3.3The discourse on gender in the new media

Discourse and gender studies have often identified asymmetric communication uses expressing (or intending to express) power, control and dominance of the speech of men over that of women (interruption is a good example).

Chats are a suitable type of interaction for the analysis of control and power in discourse, beginning, of course, by observing the activities of the conversation administrators (cf. Noblia 2000, 69); and, in relation to both (control and power), the study of samples of politeness and impoliteness (cf. Noblia 2001). They are equally a very interesting frame for studying specific variables, such as gender, because, among other things, the “male” and “female” identities are easily manipulated; also because sex as a subject matter has traditionally had a significant role in these online conversations. Noblia is an expert on the social functions and uses that are transmitted in communicative exchanges through chats and on the discursive construction of sexuality. According to her, anonymity is one of the chat features and has been one of the major interaction constraints. It is a key factor in establishing participant identity (cf. 2006, 182). In this context of lack of information about the participants in the interaction, nicknames are the first element for introducing themselves. Noblia says:

“El chat muestra que el discurso acerca del sexo, lejos de haberse silenciado, ha proliferado y se ha multiplicado […]. Sin embargo, como pudo verse a lo largo del trabajo, en esa incitación a hablar del sexo surgen estereotipos que forman parte de un imaginario que en el orden público se encuentra cuestionado y aparentemente superado” (2006, 193).98

Indeed, passive roles linked to women and active roles linked to men often appear. And this happens not only when it is men who write; also it is seen in women’s discourse (cf. Noblia 2006, 189).

Del-Teso-Craviotto (2006, 475s.) has also shown interest for the critical gender analysis in the dating-chats discourse. It should be noted that each participant may have different purposes when entering one of these chats: some people just want to chat and joke for a while, and others really expect to find a relationship. These different objectives influence the analysis which can be made of the exchange of messages, of course. Del-Teso-Craviotto (2008b, 253) mentions that it is essential to use different techniques for authenticating the counterpart. This same article points out that computer-mediated communication reproduces behaviors that also appear in face-to-face communication, such as the “symbolic” dominance of men over women, but she also mentions the fact that online environments have offered spaces to promote different gender identities.

Martínez-Lirola has analyzed the virtual interaction in Badoo, one of the most popular social networks, with millions of users, whose headquarters are located in London. One of her conclusions is that it is men who take the initiative to interact in Badoo, and in their interaction they exhibit the traditional gender stereotypes (they expect women to be sweet and affectionate, for example; cf. Martínez-Lirola 2012, 121).

The blog has also been studied in relation to gender. Sola Morales (2012, 817) has done so, addressing the representation of women in two blogs, Mujeres and En Femenino. One of her aims was to know whether digital media narratives offered a real alternative to the hegemonic discourse. She concludes that both blogs contain a predominant discourse focused on the victimization of women, and she calls for the development of alternative references that do not associate women with conflicting or negative situations (cf. Sola Morales 2012, 841).

3.4The discourse on poverty in the new media

The existence of a Latin American Network of Discourse Analysis of Poverty (Redlad) is an evidence of the great interest that the subject awakens in these countries. This network, comprising researchers from Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela and Uruguay, intends to respond to a social reality and to do so with CDA (cf. Pardo Abril 2010). Although, in this sense, the study of poverty through the discourses of the new media and social networks was not a priority, it is possible to find works of great interest. Among the authors thereof, Pardo Abril played a prominent role, particularly with her exploitation of the audiovisual documents posted on YouTube. In 2008, she analyzed the multimodal representation of poverty in the music video “La rutina” (Lukas Perro). And in 2012, she did the same with the video documentary “Los niños de Hollywood” (Ález Gómez and John J. Álvarez 2001). In the same year, Pardo Abril published a book entitled “Discurso en la Web: Pobreza en YouTube” [‘Discourse on the web: Poverty on YouTube’], which also involved two teachers with extensive experience in CDA and with great interest in the subject of poverty: Laura Pardo and Gabriela D’Angelo.

4Conclusions and Desiderata

After briefly describing the basics of CDA and its main theoretical and methodological proposals, we have highlighted, in these pages, the interest that the new media is arousing among those who offer a critical look at public discourses. This interest is particularly evident in the reconfiguration of speakers and recipients, and space, time and mode, and also in the social-cognitive structuring of communication. This reconfiguration process affects concepts such as “identity” and “authorship”, “expanded interlocution” and “exposed interlocution”, “continuity”, “availability” and “speed”, “convergence” and “multimodality”, “access” and “accessibility”, and “fragmentation” and “accumulation”. Spanish research has made interesting contributions to all of them, as well as to critical research regarding the Internet representation of socially relevant issues, such as migration processes, health, gender and poverty. However, there are still very few contributions of CDA to the study of the new Internet media, especially if compared to other linguistic areas.

In the immediate future, we can no doubt expect a significant increase in research in Spanish on digital communications from the CDA parameters and from discourse ethical analysis (cf. Orgad 2007). One interesting case, for example, is the reflection of the alleged modern society values crisis on computer-mediated communication (cf. Giroux 2011). The increase can be inferred, for instance, observing the programs of Symposia and International Conferences of Associations closely linked to social discourse studies. Cf., e. g., the program of the II Simposio Internacional de la Asociación EDiSo (Estudios sobre Discurso y Sociedad), held in June 2015 at the University of Coimbra. It included a specific panel entitled “Las nuevas tecnologías como límites para el discurso” [‘New technologies as limits on discourse’], coordinated by Manuel Alcántara and César Rendueles, and a free papers session about the Internet. Domestic violence, discrimination and the discourse of social and political movements are some of the topics that were treated (cf. <http://www.aediso.org>).

On the other hand, we should remember that critical approaches are constantly enriched from methodological and also theoretical points of view, always with the common idea of scientific-ethical commitment, of interdisciplinary studies, and of the linguistic-discursive basis. In this regard, we believe it is important to address complex research objects with complex and ambitious models. Moreover, on several occasions we have commented that CDA should also add the “action” (CCADA, Critical and Constructive Analysis of Discourse and Action). Naturally, we refer only to observing the adequacy / inadequacy between what is said (or not said) and what is done (or not done). This dimension allows, for instance, to study the degree of (un) fulfillment of the promises made by politicians at all levels.

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