One of the main objectives of functional programming is to implement modular programming. Side effects (a functional term, defined later in this chapter) are often sources of bugs; functional programming wants you to avoid side effects totally.

To achieve that, functional programming has defined the following types of functions:

• Lambda functions as property
• High order functions
• Pure functions
• Partial functions

In this section, we will discuss each of these concepts in order to get a solid grip on functional programming paradigms.

So, let's get started with lambda.