factors contributing to, 104–109
Inexhaustible energy resource, 14
Infiltration, 300
Infrared heating, 258
Initiation and planning phase, 47–50
energy champions, 47–49
institutional barriers, addressing, 49–50
management commitment, importance of, 47
Insolation, 308, 311
Institutional barriers, addressing, 49–50
Insulation, 128, 238, 253, 302–307, 303t, 304t, 305f, 305f, 306t
R-13 fiberglass insulation, 305f
Integrated building systems, 283
building envelope design considerations, 296–307
glazing/fenestration, 298–299
heat gains, reduction of, 307
infiltration/exfiltration, 300–302
reduction of building heat losses, 302–307
building function, 288
cogeneration, 325–326
energy management principles for, 284–285, 285t
energy storage, 318–325
cool storage, 319–322
electrical energy storage, 324–325
heat storage, 322–324
environmental conformation, 286–288
effects of climate, 286–287
microclimate important, 287–288
Green buildings and LEED certification, 327–330
integration of building systems, 308–316
occupancy and use, 288
passive design considerations, 288–296
configuration, 290–292
orientation of building, 292–296
shading, 288–289
peak demand control, 316–318
sustainable design, 326–327
Internal rate of return (IRR), 346–349
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), 154, 194
International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) reports
options for estimating savings, 371–372
savings verification process, 371
Interruptible rates, 61
Inverted block rate, 60, 63–64
ISO 16813:2006, 155
ISO 16814:2008, 156
ISO 50001:2011, 384–385

J

Jet impingement heating, 254

K

Kangaroo rats, 291
KWh meters, 115, 116, 116f

L

Lamp replacement, 201, 201
Leadership in Energy Efficient Design (LEED) building certification, 327–330
Leaks
compressed air, 272–273, 274
from ducts, 176
heat, See Heat losses
steam, 244, 245f, 245f
Life-cycle costing, 335–336
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), 190, 191f, 197–198, 205f
Light tube, 210
Lighting management, 189
design considerations, 190–194
ambient lighting, 191–192
decorative, 190
energy management opportunities, 199–218, 199t
ballasts, disconnecting, 200
clean luminaires to increase illumination, 212
daylighting, use of, 210–211
delamping, 199–200
energy awareness program, creating, 213
heat and light, 214–218
improving lighting controls, 205–208
lighting survey, 199
low wattage lamps, 200–201
most efficient light source, use of, 203–205
relamping, 201–202
room color and reflectivity, improving, 212–213
task lighting, use of, 208–210
use of efficient lenses to reduce losses, 212
energy management principles for, 189–190
capacity optimizing, 189
controls, optimizing, 189
operation and maintenance, improving, 190
use of passive concepts, 190
lamp types, 195–198
efficacy comparison, 198
fluorescent, 195–196
incandescent, 195
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), 197–198
mercury vapor, 196
metal halide, 196–197
sodium lamps, 197
regulations, codes and standards, 194–195
Lighting power budgets, 194
Lighting power densities, 194
Lighting replacement, 112–113
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 225–226
Lizard, desert side-blotch, 286
Load factor, 121
Load management, 9
Low wattage lamps, 200–201
Low-cost savings, demonstrating, 361–362
Lumen, 192
Luminance, 192
Luminous flux, 192
Lux, 192, 192

M

Maintenance measures, 111
Management commitment, importance of, 47
Material economy, 42
Material quality selection, 42
Mean radiant temperature (MRT), 130–131, 131
Measurement, verification, and reporting, 367–379
energy management assessments, 372–374
M&V plan, 369–370
M&V standards, 371–372
monitoring, targeting, and reporting, 378–379
reporting, 374–378
Uniform Methods Project, 372
Measurements and field audits, 82
Medium voltage power, 73–76
Mercury vapor lamps, 196
Metal halide lamps, 196–197
Mezzanine storage area lamp, 208f
Microclimate, 287–288, 383
Microwave heating, 258
Mid-level audit, 89
Mojave Desert, 286
Monitoring, targeting, and reporting (MT&R), 378–379
Motivation of personnel, 365, 367t
Motor replacement, 113
Multi-zone system, 158–159, 159f, 178–179

N

National Electrical Codes, 194
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 263
Natural gas, 225–226
combustion efficiency for, 243t
Natural gas rates, 63–64
Natural light, 210
Net exhaust gas temperature, 243
Net present value, 344, 344–345
Night audits, 208
Nonenergy benefits of energy management, 29–31, 30t
Non-flow availability, 100
Nuclear energy, 22
advantage of, 22
Nuclear fuels, 22
Nuclear power, 14

O

Occupancy and energy use, 288
Occupancy sensors, 206, 207f, 216
Off-peak scheduling, 317
Oil embargo of 1973, 3, 4–5, 5, 8
Oil prices, 1, 1–2, 2f, 4
Oil production, in the United States, 14
On-farm energy production, 278–279
Onsite generation capacity, 318
Operating personnel, 366
Operation and maintenance, 38t, 39
Optimal scheduling, 281
Organization chart, of energy management, 48f
Outside air supply, 133, 163, 163–164, 179–180, 182–184
Ovens, 251–256
Overall heat transfer coefficient, 296
Oxygen
measurements, 243
standard properties of, 240

P

Passenger vehicle transportation energy use, changes in, 221
Passive and active beam systems, 160–161
Passive concepts, using, 129
Passive design considerations, 288–296, 289f
building configuration, 290–292
nest configuration by desert rodents, 291
orientation of building, 292–296
by termites, 293–294
shading, 288–289
Payback period analysis, 342–343
Peak demand
controlling in integrated building systems, 316–318
electric load analysis, 115–123
managing in HVAC systems, 126–128
Personnel
informing, training, and motivating, 57, 364–366
Phase angle, 122
Photocell controls, 207, 207
Planning for energy management, 45, 46t
audit and analysis phase, 50–56
energy and economic analyses, 56, 95, 331
energy audit, 55–56, 69
implementation and continuous assessment phase, 56–58, 359, 360t
continuous program assessment, 58, 379–380
establishing goals, 56, 360–361
inform, train, and motivate personnel, 57, 364–366, 367t
measure, verify, and report performance, 57–58, 367–379
prioritizing and implementing projects, 57, 361–364
initiation and planning phase, 47–50
energy champions, 47–49
institutional barriers, addressing, 49–50
management commitment, importance of, 47
Plastic lenses, 212
Plating and anodizing, 269–270
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, 224
Policies and programs, for energy management, 25t
Policy and regulatory matters, 24–28
carbon policy, 27–28
Power factor, 62, 62, 122, 122, 122
Preheat/reheat, systems using, 177
Preheating combustion air and feedwater, waste heat for, 244
Present worth analysis and net present value, 343–345, 344t
Pressure drop, 249, 249–250
Pressure reducing valves, eliminate, 250
Principles of energy management, 35, 38t
aggregation of energy uses, 42
analysis, 39, 95
applying, 44
approaches, 36–37
cascade of energy uses, 43–44
economic evaluation, 40, 331
energy audits, 39, 69
energy containment, 41
energy conversion and energy storage, 44
historical data, reviewing, 39, 51–56
material economy, 42
material quality selection, 42
more efficient equipment, 40
more efficient processes, 40–41
operation and maintenance, 39
substitute materials, 42
Prioritizing and implementing projects, 57, 361–364
Process energy management, 229
compressed air, 271–275
electric motors and drives, 262–265
conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy, 263–264
energy management opportunities with motors, 264–265
variable speed drives (VSDs), 264
electrolytic systems, 268–270
corrosion, 269
electro winning, 269
electroforming, electrochemical machining, 270
energy management opportunities in electrolytic processes, 270
Faraday’s laws, 268
plating and anodizing, 269–270
welding, 269
general principles for, 231–236, 232t
approach, 231–235
potential savings and benchmarking, 235–236
manufacturing processes, 275–281
agriculture and food processes, 277–279
energy storage for process industries, 279–280
process control, 280–281
process heat, 236–260
burner maintenance procedures, 243–244
combustion, 238–239
combustion monitoring equipment, 243
direct- and indirect-fired furnaces and ovens, 251–256
electric heat applications, 256–260
energy management opportunities with process heat, 252t
fuel quality and excess air, 239–242
heat transfer mechanisms, 236–238
hot water and water pumping, 247–251
preheating combustion air and feedwater, waste heat for, 244
steam generation and distribution, 244–246
pumps and fans, 265
refrigeration and process cooling, 265–268
transformers and electrical distribution systems, 260–262
electric system losses, 260–262
three-phase AC circuits, 260
Psychometric chart, 132f
Pumps, 144–146, 172
and fans, 265
heat pumps, 168

Q

Quality, energy, 36

R

Radiant heaters, 141
Radiation, 238
radiation losses, 238, 262
Rate adjustments, 62
Reactive power, reactive load, 121–122
Real time pricing (RTP), 61
Refrigeration and process cooling, 265–268
ammonia refrigeration systems, 266
Regenerative units, 181, 181
Regression plots, 375–376
Reheat systems, 157–158, 157f
systems using, 177
Relamping, 201–202
Renewable resources, 23, 285t, 313
Reporting, 374–378
Resistance heating, 256
measures of efficiency of, 103
Resource acquisition, 65
Retrocommissioning (RCx), 186
Return on Investment (ROI), 340t
Rotary regenerative unit, 181
Runaround systems, 182
R-value, 302

S

Savings, estimating, 112–115
building simulation and system modeling, 114–115
engineering algorithms, 112–114
lighting replacement, 112–113
motor replacement, 113
unitary air conditioner replacement, 113–114
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), 99
Second law efficiencies, 95
for single-source-single output devices, 102t
Sector, energy use by, 17
energy resources, 22–23
world fossil fuel resources, 19–21
Security lighting, 207
Selective switching, 205–206, 206
Shading, 288–289, 307
Simulation and system modeling, building, 114–115
simulation programs, building, 81
Site audits, See Energy audits
Sodium lamps, 197, 202t
Solar canopy, 313, 315f
Solar energy, 23
Space cooling systems, 135–140, 164–168
controls, 164
efficient processes and equipment, 166
evaporative coolers, 140, 141f
by insects, termites, 293–294
load reduction, 166
maintenance, 167–168
packaged, 135–137
proper sizing, 165
split, 135–137
vapor absorption cycle, 140
vapor compression refrigeration cycle, 135–137, 136f
window, 135–137
Space heating systems, 141–142
Standards, 110, 155–157
Steam boiler, measures of efficiency of, 101
Steam engine, 219–220
Steam generation and distribution, 244–246
Steam systems, 76
Storage batteries, 268
Substitute materials, 42
Sunk cost, 341
Superheat setting, 139–140
Supply constraints, 18–23
Sustainable design, 326–327
principles of, 327t
Swamp coolers, See Direct evaporative coolers

T

Tankless water heater, 248f
Task energy use
task lighting, 191–192, 208–210
Taxes and escalation, effect of, 354–357
Taxes and fees, 63
Terminal reheat, 157–158
Termites, 293–294
Tesla Motors, 324
Tesla Roadster, 221
TGV system, 219–220
Thermal bridging, 298
Thermal conductance, 296–297
Thermal energy storage (TES), 184–186
Three-Mile Island accident, 14, 14–15
Three-phase AC circuits, 260
Time clocks, 206
Time-of-day rates, See time-of-use rates
Time-of-use (TOU) rates, 60–61, 60
Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami (2011), 15
Topping cycles, 325
Toyota, 221
Tragedy of the commons, 385–386
Transportation, 219
energy management opportunities, 224–226
commuting, 225
low-cost measures, 225
vehicles, 225–226
fuel efficiency, recent trends in, 221–223
greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles, 223–224
history, 219–221
vehicle electrification, 224
Trombe wall, 323
Tubular skylight, 210
Turbine technology, 239

U

Uniform Methods Project, 372
Unitary air conditioner replacement, 113–114
United Kingdom, energy use in, 229–230
United States, energy use in, 229–230
Units and conversion factors, 391
Urban heat island effect, 286–287
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), 327
Utility rates and programs, 59
coal and fuel oil rates, 64
electricity rates, 59–63
demand charges, 61–62
energy charges, 59–61
rate adjustments, 62
taxes and fees, 63
energy management opportunities, 65
for electricity charges, 63
examples of, 66f
natural gas rates, 63–64
utility programs, 65–66
U-value, 296

V

Vapor absorption cycle, 140
Vapor compression refrigeration cycle, 135–137, 136f
Variable air volume (VAV) systems, 159–160, 160f
Variable frequency drives, See Variable speed drives (VSDs)
Variable refrigerant flow system, 137–138
Variable speed control, of fans, 143–144
Variable speed drives (VSDs), 165, 264
Vehicle electrification and emissions reduction, 224
Vehicle fuel efficiency, 220, 220–221
Ventilation, 133, 156
Visible spectrum, 192
Visual acuity, 192
VisualDOE, 153

W

Water heating, 247–251
Water pumping, 249
Water systems, 76, 77f
Water-cooled systems, 148
Welding, 269
Wet-bulb temperature, 132f, 164–165, 179–180
Wind tower, passive cooling with, 290
Window air conditioner, measures of efficiency of, 99
World energy resources, 19
World fossil fuel resources, 19–21
World Green Building Council, 327

Z

Zero growth, 21
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