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Dedication
by M. Thirumaleshwar
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
Cover
Title page
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Author
Dedication
Preface
About Mathcad®
Nomenclature
Chapter 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
1.3 Applications of Heat Transfer
1.4 Fundamental Laws of Heat Transfer
1.5 Analogies with Other Transport Processes
1.6 Modes of Heat Transfer
1.6.1 Conduction
1.6.2 Convection
1.6.3 Radiation
1.6.4 Combined Heat Transfer Mechanism
1.7 Steady and Unsteady Heat Transfer
1.8 Heat Transfer in Boiling and Condensation
1.9 Mass Transfer
1.10 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 2. Fourier’s Law and Its Consequences
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
2.3 Thermal Conductivity of Materials
2.3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Solids
2.3.2 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
2.3.3 Thermal Conductivity of Gases
2.3.4 Insulation Systems
2.4 Concept of Thermal Resistance
2.4.1 Conduction
2.4.2 Convection
2.4.3 Radiation
2.4.4 Practical Applications of Thermal Resistance Concept
2.4.5 Limitations for the Use of Thermal Resistance Concept
2.5 Thermal Diffusivity (a)
2.6 Summary
Questions
Chapter 3. General Differential Equations for Heat Conduction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Differential Equation for Heat Conduction in Cartesian Coordinates
3.3 General Differential Equation for Heat Conduction in Cylindrical Coordinates
3.4 General Differential Equation for Heat Conduction in Spherical Coordinates
3.5 Boundary and Initial Conditions
3.5.1 Prescribed Temperatures at the Boundaries (B.C. of the First Kind)
3.5.2 Prescribed Heat Flux at the Boundaries (B.C. of the Second Kind)
3.5.3 Convection Boundary Condition (B.C. of the Third Kind)
3.5.4 Interface Boundary Condition (B.C. of the Fourth Kind)
3.6 Summary of Basic Equations
3.7 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 4. One-dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plane Slab
4.3 Heat Transfer through Composite Slabs
4.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U (W/(m2C))
4.5 Thermal Contact Resistance
4.6 Conduction with Variable Area
4.7 Cylindrical Systems
4.8 Composite Cylinders
4.9 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Cylindrical System
4.10 Spherical Systems
4.11 Composite Spheres
4.12 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Spherical System
4.13 Critical Thickness of Insulation
4.14 Optimum (or Economic) Thickness of Insulation
4.15 Effect of Variable Thermal Conductivity
4.15.1 Plane Slab with Variable Thermal Conductivity
4.15.2 Hollow Cylinder with Variable Thermal Conductivity
4.15.3 Hollow Sphere with Variable Thermal Conductivity
4.16 Two-dimensional Conduction—Shape Factor
4.17 Summary of Basic Conduction Relations
4.18 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 5. One-dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction with Heat Generation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plane Slab with Uniform Internal Heat Generation
5.2.1 Plane Slab with Uniform Internal Heat Generation— Both the Sides at the Same Temperature
5.2.2 Plane Slab with Uniform Internal Heat Generation— Two Sides at Different Temperatures
5.2.3 Plane Slab with Uniform Internal Heat Generation— One Face Perfectly Insulated
5.3 Cylinder with Uniform Internal Heat Generation
5.3.1 Solid Cylinder with Internal Heat Generation
5.3.2 Hollow Cylinder with Heat Generation
5.4 Sphere with Uniform Internal Heat Generation
5.4.1 Solid Sphere with Internal Heat Generation
5.4.2 Alternative Analysis
5.4.3 Analysis with Variable Thermal Conductivity
5.5 Applications
5.5.1 Dielectric Heating
5.5.2 Heat Transfer through a Piston Crown
5.5.3 Heat Transfer in Nuclear Fuel Rod (without cladding)
5.5.4 Heat Transfer in Nuclear Fuel Rod with Cladding
5.6 Summary of Basic Conduction Relations, with Heat Generation
5.7 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 6. Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fins of Uniform Cross Section (Rectangular or Circular)— Governing Differential Equation
6.2.1 Infinitely Long Fin
6.2.2 Fin of Finite Length with Insulated End
6.2.3 Fin of Finite Length Losing Heat from Its End by Convection
6.2.4 Fin of Finite Length with Specified Temperature at Its End
6.2.5 Summary of Fin Formulae
6.3 Fins of Non-uniform Cross section
6.4 Performance of Fins
6.4.1 Fin Efficiency
6.4.2 Fin Effectiveness (εf)
6.4.3 Thermal Resistance of a Fin
6.4.4 Total Surface Efficiency (or, Overall Surface Efficiency, or Area-weighted Fin Efficiency), ηt
6.5 Application of Fin Theory for Error Estimation in Temperature Measurement
6.6 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 7. Transient Heat Conduction
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Lumped System Analysis (Newtonian Heating or Cooling)
7.3 Criteria for Lumped System Analysis (Biot Number and Fourier Number)
7.4 Response Time of a Thermocouple
7.5 Mixed Boundary Condition
7.6 One-dimensional Transient Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders and Spheres when Biot Number > 0.1
7.6.1 One Term Approximation Solutions
7.6.2 Heisler and Grober Charts
7.7 One-dimensional Transient Conduction in Semi-infinite Solids
7.8 Transient Heat Conduction in Multi-dimensional Systems—Product Solution
7.8.1 Temperature Distribution in Transient Conduction in Multi-dimensional Systems
7.8.2 Heat Transfer in Transient Conduction in Multi-dimensional Systems
7.9 Summary of Basic Equations
7.10 Summary
Questions
Problems
Appendix
Chapter 8. Numerical Methods in Heat Conduction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Finite Difference Formulation from Differential Equations
8.3 One-dimensional, Steady State Heat Conduction in Cartesian Coordinates
8.4 Methods of Solving a System of Simultaneous, Algebraic Equations
8.5 One-dimensional, Steady State Conduction in Cylindrical Systems
8.6 One-dimensional, Steady State Conduction in Spherical Systems
8.7 Two-dimensional, Steady State Conduction in Cartesian Coordinates
8.8 Numerical Methods for Transient Heat Conduction
8.8.1 One-dimensional Transient Heat Conduction in a Plane Wall
8.8.2 Two-dimensional Transient Heat Conduction
8.9 Accuracy Considerations
8.10 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 9. Forced Convection
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Physical Mechanism of Forced Convection
9.3 Newton’s Law of Cooling and Heat Transfer Coefficient
9.4 Nusselt Number
9.5 Velocity Boundary Layer
9.6 Thermal Boundary Layer
9.7 Differential Equations for the Boundary Layer
9.7.1 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation for The Boundary Layer
9.7.2 Conservation of Momentum Equation for The Boundary Layer
9.7.3 Conservation of Energy Equation for The Boundary Layer
9.8 Methods to Determine Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
9.8.1 Dimensional Analysis
9.8.2 Exact Solutions of Boundary Layer Equations
9.8.3 Approximate Solutions of Boundary Layer Equations— Von Karman Integral Equations
9.8.4 Analogy Between Momentum and Heat Transfer
9.9 Flow Across Cylinders, Spheres and Other Bluff Shapes and Packed Beds
9.9.1 Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres
9.9.2 Flow Across Bluff Objects
9.9.3 Flow Through Packed Beds
9.9.4 Flow Across a Bank of Tubes
9.10 Flow Inside Tubes
9.10.1 Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layers for Flow in a Tube
9.10.2 Velocity Profile for Fully Developed, Steady, Laminar Flow
9.10.3 Heat Transfer Considerations in a Pipe
9.10.4 Fully Developed Laminar Flow Inside Pipes of Non-circular Cross-sections
9.10.5 Turbulent Flow Inside Pipes
9.11 Summary of Basic Equations for Forced Convection
9.12 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 10. Natural (or Free) Convection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physical Mechanism of Natural Convection
10.3 Dimensional Analysis of Natural Convection—Grashoff Number
10.4 Governing Equations and Solution by Integral Method
10.5 Empirical Relations For Natural Convection Over Surfaces and Enclosures
10.5.1 Vertical Plate at Constant Temperature, Ts
10.5.2 Vertical Cylinders at Constant Temperature, Ts
10.5.3 Vertical Plate with Constant Heat Flux
10.5.4 Horizontal Plate at Constant Temperature, Ts
10.5.5 Horizontal Plate with Constant Heat Flux
10.5.6 Horizontal Cylinder at Constant Temperature
10.5.7 Free Convection from Spheres
10.5.8 Free Convection from Rectangular Blocks and Short Cylinders
10.5.9 Simplified Equations for Air
10.5.10 Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces
10.5.11 Free Convection in Inclined Spaces
10.5.12 Natural Convection Inside Spherical Cavities
10.5.13 Natural Convection Inside Concentric Cylinders and Spheres
10.5.14 Natural Convection in Turbine Rotors, Rotating Cylinders, Disks and Spheres
10.5.15 Natural Convection from Finned Surfaces
10.6 Comprehensive Correlations from Russian Literature
10.7 Combined Natural and Forced Convection
10.7 Summary of Basic Equations for Natural Convection
10.8 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 11. Boiling and Condensation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Dimensionless Parameters in Boiling and Condensation
11.3 Boiling Heat Transfer
11.3.1 Boiling and Evaporation
11.3.2 Boiling Modes
11.3.3 Origin and Growth of Bubbles
11.3.4 Boiling Regimes and Boiling Curve
11.3.5 Burnout Phenomenon
11.3.6 Heat Transfer Correlations for Pool Boiling
11.3.7 Simplified Correlations for Boiling with Water
11.3.8 Flow Boiling
11.4 Condensation Heat Transfer
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Film Condensation and Flow Regimes
11.4.3 Nusselt’s Theory for Laminar Film Condensation on Vertical Plates
11.4.4 Film Condensation on Inclined Plates, Vertical Tubes, Horizontal Tubes and Spheres, and Horizontal Tube Banks
11.4.5 Effect of Vapour Velocity, Nature of Condensing Surface and Non-condensable Gases
11.4.6 Simplified Calculations for Water
11.4.7 Film Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes
11.4.8 Drop-wise Condensation
11.5 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 12. Heat Exchangers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Heat Exchangers
12.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
12.4 The LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis
12.4.1 Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger
12.4.2 Counter-flow Heat Exchanger
12.5 Correction Factors for Multi-pass and Cross-flow Heat Exchangers
12.6 The Effectiveness-NTU Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis
12.6.1 Effectiveness-NTU Relation for a Parallel-flow Heat Exchanger
12.6.2 Effectiveness-NTU Relation for a Counter-flow Heat Exchanger
12.7 The Operating-line/Equilibrium-line Method
12.8 Compact Heat Exchangers
12.9 Hydro-mechanical Design of Heat Exchangers
12.10 Summary
Questions
Problems
Appendix
Chapter 13. Radiation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Properties and Definitions
13.3 Laws of Black Body Radiation
13.3.1 Planck’s Law for Spectral Distribution
13.3.2 Wein’s Displacement Law
13.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
13.3.4 Radiation from a Wave Band
13.3.5 Relation between Radiation Intensity and Emissive Power
13.3.6 Emissivity, Real Surface and Grey Surface
13.3.7 Kirchhoff’s Law
13.4 The View Factor and Radiation Energy Exchange between Black Bodies
13.5 Properties of View Factor and View Factor Algebra
13.6 Methods of Determining View Factors
13.6.1 By Direct Integration
13.6.2 By Analytical Formulas and Graphs
13.6.3 By Use of View Factor Algebra
13.6.4 By Graphical Techniques
13.7 Radiation Heat Exchange between Grey Surfaces
13.7.1 Radiation Exchange between Small, Grey Surfaces
13.7.2 The Electrical Network Method
13.7.3 Radiation Heat Exchange in Two-zone Enclosures
13.7.4 Radiation Heat Exchange in Three-zone Enclosures
13.7.5 Radiation Heat Exchange in Four-zone Enclosures
13.8 Radiation Shielding
13.9 Radiation Error in Temperature Measurement
13.10 Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient (hr)
13.11 Radiation from Gases, Vapours and Flames
13.11.1 Volumetric Absorption and Emissivity
13.11.2 Gaseous Emission and Absorption
13.12 Solar and Atmospheric Radiation
13.13 Summary
Questions
Problems
Chapter 14. Mass Transfer
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Concentrations, Velocities and Fluxes
14.2.1 Concentrations
14.2.2 Velocities
14.2.3 Fluxes
14.3 Fick’s Law of Diffusion
14.4 General Differential Equation for Diffusion in Stationary Media
14.5 Steady State Diffusion in Common Geometries
14.5.1 Steady State Diffusion Through a Plain Membrane
14.5.2 Steady State Diffusion through a Cylindrical Shell
14.5.3 Steady State Diffusion through a Spherical Shell
14.6 Equimolal Counter-diffusion in Gases
14.7 Steady State Uni-directional Diffusion—Diffusion of Water Vapour through Air
14.8 Steady-state Diffusion in Liquids
14.8.1 Steady-state Equimolal Counter-diffusion in Liquids
14.8.2 Steady-state Uni-directional Diffusion in Liquids
14.9 Transient Mass Diffusion in Semi-infinite, Stationary Medium
14.10 Transient Mass Diffusion in Common Geometries
14.11 Mass Transfer Coefficient
14.12 Convective Mass Transfer
14.13 Reynolds and Colburn Analogies for Mass Transfer
14.14 Summary
Questions
Problems
Appendix
Bibliography
Copyright
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