Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.
A
Advanced economic analyses,
350–352
Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO),
235
Aggregation of energy uses,
42
Agriculture and food processes,
277–279
Air conditioner, measures of efficiency of,
104
Air distribution systems, description of,
157–161
chilled water systems,
137
direct expansion (DX) system,
137
passive and active beam systems,
160–161
Alternate-fueled vehicles,
221
American Medical Expedition to Mount Everest,
301–302
American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE),
88–89
Annual cycle energy system (ACES),
321–322
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013,
156
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013,
194
Audit and analysis phase,
50–56
energy and economic analyses,
56,
95,
331
Availability, defined,
100
B
Ballasts, disconnecting,
200
Batteries, electric vehicles,
223
Benefits of energy management,
29–31
Building data, individual,
84–85
energy management opportunities,
303t
Building Information Management (BIM),
283–284
Building profile data sheet,
86f
Building simulation software,
153–154
Building summary sheet example,
87f
Burner maintenance procedures,
243–244
C
California Public Utility Commission,
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS),
155–156
Capacitors, power factor adjustment,
122
Capacity, of cooling system,
138
Capacity, optimizing,
128
Cap-and-trade programs,
27
Carbon dioxide emissions,
223
Cascading energy use,
43–44
Catalysts for energy management,
13
benefits of energy management,
29–31
environmental impacts,
23–24
growing demand for energy,
14–17
policy and regulatory matters,
24–28
sector, energy use by,
17
world fossil fuel resources,
19–21
supply constraints,
18–23
Ceiling insulation blankets,
305f
Centrifugal compressors,
138
Centrifugal pump curves,
147f
Ceramics, for thermal energy storage,
323
Chernobyl disaster in 1986,
14
Chernobyl: The True Scale of the Accident,
15
Chilled beam systems,
160
Chillers
air-cooled screw chiller (ACC),
186
controls
chilled water temperature reset,
165
chiller sequencing controls,
164
condenser water temperature reset,
164–165
variable speed drive (VSD) chiller,
165
water-cooled centrifugal chiller (WCC),
186
China
Climate’s effects on buildings,
286–287
Coal and fuel oil rates,
64
Coefficient of performance (COP),
96,
99,
99
Color Rendering Index (CRI),
201
Compressed natural gas (CNG),
225–226
Computer demand controls,
317
Computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathe,
276f
Condensate return, management of,
245–246
Condenser water pumps,
147
Contrast, illumination,
192,
192
Controls, optimizing,
126
Cooling system, capacity of,
138
Corporate carbon policies,
27–28
Corporate management support,
359
equivalent annual cost analysis,
345
present worth analysis and net present value,
343–345
Critical peak pricing (CPP),
60
Critical peak rebates (CPR),
60
Crude oil, ultimate world production of,
20f
CUSUM (cumulative sum) control chart,
376
D
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE™),
66
Declining block rate,
60,
64,
64
Defining energy management,
7–10
Demand limiting controls,
317
Demand-side management (DSM),
8–9,
65
Desiccant spray system,
181
Direct evaporative coolers,
140
Direct expansion (DX) unitary system,
137
Distributed energy resources, fuel switching and,
Drivers, of energy management,
13,
29
Ductless space conditioning,
137–138
E
Economic study, defined,
331
Economics of efficient energy use,
331
advanced economic analyses,
350–352
checklist of data for energy management economic studies,
333t
equivalent annual cost analysis,
345
present worth analysis and net present value,
343–345
energy management projects, financing,
357–358
energy studies, basic concepts of,
333
examples of economic analysis methods,
334–339
formulae and nomenclature for economic analyses,
340t
internal rate of return (IRR),
346–349
return on investment (ROI),
340t
simplification of analysis,
350
taxes and escalation, effect of,
354–357
Economizer systems and enthalpy controllers,
179–180
Efficiency, increasing,
37
Efficiency, measures of,
95–104
coefficient of performance (COP),
96,
99,
99
for electric motor,
96,
103
energy efficiency ratio (EER),
99
heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF),
99
for incandescent lamp,
98
seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER),
99
table of first-law and second-law efficiencies,
102t
for window air conditioner,
99
Efficiency Valuation Organization (EVO),
371
Efficient equipment, using,
129
Efficient processes, using,
129
Electric heat applications,
256–260
electric arc furnace,
258
Electric incandescent lamp, measures of efficiency of,
98
Electric infrared radiant heaters,
141,
141f
Electric motors and drives,
262–265
conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy,
263–264
electric motor efficiency,
96,
103
energy management opportunities with motors,
264–265,
264t
7.5 kW (10 hp) electric motor, example,
334,
334f
variable speed drives (VSDs),
264
Electric resistance heater, measures of efficiency of,
97–98,
103
conversion to mechanical energy,
263–264
electrochemical machining,
270
energy management opportunities in electrolytic processes,
270,
270t
Energy, growing demand for,
14–17
baseline conditions, appropriate,
109–111
efficiency, measures of,
95–104
for electric motor,
96,
103
for incandescent lamp,
98
for window air conditioner,
99
inefficiency, factors contributing to,
104–109
building simulation and system modeling,
114–115
Energy and economic analyses,
56,
95,
331
building audit energy management opportunities,
88t
site energy management opportunity checklist,
80t
water, compressed air, and other utilities,
76,
77f
Energy availability,
18,
19
Energy content of fuels and equivalencies,
395t
Energy crisis,
Energy duty cycle,
81,
81
Energy efficiency ratio (EER),
99
Energy management
Energy management data,
395t
Energy Management Principles,
14
Energy management projects, financing,
357–358
Energy management units,
10
Energy manager, responsibilities of,
47
Energy resources, finiteness of,
9–10
Energy service companies (ESCOs),
49–50,
362
capability, providing,
130
Energy Use Performance Factors (EUPFs),
96
Engineering economic study,
331
Environmental conformation,
286–288
Environmental manipulation,
286
Equivalent annual cost analysis,
345
Estimated proven reserves,
20
relationship between boiler heat loss and,
242f
F
power comparison, for various types of part load controls,
144f
power needed to drive,
143
pressure developed by,
143
volumetric flow rate of air flowing through,
142–143
Field audits, measurements and,
82
Financial aspects of energy management projects,
357–358
First law efficiencies,
95
for single-source-single output devices,
102t
membrane separation in,
40–41
Fuel efficiency, recent trends in,
221–223
Fuel materials, properties of,
241t
Fuel quality and excess air,
239–242
and distributed energy resources,
Fuels and equivalencies, energy content of,
395t
G
Global energy usage,
15,
16
Global temperatures and CO
2 concentration 1880–2014,
11f
Greenhouse gas equivalencies,
396t
Greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles,
223–224
H
Health and Safety Executive in the United Kingdom,
156
Heat exchanger, temperature difference across,
139
Heat gains, reduction of,
307
Heat losses
calculation, models for,
237f
efficient processes and equipment,
168
air-to-air plate heat exchanger,
181
using air preheater,
41,
41f
basic principles governing,
134–148
capacity, optimizing,
128
controls, optimizing,
126
efficient equipment, using,
129
efficient processes, using,
129
energy storage capability, providing,
130
operating equipment efficiently,
129
passive concepts, using,
129
energy management opportunities in,
161–186
demand-controlled ventilation,
182–184
economizer systems and enthalpy controllers,
179–180
retrocommissioning (RCx),
186
systems using preheat or reheat,
177
thermal energy storage (TES),
184–186
Heating and cooling, management of,
125
air distribution systems, description of,
157–161
passive and active beam systems,
160–161
analyzing heating and cooling loads in buildings,
148–154
building simulation software,
153–154
human comfort and health, requirements for,
130–133
Heating and cooling loads in buildings, analyzing,
148–154
building simulation software,
153–154
Heating degree-days (HDDs),
53,
151
Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF),
99
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps,
196
Hot water and water pumping,
247–251
Hours use of demand (HUOD),
120–121
Human comfort and health, requirements for,
130–133
I
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA),
193,
193–194
clean luminaires to increase,
212
establishing the basis for an ongoing program,
379–385
energy efficiency, planning new facilities for,
380–384
energy management assessments,
372–374
monitoring, targeting, and reporting,
378–379
Uniform Methods Project,
372
prioritizing and implementing projects,
57,
361–364
60W incandescent A-19 lamp,
203
India
Industrial Assessment Center (IAC),
114
Inefficiency
aggregate impact of,
109t
Inexhaustible energy resource,
14
Initiation and planning phase,
47–50
institutional barriers, addressing,
49–50
management commitment, importance of,
47
Institutional barriers, addressing,
49–50
R-13 fiberglass insulation,
305f
Integrated building systems,
283
building envelope design considerations,
296–307
heat gains, reduction of,
307
reduction of building heat losses,
302–307
environmental conformation,
286–288
Green buildings and LEED certification,
327–330
integration of building systems,
308–316
passive design considerations,
288–296
Internal rate of return (IRR),
346–349
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC),
154,
194
International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) reports
options for estimating savings,
371–372
savings verification process,
371
J
Jet impingement heating,
254
K
L
Leadership in Energy Efficient Design (LEED) building certification,
327–330
Leaks
ballasts, disconnecting,
200
clean luminaires to increase illumination,
212
energy awareness program, creating,
213
improving lighting controls,
205–208
most efficient light source, use of,
203–205
room color and reflectivity, improving,
212–213
use of efficient lenses to reduce losses,
212
energy management principles for,
189–190
controls, optimizing,
189
operation and maintenance, improving,
190
use of passive concepts,
190
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs),
197–198
regulations, codes and standards,
194–195
Lighting power budgets,
194
Lighting power densities,
194
Liquefied natural gas (LNG),
225–226
Lizard, desert side-blotch,
286
Load management,
Low-cost savings, demonstrating,
361–362
M
Maintenance measures,
111
Management commitment, importance of,
47
Material quality selection,
42
Measurement, verification, and reporting,
367–379
energy management assessments,
372–374
monitoring, targeting, and reporting,
378–379
Uniform Methods Project,
372
Measurements and field audits,
82
Medium voltage power,
73–76
Mezzanine storage area lamp,
208f
Monitoring, targeting, and reporting (MT&R),
378–379
N
National Electrical Codes,
194
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA),
263
combustion efficiency for,
243t
Net exhaust gas temperature,
243
Nonenergy benefits of energy management,
29–31,
30t
Non-flow availability,
100
O
Occupancy and energy use,
288
Oil embargo of 1973, ,
4–5, ,
Oil production, in the United States,
14
Onsite generation capacity,
318
Operation and maintenance,
38t,
39
Organization chart, of energy management,
48f
Overall heat transfer coefficient,
296
Oxygen
standard properties of,
240
P
Passenger vehicle transportation energy use, changes in,
221
Passive and active beam systems,
160–161
Passive concepts, using,
129
nest configuration by desert rodents,
291
Peak demand
controlling in integrated building systems,
316–318
Personnel
informing, training, and motivating,
57,
364–366
Planning for energy management,
45,
46t
audit and analysis phase,
50–56
energy and economic analyses,
56,
95,
331
implementation and continuous assessment phase,
56–58,
359,
360t
prioritizing and implementing projects,
57,
361–364
initiation and planning phase,
47–50
institutional barriers, addressing,
49–50
management commitment, importance of,
47
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle,
224
Policies and programs, for energy management,
25t
Policy and regulatory matters,
24–28
Preheat/reheat, systems using,
177
Preheating combustion air and feedwater, waste heat for,
244
Present worth analysis and net present value,
343–345,
344t
Pressure reducing valves, eliminate,
250
Principles of energy management,
35,
38t
aggregation of energy uses,
42
cascade of energy uses,
43–44
economic evaluation,
40,
331
energy conversion and energy storage,
44
historical data, reviewing,
39,
51–56
material quality selection,
42
more efficient equipment,
40
more efficient processes,
40–41
operation and maintenance,
39
Prioritizing and implementing projects,
57,
361–364
Process energy management,
229
electric motors and drives,
262–265
conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy,
263–264
energy management opportunities with motors,
264–265
variable speed drives (VSDs),
264
electroforming, electrochemical machining,
270
energy management opportunities in electrolytic processes,
270
potential savings and benchmarking,
235–236
agriculture and food processes,
277–279
energy storage for process industries,
279–280
burner maintenance procedures,
243–244
combustion monitoring equipment,
243
direct- and indirect-fired furnaces and ovens,
251–256
electric heat applications,
256–260
energy management opportunities with process heat,
252t
fuel quality and excess air,
239–242
hot water and water pumping,
247–251
preheating combustion air and feedwater, waste heat for,
244
steam generation and distribution,
244–246
refrigeration and process cooling,
265–268
transformers and electrical distribution systems,
260–262
three-phase AC circuits,
260
Q
R
Reactive power, reactive load,
121–122
Real time pricing (RTP),
61
Refrigeration and process cooling,
265–268
ammonia refrigeration systems,
266
measures of efficiency of,
103
Retrocommissioning (RCx),
186
Return on Investment (ROI),
340t
Rotary regenerative unit,
181
S
building simulation and system modeling,
114–115
unitary air conditioner replacement,
113–114
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER),
99
Second law efficiencies,
95
for single-source-single output devices,
102t
Sector, energy use by,
17
world fossil fuel resources,
19–21
Simulation and system modeling, building,
114–115
simulation programs, building,
81
efficient processes and equipment,
166
vapor absorption cycle,
140
Steam boiler, measures of efficiency of,
101
Steam generation and distribution,
244–246
Supply constraints,
18–23
T
Tankless water heater,
248f
Task energy use
Taxes and escalation, effect of,
354–357
Thermal energy storage (TES),
184–186
Three-Mile Island accident,
14,
14–15
Three-phase AC circuits,
260
Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami (2011),
15
energy management opportunities,
224–226
fuel efficiency, recent trends in,
221–223
greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles,
223–224
vehicle electrification,
224
U
Uniform Methods Project,
372
Unitary air conditioner replacement,
113–114
United Kingdom, energy use in,
229–230
United States, energy use in,
229–230
Units and conversion factors,
391
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC),
327
Utility rates and programs,
59
coal and fuel oil rates,
64
energy management opportunities,
65
for electricity charges,
63
V
Vapor absorption cycle,
140
Variable refrigerant flow system,
137–138
Variable speed control, of fans,
143–144
Variable speed drives (VSDs),
165,
264
Vehicle electrification and emissions reduction,
224
W
Water-cooled systems,
148
Wind tower, passive cooling with,
290
Window air conditioner, measures of efficiency of,
99
World energy resources,
19
World fossil fuel resources,
19–21
World Green Building Council,
327
Z