Figure 1.1 | Average historic oil prices | 2 |
Figure 1.2 | Global temperatures and CO2 concentration 1880–2014 | 11 |
Figure 2.1 | Ultimate world production of crude oil | 20 |
Figure 3.1 | Heat recovery using an air preheater | 41 |
Figure 3.2 | Flow diagram of mine air heating and compressor cooling cycle | 43 |
Figure 4.1 | Energy management organization chart | 48 |
Figure 4.2 | Interdepartmental energy conservation committee city of Los Angeles | 49 |
Figure 4.3 | Historical energy use, XYZ industries | 52 |
Figure 4.4 | Energy use per capita | 54 |
Figure 5.1 | Examples of utility programs | 66 |
Figure 6.1 | Schematic site for energy audit concept development | 70 |
Figure 6.2 | Flowchart of building and site audit data appraisal process | 74 |
Figure 6.3 | Site audit methodology | 75 |
Figure 6.4 | Site audit: electrical systems | 75 |
Figure 6.5 | Site audit: steam | 77 |
Figure 6.6 | Site audit: water systems | 77 |
Figure 6.7 | Site audit: summary sheet | 78 |
Figure 6.8 | Area energy audit summary | 79 |
Figure 6.9 | Building audit methodology | 80 |
Figure 6.10 | Basic energy audit instrumentation | 82 |
Figure 6.11 | Simple building audit form | 84 |
Figure 6.12 | Building profile data sheet | 86 |
Figure 6.13 | Building summary sheet example | 87 |
Figure 7.1 | Pumping process showing losses | 106 |
Figure 7.2 | A pumping example in an integrated process plant | 108 |
Figure 7.3 | Digital kWh meter | 116 |
Figure 7.4 | Steel mill daily load curves | 119 |
Figure 8.1 | Psychometric chart | 132 |
Figure 8.2 | Components of a typical central HVAC plant | 134 |
Figure 8.3 | Vapor compression refrigeration cycle | 136 |
Figure 8.4 | Evaporative systems | 141 |
Figure 8.5 | Electric infrared radiant heater | 141 |
Figure 8.6 | Fan power comparison for various types of part load controls | 144 |
Figure 8.7 | Typical fan performance curve | 145 |
Figure 8.8 | Typical centrifugal pump curves | 147 |
Figure 8.9 | Induced draft cooling tower sketch | 148 |
Figure 8.10 | Demand profile for rooftop air conditioning | 150 |
Figure 8.11 | Terminal reheat system | 157 |
Figure 8.12 | Dual duct system | 158 |
Figure 8.13 | Multi-zone system | 159 |
Figure 8.14 | Variable air volume system (VAV) | 160 |
Figure 8.15 | Illustration of energy savings potential of demand-controlled ventilation relative to fixed ventilation in an office building | 183 |
Figure 8.16 | Comparison of electrical demand profiles for the Miami hospital scenarios (a) and Miami office Building scenarios (b) | 185 |
Figure 9.1 | Decorative landscape lighting | 191 |
Figure 9.2 | LED garden lighting | 191 |
Figure 9.3 | Halogen (top) and LED (bottom) R-20 lamps | 205 |
Figure 9.4 | Combination light and occupancy sensing light switch | 207 |
Figure 9.5 | Mezzanine storage area lamp | 208 |
Figure 10.1 | Adjusted fuel economy and CO2 production | 222 |
Figure 11.1 | Models for heat loss calculation | 237 |
Figure 11.2 | Combustion process schematic | 240 |
Figure 11.3 | Relationship between boiler heat loss and excess air | 242 |
Figure 11.4 | Heat loss from steam leaks | 245 |
Figure 11.5 | Heat loss from bare steam lines | 245 |
Figure 11.6 | A tankless water heater | 248 |
Figure 11.7 | Demand profile for a 100-hp air compressor in candy packaging plant | 271 |
Figure 11.8 | Air compressor | 273 |
Figure 11.9 | Computer numerical controlled (CNC) lathe | 276 |
Figure 12.1 | Passive design techniques used by Native American cave dwellers | 289 |
Figure 12.2 | Use of a wind tower to cool buildings | 291 |
Figure 12.3 | Site of kangaroo rat burrow | 292 |
Figure 12.4 | Kangaroo rats use of underground burrows to moderate seasonal temperatures | 293 |
Figure 12.5 | Sketch of desert rodent nest | 294 |
Figure 12.6 | Termite air conditioning | 295 |
Figure 12.7 | R-13 fiberglass insulation | 305 |
Figure 12.8 | Ceiling insulation blankets | 305 |
Figure 12.9 | Building energy management opportunities | 314 |
Figure 12.10 | Solar canopy for shade and electricity generation | 315 |
Figure 12.11 | Typical computer data center | 316 |
Figure 13.1 | 7.5 kW (10 hp) Electric motor | 334 |
Figure 13.2 | Break-even analysis example | 338 |
Figure 13.3 | Investment per annual dollar saved | 351 |
Figure 14.1 | Energy tracking in a large department store | 368 |
Figure 14.2 | Comparison of energy management assessment results for two facilities | 374 |
Figure 14.3 | Comparison of pre- and postimplementation data using regression analysis | 376 |
Figure 14.4 | A CUSUM chart shows accumulation of energy savings over time | 377 |
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