Contents

 About the Authors

 About the Technical Reviewers

 Acknowledgments

images Chapter 1: Overview of Oracle RAC

High Availability and Scalability

What Is High Availability?

Database Scalability

Oracle RAC

Database Clustering Architecture

RAC Architecture

Hardware Requirements for RAC

RAC Components

Oracle RAC: Cache Fusion

RAC Background Processes

Achieving the Benefits of Oracle RAC

High AvailabilityAgainst Unplanned Downtime

High Availability Against Planned Downtime

Oracle RAC One Node to Achieve HA

RAC Scalability

Consolidating Database Services with Oracle RAC

Considerations for Deploying RAC

Cost of Ownership

High Availability Considerations

Scalability Considerations

RAC or Not

Summary

images Chapter 2: Clusterware Stack Management and Troubleshooting

Clusterware 12cR1 and Its Components

Storage Components of Oracle Clusterware

Clusterware Software Stack

Clusterware Startup Sequence

ASM and Clusterware: Which One is Started First?

Clusterware Management

Clusterware Management Tools and Utilities

Start Up and Stop Clusterware

Managing Oracle Clusterware

Managing OCR and the Voting Disk

Managing CRS Resources

Adding and Removing Cluster Nodes

Troubleshooting common Clusterware Stack Start-Up Failures

Diagnose, Debug, Trace Clusterware and RAC Issues

Debugging Clusterware Components and Resources

Grid Infrastructure Component Directory Structure

Oracle Clusterware Troubleshooting - Tools and Utilities

CHM

Summary

images Chapter 3: RAC Operational Practices

Workload Management

Services

Service Metrics

Load Balancing Goals

Runtime Failover

Service in Second Network

Guidelines for Services

SCAN and SCAN Listeners

SCAN Listener in Second Network (12c)

Guidelines for SCAN Listeners

Global Database Services (12c)

Failover in RAC

TAF

Fast Connection Failover

WebLogic Active GridLink

Transaction Guard (12c)

Application Continuity (12c)

Policy-Managed Databases

Temporary Tablespaces

Massive Data Changes

Performance Metrics Collection

Parameter File Management

Password File Management

Managing Databases and Instances

Managing VIPs, Listeners

Miscellaneous Topics

Process Priority

Memory Starvation

SGA size

Filesystem Caching

Summary

images Chapter 4: New Features in RAC 12c

Oracle Flex Clusters

Oracle Flex Cluster Architecture

Scalability and Availability of Flex Clusters

Configuring Flex Clusters

Flex ASM Architecture

Oracle Flex ASM Architecture

Flex ASM and Flex Clusters

Configuring Flex ASM

ASM Clients and Relocating

New ASM Storage Limits

Replacing ASM Disk in Disk Group

Scrubbing ASM Disk Groups and Files

Reading Data Evenly in ASM Disk Group

Measure and Tune Rebalance Operation

What-If Command Evaluation

PDBs on Oracle RAC

PDB Architecture Overview

PDBs on Oracle RAC

12cR1: Miscellaneous New Features for RAC

Public Networks for RAC: IPv6 Support Added

Global Data Services

Online Resource Attribute Modification

RAC 12cR1: Policy-Based Management and Administration

ASM Disk Group: Shared ASM Password File

Valid Node Checking: Restricting Service Registration

12cR1: Shared GNS

RAC 12cR1: Restricting Service Registration

Oracle ASM, ACFS, and ADVM: Improvements and New Features

NFS High Availability

12cR1: CHM Enhancements

Windows: Support for Oracle Home User

OUI: Enhancements and Improvements

12cR1: Installations/Upgrades—Running Scripts Automatically

12cR1: Introducing Application Continuity

Transaction Idempotence and Java Transaction Guard

Deprecated and Desupported Features

Summary

images Chapter 5: Storage and ASM Practices

Storage Architecture and Configuration for Oracle RAC

Storage Architecture and I/O for RAC

RAID Configuration

Storage Protocols

Multipath Device Configuration

Set Ownership of the Devices

ASM

ASM Instance

ASM Storage Structure

Manage ASM Using SQL Command and V$ASM Views

Store OCR and Voting Disk in ASM

Choose ASM for OCR and Voting Disk at GI Installation

Move OCR and Voting Disk Files to a New ASM Diskgroup

ACFS

Create ACFS

Create ACFS for Oracle RAC Home with ASMCA

Summary

images Chapter 6: Application Design Issues

Localized Inserts

Excessive TRUNCATE or DROP Statements

Sequence Cache

Freelists and ASSM

Excessive Commits

Long Pending Transactions

Localized Access

Small Table Updates

Index Design

Inefficient Execution Plan

Excessive Parallel Scans

Full Table Scans

Application Affinity

Pipes

Application Change Deployment

Summary

images Chapter 7: Managing and Optimizing a Complex RAC Environment

Shared vs. Non-Shared Oracle Homes

Server Pools

Types of Server Pools

System-Defined Server Pools

User-Defined Server Pools

Creating and Managing Server Pools

Planning and Designing RAC Databases

Policy-Managed Databases

Instance Caging

Small- vs. Large-Scale Cluster Setups

Split-Brain Scenarios and How to Avoid Them

Understanding, Debugging, and Preventing Node Evictions

Node Evictions—Synopsis and Overview

Extended Distance (Stretch) Clusters—Synopsis, Overview, and Best Practices

Extended Distance (Stretch) Clusters: Setup/Configuration Best Practices

Setup and Configuration—Learning the New Way of Things

OUI

Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 12c

RAC Installation and Setup—Considerations and Tips for OS Families: Linux, Solaris, and Windows

RAC Database Performance Tuning: A Quick n’ Easy Approach

The 3 A’s of Performance Tuning

Summary

images Chapter 8: Backup and Recovery in RAC

RMAN Synopsis

Media Management Layer

Online Backup and Recovery Prerequisites

Non-RAC vs. RAC Database

Shared Location for Redo and Archive Logs

Snapshot Control File Configuration

Multiple Channels Configuration for RAC

Parallelism in RAC

Instance/Crash Recovery in RAC

Real-World Examples

Manage RMAN with OEM Cloud Control 12c

OCR recovery

Summary

images Chapter 9: Network Practices

Types of Network

Network Layers

Protocols

VIPs

Subnetting

Cluster Interconnect

Jumbo Frames

Load Balancing and Failover

Kernel Parameters

Network Measurement Tools

GC Lost Block Issue

Configuring Network for Oracle RAC and Clusterware

Establishing IP Address and Name Resolution

Network Specification in Grid Infrastructure Installation

Network Configuration in Clusterware

Network Failover

Second Network

Summary

images Chapter 10: RAC Database Optimization

Introduction to Cache Fusion

Cache Fusion Processing

GRD

BL Resources and Locks

Performance Analysis

Analysis of the Receiving Side

RAC Wait Events

GC Current Block 2-Way/3-Way

GC CR Block 2-Way/3-Way

GC CR Grant 2-Way/Gc Current Grant 2-Way

GC CR Block Busy/GC Current Block Busy

GC CR Block Congested/GC Current Block Congested

Placeholder Wait Events

Sending-Side Analysis

Block Types Served

GCS Log Flush Sync

Defending LMS Process

GC Buffer Busy Acquire/Release

Unique Indexes

Table Blocks

DRM

Overview of DRM Processing

DRM Stages

GRD Freeze

Parameters

Changes in 12c

DRM and Undo

Troubleshooting DRM

AWR Reports and ADDM

ASH Reports

Summary

images Chapter 11: Locks and Deadlocks

Resources and Locks

SGA Memory Allocation

Resource Types

Lock Modes

Lock-Related Views

Pluggable Databases (12c)

Troubleshooting Locking Contention

Enqueue Contention

TX Enqueue Contention

TM Enqueue Contention

HW Enqueue Contention

DFS Lock Handle

SV Resources

CI Resources

DFS Lock Handle Summary

Library Cache Locks/Pins

Troubleshooting Library Cache Lock Contention

Enqueue Statistics

v$wait_chains

Hanganalyze

Deadlocks

LMD Trace File Analysis

Summary

images Chapter 12: Parallel Query in RAC

Overview

PX Execution in RAC

Placement of PX Servers

Measuring PX Traffic

PX and Cache Fusion

PEMS

Parallelism Features and RAC

Debugging PX Execution

Index Creation in RAC

Parallel DML in RAC

Concurrent Union Processing (12c)

Partition-Wise Join

Summary

images Chapter 13: Clusterware and Database Upgrades

Configuration

Pre-Upgrade Checklist

Initiating an Oracle Clusterware Upgrade

The Importance of the Rootupgrade.sh Script

Post-Upgrade Tasks

Clusterware Downgrade

Database Upgrade

Deploying Manual Database Upgrade

Post-Database Upgrade Steps

Database Upgrade Using the DBUA

DBUA Advantages

Database Downgrade

Summary

images Chapter 14: RAC One Node

The Big Picture

Upgrading to 11.2.0.2 or Higher

Deploying RAC One Node Binaries

Deploying a RAC One Node Database

Satisfying Prerequisites

Initiating DBCA’s Creation Process

Parameters Specific to RAC One Node

Managing RAC One Node Database

Verifying Configuration Details

Verifying the Online Relocation Status

Stop and Start the Database

Performing Online Database Relocation

Handling Unplanned Node and Cluster Reboots

Converting Between RAC One Node and Standard RAC

Scaling Up to Standard RAC

Scaling Down to RAC One Node

Managing RAC One Node with Cloud Control 12c

Database Relocation with Cloud Control 12c

Third-Party Cold Failover vs. RAC One Node

Summary

Index

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