The following are a few top-tier academic conferences with the latest algorithms:

• Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD)
• Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
• Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)
• International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)
• International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)
• International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp)
• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)

Some business conferences are as follows:

• O'Reilly Strata Conference
• The Strata + Hadoop World Conferences
• Predictive Analytics World
• MLconf

You can also check local meet-up groups.