Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, and t indicate tables.
A
Acoustic current meter 162
modes of operation 165–167
Acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) 163–165
Acoustic Waves and Currents (AWAC) 180
Albedo 8
Alternating current (AC) 12–14
Amphidrome 57–58
Amphidromic points 51
Annual Energy Yield (AEY) 135
Arrays 73
Attenuator 125
B
Backward difference 202
tidal range 76–81
Bathymetry data 197
Bias 216–217
power output 101–104
probability density function 100–101
Weibull distribution 100–101
Blue Kenue 218–219
C
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) 9
Carnot heat engine 149–150
Cauchy’s first law of motion 35
Central difference 203
Chapman boundary condition 212
Clamped elevation 212
Clamped normal velocity 212
albedo 8
global warming 8
greenhouse gases 8
Milankovitch cycles 7
radiation balance 7
solar radiation 7
Closure problem 210–211
Coastline data 196–197
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 220–221
Constraints 245
Control variables 238
horizontal axis turbine 74
Conventional fossil fuel-based energy 276
centripetal acceleration 55–57
rotating frame, equations of motion in 56–57
unit vectors 56
Correlation coefficient 216
Cotidal chart 51
Counter-rotating eddy systems 304–305
Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition 198–200
D
Damping force 129
Decision variables 244
Device spacing 254
Direct current (DC) 12–14
Dirichlet boundary conditions 211
Discretization 201–202
nonlinear 120
Dynamic viscosity 37
E
equilibrium tidal model 48–50
tide generating forces 47–49
Edison Electric Light Station 12–14
Einstein convention 32–33
dispatchable 15–16
inertia 16–17
interconnectors 18
levelized cost of energy 18–20
predictable 15
reliable 15
EMODnet 189–190
consumption 1–4
definition 25–26
orders of magnitude 27t
unit 26
Equilibrium tidal model 48–50
Euler equations 36–37
Eulerian context 171–172
Exner equation 296–300
Exponential wave growth 213–214
F
Finite difference method 202–204
Finite element method (FEM) 204–207
Finite volume method (FVM) 207–209
Flash evaporator 148
Flather 212
Force 26
Forward difference 202
Friction coefficients 288
G
Gauss’s theorem 33–35
Geostrophic wind 92–93
Global Drifter Programme 173
Human Development Index 1–4
Gorlov Helical Turbine 70
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) 8
H
HDI See Human Development Index (HDI)
damping force 133–134
hydrostatic force 134
inertia force 134
linear wave theory 133–134
Hendry Review 23–25
HF radar system 182
high water 51
hydrodynamics of 73–76
anemometer 87
blades 87
brake 88
components 87–88
controller 88
gear box 88
generator 88
high-speed shaft 88
low-speed shaft 88
nacelle 88
pitch system 88
rotor 88
tower 88
wind direction 88
yaw drive 88
yaw motor 88
Human Development Index (HDI) 1–4
optimization 265
simulation 264
Einstein convention 32–33
indicial notation 32–33
Euler equations 36–37
fluid viscosity 37
Leibnitz’s rule 38–43
turbulent flows 37
3D velocity vector 31–32
vector notation 31–32
Hydrostatic equation law 40
I
Ice-albedo feedback 8
Independent variables 238
Inequality constraint 240
combined tidal range-tidal stream phasing 260
tidal range phasing 257–259
Interconnectors 18
International Energy Agency 18–19
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) 146
constraints 245
decision variables 244
objective functions 244–245
solution techniques 245
wake effect 243–244
interdevice spacing 245–248
turbine blockage 248–250
device spacing 254
Park effect 250–252
size of devices 254
total power output and variance 254f
J
Joule 26
K
Kuroshio Current 142
L
Lagoons 304–305
ebb generation 79f
Lagrangian drifters 171–173
Lagrangian framework 171–172
Laminar flow, shear stress 37
Langdon sand bank 301–304
Laplace operator 33
Leibnitz’s rule 38–43
Linear dispersion equation 120
assumptions 109
Euler equations 109
irrotational flow 109–110
Laplace equation 109–110
potential flow 109
potential function 109–111
sinusoidal progressive wave 110–111
vorticity 109
Local optimum 240–241
M
Macro-siting 242–243
Magnetic flow meters 162
Manning coefficient 64–65
Manning’s equation 42
maps/data 105–106
permitting 294
Mass balance equation 33
Mass-spring-damper equation 128–129
Matlab 217–218
Mean error See Bias
Mean high water neap (MHWN) 60–61
Mean low water neap (MLWN) 60–61
Micro-siting 243
Milankovitch cycles 7
Momentum sink approach 290
Multibeam echo sounder 186–187
Multiple ocean renewable energy 272–276
N
Natal Pulses 143
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 20
Euler equations 36–37
fluid viscosity 37
Leibnitz’s rule 38–43
turbulent flows 37
Neumann boundary conditions 211
Newton’s second law of motion 57–58
Newton’s viscosity law 37
Miche’s formula 119–120
wave breaking 118–120
Nonlinear wave-wave interactions 214–215
O
Aquantis 2.5MW C-Plane device 145
environmental impacts 145–146
Kuroshio Current 142
Kuroshio power plant 145
Minesto 500kW Deep Green technology 145
Natal Pulses 143
technical resource 145
Ocean Energy Council 141–142
Ocean Energy Europe 23–25
Ocean Energy Forum 23–25
Ocean modelling 193
bathymetry data 197
Blue Kenue 218–219
coastline data 196–197
computational fluid dynamics 220–221
discretization 201–202
finite difference method 202–204
finite element method 204–207
finite volume method 207–209
horizontal mesh 194
Matlab 217–218
staggered grids 200–201
supercomputing 219–220
boundary conditions 211–212
split time 212
turbulence closure 210–211
vertical coordinate system 195
bias 216–217
correlation coefficient 216
dissipation 214
Galway Bay (Ireland) 221–225
nonlinear wave-wave interactions 214–215
phase-averaged 213
root mean squared error 216
scatter index 216
wind input 213–214
long timescale changes 276–277
tidal range 280–283
tidal stream 283–285
wave 279–280
wind 277–279
project development 292–294
sediment dynamics and morphodynamics 294
offshore sand banks 300–304
tidal symmetry 295–300
temporal variability 272–276
tidal energy extraction 289–291
tidal lagoons 304–305
wave resource assessment 291–292
wave tide interaction 285
tidal currents on wave energy 286–288
waves on tidal energy 288–289
environmental impacts 152
open cycle 148
power plants, benefits of 152
thermodynamics 149–150
Odd-even decoupling 200–201
Offshore sand banks 300–304
components 87–88
marine spatial planning 104–106
micro-siting 242–245
power output 101–104
1D cross-shore wave model 291
Open cycle gas turbine (OCGT) 15–16
Open cycle OTEC 148
Optimization 237
dynamic optimization problems 238–239
HOMER 264–265
tidal range phasing 257–259
micro-siting, offshore wind 242–245
tidal energy converters 245–250
wave energy converter 250–254
iterative gradient techniques 241–242
mathematical formulation 239–241
wind-wave projects 261–264
Overtides 64–66
Overtopping devices 127
P
Paris Agreement 9–11
Park effect 250–252
Phase-averaged wave models 213
Potential flow theory 109–110
definition 25–26
unit 26–28
Power density, tides 66
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) 153–154
R
Range gating 166
Rayleigh criteria 168–169
Refraction 122
Remote sensing 180–181
HF radar 182
satellites 182–183
X-band radar 181
Resonance 53–54
Resource characterization 293
remote sensing 180–181
HF radar 182
satellites 182–183
X-band radar 181
boundary conditions 211–212
split time 212
turbulence closure 210–211
multibeam echo sounder 186–187
point sampling 185–188
RV Prince Madog 184–185
vertical profiling 185
bias 216–217
correlation coefficient 216
dissipation 214
Galway Bay (Ireland) 221–225
nonlinear wave-wave interactions 214–215
phase-averaged 213
root mean squared error 216
scatter index 216
wind input 213–214
Reversed electro dialysis (RED) 154
S
pressure retarded osmosis 153–154
reversed electro dialysis 154
technological challenges 154
Satellites, resource characterization 182–183
Scatter index 216
Secchi disk 187
atmospheric pressure 40
continuity equation 39
hydrostatic equation law 40
hydrostatic pressure 41
Leibnitz’s rule 38–43
Manning’s equation 42
momentum equation 40–41
shear-stress 41–42
vertical acceleration 40
wind shear stress 42–43
for laminar flow 37
shallow water equations 41–43
for turbulent flows 37
Solar radiation 7–8
Spring force 129
Staggered grids 200–201
Stilling-well 159–161
momentum flux 45
Supercomputing 219–220
Surface fields 197–198
Surface point absorbers 126
Swell waves 107
SWEs See Shallow water equations (SWEs)
Synchronization, grid inertia 16–17
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 183
System volume, in space 33–34
T
Taylor expansion 203–204
Third-generation wave model 213
Manning coefficient 64–65
Tidal currents 271–272
Tidal datums 61f
extraction 289–291
force 47–50
overtides 62–66
resonance 53–54
arrays 73
Tidal energy converters (TEC) 245–250
acoustic Doppler current profiler 165–170
acoustic Doppler velocimeter 163–165
boundary conditions 211–212
desk-based studies 157
magnetic flow meters 162
split time 212
turbulence closure 210–211
pressure 161
radar sensor 161
stilling-well gauges 159–161
tidal poles 159
arrays 73
Tidal symmetry 295–300
Tides 286
power density 66
velocity profile 66
Truncation error 203–204
T_TIDE 60
Navier–Stokes equations 37
shear stress 37
Turbulent kinetic energy 230–232
2D (spectral) wave models 291
U
UK National Grid 14
V
Vertical acceleration 40
Vertical coordinate system 195
forced 131–132
free 129–131
W
Wake effect 243–244
Snell’s law 122–123
directional characteristics 178–179
spectral characteristics 179–180
temporal characteristics 177–178
WaveCat device 291–292
Wave energy 279–280
maintenance 139
nonlinear waves 118–120
practical resource 139
survivability 139
technical resource 137–139
theoretical resource 137–139
wave power 112–113
attenuator 125
free vibration 129–131
heaving point absorber 133–135
mass-spring-damper 128–129
motions 128
oscillating water column 127
oscillating wave surge converters 126
overtopping devices 127
Wave power 112–113
for irregular waves 116–118
for monochromatic waves 286
Wave resource characterization 291–292
Acoustic Waves and Currents 180
bias 216–217
correlation coefficient 216
dissipation 214
Galway Bay (Ireland) 221–225
nonlinear wave-wave interactions 214–215
phase-averaged 213
pressure transducers 180
root mean squared error 216
scatter index 216
wave buoys 175–180
wind input 213–214
Wave tide interaction 285
tidal currents on wave energy 286–288
waves on tidal energy 288–289
Western boundary currents 142
defined 83
Wind fields 197–198
temporal variations 94
Wind-wave projects 261–264
X
X-band radar 181
Z
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