Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures.

• 3D printers, 41, 50, 50n3
• 501(c)3 status, 73
• 2600 (hacker publication), 32

• access and emancipation, 4–6, 8–11
• Acker, Kathy, 55
• Ada Initiative, 28
• affective connection to technology: among hackers, 10n34; class-based barriers to, 219; history of, 132; mastery as, 192; and open source communities, 224; and voluntaristic pursuits, 142
• affirmative action, 21n63
• Africa: Google’s involvement in, 177–78; technical participation in, 48
• African Americans: and “black nerd” figure, 34n7; blackness and black hackers, 38; and “electrical priesthood,” 38n28, 212; and intellectualism, 34n7; as lower-wage contract workers, 130n5; in open technology, 223, 223n139; and tinkering and inventing, 37, 212–15, 214n105; women’s employment among, 147n50
• Afrofuturism, 36–37, 177, 187–88, 215n110
• Afronet, 38n30
• Agbogbloshie (electronics dump site, Ghana), 173
• agency. see also freedom rhetoric: and gender identity, production of, 187n17; and hacking, 6, 9, 11; individual vs. social, 10; open technology as site for, 4, 238
• Ahmed, Sara: on decentering whiteness, 21; individuals’ diversity, 16; on justice vs. diversity, 179; on meaning of diversity, 17, 129; and “scary” issues, 146, 234; on solidarity with whiteness, 21n65
• Allied wartime efforts (in Great Britain and United States), 44
• “Ally Skills” workshops, 76
• alternative living and activist spaces, 41, 42
• Altman, Mitch, 161, 168, 169
• Amazon, 40
• Amrute, Sareeta, 175n81, 236
• Amsterdam group for women in hacking, 116–17
• anarchism, 52, 88–89n95, 173, 176
• Anderson, Chris, 165n51
• anonymity of participants and sites, 28–31, 29–30nn89–90, 30n92
• antisocial online behavior, 158–59, 224
• Appropriate Technology movement, 41, 113
• Arab American and Muslim hackers, 37n26, 215n108
• archiving discussion lists, 83
• argument by technology, 50
• artifactual production, 14, 49, 101–3, 124–25, 127, 231
• Asian stereotypes and diversity, 66–67, 67n50, 187–88, 216–17, 216n115
• Assange, Julian, 35, 152, 152n15, 212
• autonomist political movements, 113
• autonomous infrastructures, 113–14, 113n43, 125–26
• autonomy of users, 7–8

• backchannels, 81–86, 84n82
• Banet-Weiser, Sarah, 78
• Barlow, John Perry: Declaration of Independence of Cyberspace, 67, 151
• Bay Area counterculture, 210
• Beard, Mary, 47n74
• Beaulieu, Anne, 30n92
• Bell, David, 193
• Benkler, Yochai, 8–9
• Benner, Chris, 53n16
• Berg, Paul, 96n
• Bielefeld, Germany, 61
• Black Girls Code organization, 224n140. see also African Americans
• Black Lives Matter movement, 21. see also African Americans
• Black Panthers, 120
• bodily care routines, 207–8
• Borg, Anita, 45
• boyd, danah, 223n137
• Bratich, Jack, 119n57
• Brazil, FLOSS programmers in, 176
• “brogrammer” type, 36n19
• Bryant, Kimberly, 224n140
• Buechley, Leah, 103–4
• Burke, Tarana, 1n1
• Burning Man festival, 209–10
• Butler, Judith, 187

• cabal humor, 225n144
• capitalism, 142–43, 145, 147, 153, 180
• care: borders of, 17, 22, 102, 126–27, 182, 241; and care work, 21; defined, 5n9; and feminist hacking, 179; infrastructures of, 88; networks of, 127
• Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh), 44, 44n63
• case statements, 197
• Catalonia anarchist autonomous collective, 173
• Ceruzzi, Paul, 105–6
• Chakravartty, Paula, 170n66
• Chan, Anita, 131, 175
• Chaos Computer Club (Germany), 41
• Chua, Mel, 15–16, 19
• “cockblocked” term, 226, 226n146
• code and coding, 121, 122n68, 144n38, 150–51, 174–75
• codes of conduct (CoCs), 62–69, 63n41, 85–86, 93–94, 93n106
• Cold War, 181
• Coleman, Gabriella: on cabal humor, 225n144; on decision-making, 51n12, 225; on FLOSS, 9; on intersubjective experiences of hackers, 39–40; on political stances of hackers, 7, 43; on politics of hacking, 153; on project folklore, 113
• colonialism and decolonization, 170n66, 171–72, 176, 177, 181, 212
• “come as you are” ethos, 65
• communication rights, 157
• comparative optics, 25
• competitive behavior, 200, 200n58
• Compulsive Repurpose (artwork), 111–12, 112, 124
• computers, popular perceptions of, 35
• conferences, ritual elements at, 26. see also unconferences
• “confidence you can carry!” charity handbag campaign, 178n92
• consent, 88
• consumption: and DIY movement, 142, 153, 191; and market-related motivations for diversity, 129, 227; and reclaiming discarded machines, 115; and representation, 146, 189, 236
• cooperatives, worker-owned, 136–37
• corporate culture, 237
• cosplay, 83
• Coupland, Douglas, 33–34
• Cox, Alan, 58
• craft, 119n57. see also feminine craft practices
• Creative Commons, 122
• Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 155
• “critical making” concept, 102–3
• cryptodance event (Montréal, 2016), 96–102, 96n, 97, 100, 124
• Cuba, coding in, 174–75
• cultural sorting within STEM, 15, 21
• cyberfeminism, 45–47, 45n68, 46
• cyberlibertarianism, 126, 151, 153

• Dafermos, George, 132
• Dame, Avery, 209n91
• Damore, James, 47, 179
• Daniels, Jessie, 188
• Dash, Anil, 177
• Davies, Sarah, 6–7n14, 152, 153
• Debian (FLOSS operating system), 50n6, 51n12, 225, 225n144
• Debian Women, 190
• decolonization. see colonialism and decolonization
• “deep hanging out,” 25
• Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 161–65, 167–69, 182
• de la Peña, Carolyn, 188
• Delfanti, Alessandro, 48n84
• democratization of technology: and alternative perspectives, need for, 129; as continuum, 51n12; Feenberg on, 234n8; limits of, 242; in makerspaces, 41n45; and perceived benefits of hacking, 152; and technical expertise, 51, 92
• demystification of technology, 141
• Diffie-Hellman model of encryption, 98, 98–100
• digital utopianism, 120, 126
• distributed denial of service (DDoS), 77
• diversity: and corporate mandates, 179; framing of, 189–90, 189n25; in hackerspaces, 73–75; labor- and market-related motivations for, 129, 144–48, 227, 233; meaning of, 17, 19–21, 21n63, 129
• diversity advocacy in open-technology cultures: critical stance of, 127; goals of, 240; heterogeneity of, 133; and individual pursuit vs. communitarian ethos, 95; language of, 159–61, 180–81; limits and potential of, 4–5, 13, 16; material and symbolic dimensions of, 101–3; and moral framing of issues, 159–60; as multisited and multivocal, 24; overview of, 2–3; politics of, 154–61
• “Diversity in Tech …” presentation (PyCon, 2011), 194–99
• “diversity in tech” discourse, 4, 161
• diversity statements, 122–23
• DIY communities and interventions: and consumption, 142; emergence of, 59, 59n29; and feminine craft, 107–8; and masculinity, 153n17; of people of color, 119–20, 125; and structural social problems, 4, 15, 50n3
• DIY Drones (website), 165n51
• DIY floggers, 72, 72
• documentation and collation, 83
• “Does talking about differences …” session proposal (Washington, DC, 2012), 199, 199–201
• “Do I Have to Have a Beard?” slide, 58, 221, 222
• domestic space, 65, 212
• Donglegate (2013), 77–79
• dotcom boom, 40
• Douglas, Susan, 35–36, 211–12
• doxxing, 77
• Dream Corps, 18, 238
• Dreamwidth (software project), 121–26, 121n64, 123n70
• drones, 164, 165

• eco-camps, 177
• eco-feminism, 45
• Edwards, Paul, 181
• Eglash, Ron: on Afrofuturism, 36–37, 215n110; on geeks and nerds, 33–34, 207n83; on people of color and geek identity, 187–88, 215; on technical participation, 146
• “electrical priesthood,” 38n28, 212
• electronic bulletin board systems (BBS), 38n30
• Electronic Frontier Foundation, 176
• electronic mass actions, 152n11
• Eliot, George, 55
• elitism in hacker culture, 61–62, 65, 125, 242. see also technical expertise
• embodied relationships between people and technologies, 102
• empowerment, discourses of, 144, 144n38, 178
• English as programming language, 176, 218
• Eno, Brian, 34n7
• Ensmenger, Nathan, 35, 132
• Environmental concerns, 125, 172–73
• Estalella, Adolfo, 30n92
• Ethernet cables, 111–12, 112
• Etsy corporation, 117–18, 118
• Eubanks, Virginia, 21, 130, 143, 238–39
• Europe: EU policy report (2006), 53, 56; hackerspaces in, 41; Indian coders, 175n81, 236
• expertise. see mastery; technical expertise

• Facebook, 53n16, 149, 177, 240
• facial recognition software, 232, 232n3
• fan culture, 122
• Fanon, Frantz: Black Skin, White Masks, 173–74
• Feenberg, Andrew, 234n8
• feminine craft practices, 50n4, 103–12, 124, 153n17
• femininity: defining, 178, 178n92, 202; in queer spaces, 202–3, 206–7; in radicalized spaces, 201; and self-presentation, 184, 207–8, 217
• feminist hacking and hackerspaces: and care, 178–79; critique of, 154; and feminine craft, 108; and paid labor, 23; redefining hacking, 50n4; as safer spaces, 70; and social relations, focus on, 231
• feminist hacking convergence (Montréal, 2016), 142, 171, 176–77, 181
• feminist servers, 113, 124, 127
• flame wars, 52
• forking, 40, 40n40, 61, 77, 91, 126, 237n20
• Fouché, Rayvon, 37, 212
• Fox, Sarah, 50n4, 127n78
• Fraser, Nancy, 53n18, 101
• Free Basics service, 177
• free culture movements, 52, 52n15
• freedom rhetoric, 7–9, 11, 92, 154n21, 158–59n35. see also agency
• free/libre and open-source software (FLOSS): Benkler on, 8–9; in Brazil, 176; as communal, 6–7; and cyberfeminism, 46; defined, 6; discriminatory behavior observed within, 56–57, 57; and diversity advocacy, 7, 21n63; emergence of, 40–45; ethos of, 19, 50–51; freedom within, 8, 31; and free labor debate, 132; liberal ideals associated with, 226–27; motivations and ideals of, 3, 9, 24; vs. open source, 40–41; organizational structure of, 51; and personal growth, 175; as term, 2n4; “transcendent purpose” of, 10; transparency and privacy within, 31; voluntaristic ethos surrounding, 19, 130, 131; women in, 2–3
• Freeman, Jo, 51
• free speech, 52, 69, 87, 93, 93n106, 159

• Gajjala, Radhika, 38n31, 47
• Gamergate (2014), 46–47, 86
• Gates, Bill, 35
• Geek.com: “Lockheed Martin wants a fingertip-sized UAV in every soldier’s backpack,” 165n53
• Geek Feminism blog and wiki, 28, 83–84, 190
• geeks and geekhood. see also nerds and nerd culture: and capitalistic values, 47–48; as computer enthusiasts, 186; and countercultural selfhoods, 209; defined, 33–34; exclusivity of, 36, 62; history of, 34–35; vs. nerds, 193n39; status of, 35; and white masculinity, 37–38, 62n36, 187–88, 193, 201
• Gelber, Steven, 153n17
• gender (as identity category), 187, 187nn16–17. see also femininity; masculinity and technical competence; women
• gender essentialism, 194–202
• gender-fluid (or genderfuck) identity, 207
• genealogy, 24, 24n75
• German hackerspaces, 60, 61
• GitHub, 63–65, 67
• globalized capitalism, 19
• global justice movement (or anti-corporate-globalization movement), 152
• Global North: cyberfeminism in, 47; diversity advocates in, 20; hacking in, 5; origins of technologies in, 172; white women in, 220–21
• global positioning systems, 170–78
• Global South: allyship to women in, 221; capitalist interventions in, 47, 177–78; labor extracted from, 172–73
• GNU symbol, 194, 195, 199
• Golumbia, David, 151, 153–54, 179
• Google: corporate agenda on women in technology, 18–19, 18–19n57; and National Security Agency, 149; and Project Maven, 170; and PyCon, 184n2; reception for women in open technology (2013), 79, 81, 177–78; walkout (2018) at, 235, 235n12; work and leisure time at, 131–32
• The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC), 45, 45n66
• Gray, Herman, 226, 235–36
• Great Recession (2007–2008), 130
• Green, Venus, 147n50
• Grenzfurthner, Johannes, 59–62
• Guardian newspaper, 149
• Gusterson, Hugh, 182

• Hacker News, 63–64, 68–69, 77
• hackers and hacking: defined, 10n34; emergence of, 39–40; ethic of, 3–4; and hacktivism, 40–43, 41n45; and identity performance, 62; and masculinity, 191–92; origins of, 32; politics of, 152–53; religious-like devotion among, 6–7n14; and social relations, 231; and whiteness, 37–38, 191
• Hackers on Planet Earth (HOPE) conferences (New York), 54, 106, 161, 168–69, 182. see also individual workshops and panels
• hackerspaces: and challenges of finding spaces, 116–19; communicative practices within, 84; defined, 2n3, 6, 41, 41n45; and devotion of hackers, 6–7n14, 10–11; emergence of, 59–60; and exploration of self, 145; feminist, 50n4, 70, 75; freedom vs. collectivity within, 8; funding for, 42–43; and hacking as communal, 6–7; in high schools, 162; job training through, 140–41, 144; organizational structure of, 42–43, 42n51; overview, 2–3; separate spaces within, 70–73; versus makerspace, 60, 215
• “hacking hacked” dialectic, 48n84
• “hacking hacking,” 106, 112
• “Hacking the Gender Gap” exercise (HOPE conference, 2012), 57–59, 65
• “Hacking the Spaces” panel (HOPE conference, 2012), 59–62, 65
• hacklabs, 41, 41n45, 43n53
• HackMake (hackerspace), 72–76, 139–40, 165, 168
• hair color as geek signifier, 208–9, 208n87
• harassment issues. see antisocial online behavior; sexual harassment and assault
• Haraway, Donna: “A Cyborg Manifesto,” 127
• Harding, Sandra, 129, 176n85
• hardware, 120–21
• hardware and autonomy of infrastructure, 120–21
• Haring, Kristen, 212
• hazing, 65, 192
• Hidden Figures (film), 39n33
• Hill, Benjamin Mako, 90n98
• “hipsterism” (among Asian Americans), 187–88
• Hispanic. see Latinx
• Hollywood: and #OscarsSoWhite campaign, 21; sexual harassment in, 1
• hooks, bell, 179
• Hopper, Grace, 55
• HotWired, 40
• Huws, Ursula, 234

• identity categories and construction, 185–89, 211, 228, 236–37. see also representation issues; selfhood, exploration of
• Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 170
• impostor syndrome, 137, 147
• incarcerated people, 142, 157, 160–61
• inclusive environments, creating, 202–3
• India: coders from, 175n81, 236; education in, 218; Free Basics service in, 177
• indigenous people and knowledge, 38n28, 125, 181, 212
• individualism, 51, 95
• International Women’s Day virtual march (2007), 54–56
• “The Internet: A Series of Tubes” T-shirt, 54, 55
• “The Internet of Things, So Mom Can Understand” blog post, 198n55
• intersectionality, 19, 155, 219
• “Intersectionality: feminism and other social justice work in technology circles” (workshop at unconference, 2012), 155, 156
• “Invisible Queers” meeting (PyCon, 2011), 210, 210–11
• Irani, Lilly, 53n16
• IT work, 130, 130n5, 132, 143, 143, 146–47, 239

• Jackson, Steve, 53n16
• Jobs, Steve, 35
• Jones, Van, 18
• Jordan, Tim, 39, 150–51
• Joseph, Ralina, 21n65
• justice and diversity advocacy, 4, 147, 161, 179–80

• Kearny, Mary Celeste, 202
• Kelty, Christopher: on collective experience, 11, 145; on “domesticated” forms of open source, 127; on free software, 40, 121; on perspective of free-software proponents, 24; on “recursive public,” 101; on terminology, 41
• Kendall, Lori, 16n48, 29–30n89
• Khatchadourian, Raffi, 152n15
• “Kill your boss” workshop (unconference for women, 2012), 134–35, 135, 145
• Klinenberg, Eric: Palaces for the People, 53n16
• Kranzberg, Melvin, 153

• “laboratories of oligarchy,” 90n98
• labor issues, 20, 22, 34, 172–73
• land acknowledgments, 172
• lanyards indicating photography preferences, 79, 80
• Latin America, servers in, 114–15
• Latinx, 130n5, 223n139
• Latour, Bruno, 6n10
• leadership in open-technology culture, 90
• leaking and whistle-blowing, 149–50, 152, 152n15
• “lean in” feminism, 240
• leisure time and activities, 37, 41n45, 126, 131–32, 139, 152. see also tinkering and inventing
• LGBT. see queer, trans, and nonbinary people
• libertarianism, 52, 68n55, 151n8, 154, 176. see also cyberlibertarianism
• libraries, funding for, 163
• “likeability paradox,” 200–201, 208
• LilyPad Arduino kit, 103–5, 105, 108, 111
• LinuxChix, 190
• Linux operating system, 121
• LiveJournal (online platform), 121, 126
• Lockheed Martin, 165n53, 167
• Lovelace, Ada, 54
• low-income people. see rural and low-income people

• Make magazine, 161, 168, 191
• Maker Faire, 161, 165
• making and makerspaces, 41n45, 42n51, 102–3, 152–53
• maple seed UAV prototype, 165–67, 165n53, 166
• Marcus, George, 24n74
• market logics, 232–35
• Marvin, 212
• Marx, Leo, 11–12, 154
• masculinity and technical competence: and competitive displays, 66, 193, 200–201, 200n58; and geekiness, 36–37, 36n19, 62n36; and mastery, 192, 193; tinkering and leisure shaping, 35–36, 132; during World War II, 44
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 32, 167, 207
• mastery, 192, 192n33
• Maxigas, 43n53
• McGee, Art, 38n30
• McRobbie, Angela, 142–43
• Meetup (software company), 118
• meritocracy, 13, 13–14n42, 21n63, 225
• #MeToo movement, 1–2, 1n1, 230
• Mexican American low-rider car culture, 37
• Mexican maquiladoras, 104–5
• microlending, 178
• Microsoft, 170, 175, 204
• militarism, 181–82. see also Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
• Mills, Mara, 170n66
• Miltner, Kate, 78
• Mohamed, Ahmed, 37n26, 215n108
• Mohanty, Chandra, 176n86
• mothers, 21, 26n82
• Mujeres en Red (cyberfeminist web portal, Spain), 46
• multi-sited ethnography, 24n74
• Mutu, Wangechi: Uterine Catarrh, 173–74, 174
• mutualism, 51, 126
• Myerhoff, Barbara, 103

• Nafus, Dawn, 190
• Nakamura, Lisa, 67n50, 216–17
• “nannying” expression, 68, 68n55
• National Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT), 18
• National Science Foundation, 28n86
• National Security Agency (NSA), 149–50
• Nazism, 93–94, 93n106
• nerds and nerd culture, 33–34, 34n7, 62n36, 65–66, 68, 193n39. see also geeks and geekhood
• net neutrality, 54, 177
• networked computing, rise of, 39
• networked misogyny, 78
• “neutral tool” argument, 169
• New Communalism, 120
• New Hacker’s Dictionary, 33
• New Left movement, 51
• New York City, sponsored spaces in, 118–19
• Nguyen, Lilly, 38, 53n16
• Noble, David, 241n30
• No Code of Conduct (NCoC), 67–68
• Noisebridge (San Francisco), 42–43, 161
• “No More Rock Stars” blog post, 88–90
• nonbinary identities. see queer, trans, and nonbinary people
• nonmale gender, 3, 3n8. see also queer, trans, and nonbinary people
• nonnormative femininities, 206–7
• nonprofit organizations, 158–59n35
• North America: hackerspaces in, 41; weapons scientists in, 182
• Northrop Grumman (defense contractor), 42n51, 165
• NSA (National Security Agency), 149–50

• Oakland makerspace (California), 119–20, 142, 168, 211, 215
• Obama, Barack, 18, 18n54, 149
• objectivist philosophy, 151
• offensive speech, 93n106
• open source, 40–41, 47, 51–53, 122
• open technology and open-technology communities. see also diversity advocacy in open-technology cultures; free/libre and open-source software: core beliefs within, 10; defined, 2, 6; governance within, 94; leadership in, 90; political engagement within, 155–56; as refuge, 65
• #OscarsSoWhite campaign, 21, 230
• otherness, 178, 221–22
• “own hard” concept, 6, 6n12
• Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 33, 34n7

• Paulitz, Tanja, 190n26
• Peaches (performer), 55
• peer production organizational modes, 90n98
• Penning, Henk, 58
• people of color: allies to, 220, 221; Dream Corps on social justice and, 18; and feminist hacking convergence (2016), 181; geek identity limiting, 215; initiatives by, 125; lack of support for, 216; and Oakland makerspace, 119–20, 125, 142, 168, 211, 215; online spaces for, 27; as term, 119n58; tokenization of, 220n127; vulnerability of, 224
• Perl (programming language), 123, 126
• Peru, computing education in, 175–76
• phone phreaking, 32
• photography policies, 78–79, 80
• Piepmeier, Alison, 109
• pillowcase project, 107, 107
• pink collar work, 146–47, 239
• pink technology (marketing strategy), 202
• Poland: Python community in, 84–86, 93–94
• police, distrust of, 88–89n95
• “politics of communicability,” 82
• polymorphous engagement, 25
• Popular Electronics magazine, 212, 213
• “positive” and “negative liberty,” 154n21
• power dynamics: and activism, 177; and FLOSS, 176; and high-status coding, 175n81; and market logics, 234–35; and technological participation, 231–32; and technological solutions, 13
• privacy and safety issues, 78, 149–50, 152. see also photography policies
• Project Maven, 170
• “Protein Synthesis: An Epic on a Cellular Level” (Stanford University, 1971), 96n
• publics perspective, 23–24n70
• Puig de la Bellacasa, Maria, 5n9
• PyCon (Atlanta, 2011), 183–84, 184n2, 189, 194–97, 208
• PyCon (Santa Clara, 2012), 184n2
• PyCon (Santa Clara, 2013), 77–79, 184
• PyLadies and PyStar groups, 185, 190
• Python programming language community. see also PyCon: defined, 28n85; diversity advocacy in, 93, 128, 129; and labor markets, 240; Polish, 84–86, 93–94; as research site, 28; workshops for women in, 59, 133–34, 134, 138–39, 160, 229, 230
• Python Software Foundation (PSF), 43, 85

• Qiu, Jack, 20n61
• Quantified Self movement, 111
• queer, trans, and nonbinary people: corporate recognition of, 157; and freedom in hacker culture, 92; and gender diversity, redefining, 202–11; online spaces as archives for, 209n91; and separation between activism and open-technology fields, 157–58; and “women-only” hackerspace, 49n2

• Rabinbach, Anson, 34
• race and racism, 14n, 37, 78, 188, 212–13
• racial and ethnic groups and identities, 142–43, 147, 187–88. see also representation issues; specific racial identities
• radical politics and activism, 155–61, 180–81
• radical techies, 152n11
• radio amateurs (hams), 35–37, 186, 212–13, 213
• Radway, Janice, 111
• Rand, Ayn, 151, 151n8
• Ratto, Matt, 102–3
• Raymond, Eric, 40; “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” 192–93
• “read the fucking manual” (RTFM) norm, 192
• Reagle, Joseph, 52, 192
• “recursive public” concept, 101
• Red Pill forum, 66n49
• reflexivity (of researcher), 190n26
• Rentschler, Carrie, 82
• representation issues, 146, 226–28, 227n152, 235–39
• research methods and considerations, 23–31
• reuse and repair of discarded machines, 115–16, 125, 173
• riot grrrl practice of zine making, 111
• Riseup group, 113
• ritual communication, 124
• Rosner, Daniela, 127n78
• “rough consensus and running code” ethos, 50
• rural and low-income people, 38n28, 142–43, 212

• safer spaces, 70–71, 91
• Said, Edward, 171–72, 181, 181n101
• Sandberg, Sheryl, 240; Lean In, 7
• San Francisco unconference for women (2013), 138, 149
• “scary” issues, 234, 236, 240
• schools, military recruitment in, 162–64, 164
• science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), 5, 15, 21, 47, 162–65, 238
• “second wave” of programmers’ attitudes, 93
• segregation, 223n137, 228
• selfhood, exploration of, 145, 203–4, 229
• servers, 113n45. see also feminist servers
• sex toy hacking workshop, 72–76, 165, 191, 192n32
• sexual harassment and assault, 76–78, 88–89, 88–89n95
• sharing economy, 235
• Shaw, Aaron, 90n98
• Silicon Valley, 167, 210, 233, 239
• Slaton, Amy, 14n, 15, 21, 238
• small producer ethos, 113
• Snowden, Edward, 35, 149–50, 152, 179, 212
• social imaginary perspective, 23–24n70
• social infrastructure, 53n16
• social world perspective, 23–24
• Söderberg, Johan, 9, 48n84, 132, 180
• soft circuit designs, 106, 107, 169
• software and autonomy of infrastructure, 120–21
• software communities, 2–3, 2n3, 5–6
• Spertus, Ellen, 44
• squatter movements, 113
• Stallman, Richard, 40, 58
• Stein, Arlene, 30
• STEM. see science, technology, engineering, and math
• Sterne, Jonathan, 173
• Stevens, Ted, 54, 54nn20–21
• Strathern, Marilyn, 227n152
• Strauss, Anselm, 23–24, 24n75
• Streeter, Thomas, 224, 232
• structurelessness, 51, 52, 89
• subaltern counterpublics, 53n18, 101, 101n7, 103
• survivalist tropes, 168
• systemic inequity, 15, 21–22, 48
• Systers list, 44–45

• Takhteyev, Yuri, 176
• Tal, Kali, 38
• Tech Crunch: “40 Diverse People Who Made Big Moves in 2015,” 233
• tech industry, 24, 24n72
• technical cultures, homogeneity of, 16, 16n48
• technical expertise, 51, 89, 92, 125, 225–26. see also elitism in hacker culture; mastery
• technical sovereignty, 9
• technological emancipation, 4, 11
• technology: and artifactual production vs. social order, 14; control over, 38n28; degendering of, 45–46; and identity construction, 186; limits of, 239–40; Marx (Leo) on, 154, 237; overview of, 5–6; as progressive force, 12–13; stature of, 237; as term, 11–12
• Tech Workers Coalition, 235
• tension as productive force, 237
• tent (at feminist hacker event, Montréal), 70, 71
• The Mentor: “The Conscience of a Hacker,” 151
• tinkering and inventing, 36, 37, 186, 212, 242
• Tom Tomorrow, 164
• Tor Project, 86–89, 93
• Toupin, Sophie, 70
• transhumanism, 204
• trolling. see antisocial online behavior
• Tronto, Joan, 16–17
• truck, 54
• Trudeau, Justin, 18
• Trump, Donald, 1n2, 18
• trust and inclusivity, 91, 221
• Turing, Alan, 97
• Turkle, Sherry, 192, 192n33
• Turner, Fred, 132, 210
• “TV-B-Gone” remote control device, 161
• “tyranny of structurelessness” critique, 89

• Uber, 240
• Ubuntu Women, 190
• unconferences, 28, 76, 79, 137. see also specific unconferences by location
• unions, 147, 235
• US Department of Education statistics, 44
• US Department of Labor statistics, 143
• user-content platform, 137–38, 137–38n25

• “value-free” science, 129, 176n85
• Verizon company, 149
• Vietnamese hackers, 38
• voluntarism and voluntaristic communities, 19, 50, 146, 219, 224, 241

• Wajcman, Judy, 242n36
• Wales, Jimmy, 151, 151n8
• Wall, Larry, 58
• Wall Street, 36n19
• Washington, DC, unconference for women (2012), 106–7, 133–34, 137–38, 155–58, 199, 199–201
• weapons work, 182
• Weinstein, Harvey, 1
• weirdos, 210, 210–11, 211n95
• whisper networks, 89
• whistle-blowing. see leaking and whistle-blowing
• white feminism, 91, 176, 176n86, 219–20, 220n127
• White House policies on diversity, 18, 19
• white men and masculinity, 36–37, 67, 74–75, 159–60, 186
• whiteness, 27, 37–38, 67, 188, 211–15
• white race, study of, 67n51
• white savior narratives, 177–78
• Wikipedia, 41, 193
• Winner, Langdon, 53n16
• Wolfson, Todd, 113n45
• women. see also nonmale gender: and care work, 21; and coding clubhouse culture, 65–66, 196; as early computer operators, 35n14, 104–6; and “electrical priesthood,” 38n28; expectations affecting performance of, 195–96; in FLOSS development, 2–3, 3n7, 51; in hacking and computing, 43–48, 104–5, 127n78; as lower-wage contract workers, 130n5; in open source, 51, 53, 64; as pink collar workers, 146–47; in public sphere, 47n74; self-presentation choices of, 207–9, 216, 217; in STEM professions, 17–19; stereotypes of, 197–99; supportive workshops for, 137–38; visibility of, 184, 207–9; and “women in tech” discourse, 7; and workplace advancement, 135–36; in World War II, 44
• Womeninfreesoftware (electronic mailing list), 190, 194
• “women-only” spaces, 49n1
• Women’s Liberation Movement, 51
• World War II, 181
• Wynne, Brian, 228

• Yahoo!, 40

• zine-making event (San Francisco, 2014), 109, 109–11
• Zuckerberg, Mark, 35, 53n16, 177