Index
Absolute zero, 4
Acceleration, 170
angular, 179
due to gravity, 177
definition, 31
Air standard cycles, 35
Angle of static friction, 285
Angular momentum, 197
Angular motion, 179–81
Arches, 293
Archimedes’ principle, 130–31
Architecture of compression, 293
Area under a curve, calculation, 26
Astronauts, dynamic forces, 186
Atmospheric pressure, 18–19
Bar (unit), 6
Beams, 249–50
bending moment, 250–54
bending stress, 256–9
common sections, 250
deflection, 264–9
distributed loading, 218
flexural rigidity, 266
shear force, 250–54
superposition of loads, 268
Bending moment, 250–51
diagrams, 252–4
equations, 257
Bending stress, 256–9
general formula, 258
Bernoulli’s equation, 146–7
modified, 152–3
Boiler, steady flow energy equation, 59
Bow’s notation (for truss forces), 224–5
Brake power, 45
Brake specific fuel consumption, 46
Brake thermal efficiency, 47
Bridges, 293–4
Bridging gaps, 292–4
Built-in beams, 250
Buoyancy force See Upthrust
Buttresses, 293
with point load, 275
using, 275
Calorimeter, separating and throttling, 69–70
Carnot cycle, 34–5
coefficients of performance, 90
efficiency, 35
reversed, 89
steam, 78
Centigrade temperature scale, 8
Centre of buoyancy, 132
Centre of gravity, 214–15
composite bodies, 217
Centre of pressure, 125
Centripetal acceleration, 181
Centroid, 215–16
circular arc wire, 217
composite bodies, 217
hemisphere, 216
triangular area, 216
Characteristic gas equation, 17–18
Charles’ law, 14
Closed system, 17
Coefficient of kinetic friction, 283
Coefficient of performance, refrigeration plant, 90
Coefficient of restitution, 196
Coefficient of rolling resistance, 286
Coefficient of static friction, 283
Composite bars, temperature effects, 241
Compound members, 238
Compression ratio, 36
Compressive strain, 235
Compressive strength, 237
Compressive stress, 235
isentropic efficiency, 93
steady flow energy equation, 58
Condenser, steady flow energy equation, 59
Conservation of energy, flowing liquids, 145–7
Constant pressure (diesel) cycle, 39
Constant volume (Otto) cycle, 36
Continuity law, 140
Control volume, fluid flow, 160
Cosine rule, 208
Couple, 212
Cropping force, 243
d’Alembert’s principle, 198
d’Arcy’s equation, 156–7
Dashpot, 145
Deflection curve, 266
Degree Celsius (unit), 4
Degree of superheat, 71
Degrees of freedom, 290
Derived units, 5
Diesel engines, marine See Marine diesel engines
Direct strain, 235
Direct stress, 235
Discharge coefficient, Venturi meter, 150
Displacement, 170
Displacement-time graph, 171
Distributed forces, 214–18
Double shear, 243
Dry friction, 282
Dry steam, 67
Dryness fraction, 69–70
Dual combustion cycle See Mixed pressure (dual combustion) cycle
Dynamic viscosity, 142
Dynamics, 183
Dynamometer, 45
Elastic behaviour, 237
Elastic limit, 237
Elastic potential energy, 245
Elasticity modulus, 236
Encastre See Built-in beams
losses in fluid flow, 152
losses in pipe fittings, 154–5
Engine indicator, 43–4
Entropy, 61–2
Equilibrium, rigid body, 213
First law of motion, 204
First law of thermodynamics, 16
Flexural rigidity, beams, 266
Floating bodies, stability, 132–3
Fluid flow, 136
energy losses, 152–5
measurement methods, 147–51
types, 138–45
Fluid friction, 282
Fluids, 113
properties under pressure, 121–2
table of properties, 127
Flywheel, 189
Foot (unit), 4
distributed, 214–18
moment, 211–12
resolution, 210
Fourier’s equation, 101
integration, 102
Frameworks, 222
analysis, 224–9
stable/unstable, 223
Free body, 250
Free-body diagram, 207
Friction, 282
dry, 282
fluid, 282
kinetic, 283
laws, 283
on rough inclined plane, 285
Friction factor, pipe wall, 157–8
Friction power, 45
in brake power, 45
in turbulent flow in pipes, 155–8
Fuel consumption, engine, 46
g-forces, 198
Gap bridging, 292–4
Gas constant, 18
Gas processes, 19–21
Gas turbine, 63
steady flow energy equation, 57–8
Gases, 113–14
characteristic equation, 17–18
perfect, 14
specific heat, 10
Gauge pressure, 18–19
Gram (unit), 5
Gravitational force, 184
Gravity, effect on motion, 177–9
Head, pressure, 116
Heat engine cycle, reversed, 89
Heat pump, 89–90
between fluids, 102
during process, 30
through composite wall, 103
through multi-layer pipe lagging, 107–108
through pipe lagging, 107
through a plane wall, 101
Hooke’s law, 236
Howe roof truss, 222
Hydraulic fluid, 122
Hydraulic gradient, 156
Hydraulic system, 122
Hydraulics, 121–3
Hydrodynamics See Fluid flow
Hydrostatic force, 121–3
on curved surface, 127–9
on immersed surface, 123–5
location, 125–6
upthrust, 130
Ideal cycles See Air standard cycles
Index of expansion, 20
Indicated mean effective pressure, 36
Indicated power, 44–5
Indicated specific fuel consumption, 46
Indicated thermal efficiency, 47
Indicator diagram, 43–4
Inertia, 188
Internal combustion engines, 33
Internal energy, 16–17
International System of Units (SI), 4–5
Isentropic efficiency, 62
compressor, 93
steam turbine, 80–81
Isentropic process, 20
compression, 28
impact on a flat plate, 160–61
impact on inclined flat plate, 161–2
impact on stationary curved vane, 162–3
momentum principle, 159–60
Joints, structure analysis, 225
Joule (unit), 8
Joule’s law, 16
Kelvin temperature scale, 8
Kelvin (unit), 4
Kinematics, 170–72
in flowing liquids, 146
Kinetic friction, coefficient, 283
Laminar flow, 141
in pipes, 142–4
Latent heat, 11–13
of fusion, 11
of vaporization, 11–12
Laws of motion See Newton’s laws of motion
Limiting frictional force, 283
Liquids, 113–14
pressure effects, 114–16
Logarithms, using, 22–3
Macaulay’s method (beam deflection), 269
differential inverted U-tube, 119
differential mercury U-tube, 119–20
simple tube, 117
U-tube, 117–18
Manometry, 116
Marine diesel engines (case study), 51–2
Mass, 184–6
Mass moment of inertia, 188
Mechanical work, 190
Mechanics, 204
composite bars, 241
compound, 238
Metacentre, 133
Metacentric height, 133
Method of joints analysis, 225
Method of sections analysis, 229
Micro-fluidics, 145
Mixed pressure (dual combustion) cycle, 41
MKS system of units, 4
Modified Carnot cycle, steam, 78
Modulus of elasticity, 236
Modulus of resilience, 245
Modulus of rigidity, 244
Moment of a couple, 212
Moment of force, 211–12
Moment of inertia, 188
Moments, principle, 213
Momentum, 193–6
angular, 197
calculation of forces, 159–60
of fluid jets, 159–63
Moody chart, 157–8
angular, 179–81
laws See Newton’s laws of motion
Neutral plane, 256
Newton, Isaac, 183–4
Newton metre (unit), 211
Newton (unit), 5–6
Newton’s laws of motion, 184
first, 204
steam, 84
Non-flow processes, 17
Nozzle, steady flow energy equation, 59–60
Parallel axis theorem, 262–3
Parallelogram of forces rule, 205
Pascal (unit), 6
Perfect gases, 14
Perpendicular axis theorem, 263–4
Piezometer tube, 117
Pin joints, 224
Pipe bends, force components, 163
Pipe fittings, energy loss coefficient, 154–5
Pipe lagging, heat transfer, 107
Piston swept volume, 50
Pitot tube, 150–51
Pitot-static tube, 151–52
Plane truss, 222
Plastic behaviour, 237
Poiseuille flow, 144
Poisson’s ratio, 237
Polar second moment, 263
Polygon rule, equilibrium of forces, 206
Potential energy, 191
in flowing liquids, 146
Power strokes, engine, 44
Pressure head, 116
Pressure/volume (p/V) diagram, 15
Principle of conservation of momentum, 193–6
angular, 197
Principle of moments, 213
Proof stress, 237
Punching force, 243
Rankine cycle See Modified Carnot cycle
Rankine efficiency, 78
Reactive forces/reactions, 207
at supports, 213
Rectangle of forces, 129
Redundant members, structure, 223
Reference cycle, 76
Refrigerants, 90–91
Refrigeration process, 89
Refrigeration tables, 93
Refrigerator, vapour-compression See Vapour-compression refrigerator
Resistence, rolling, 285–6
Reversed Carnot cycle, 89
Reversible processes, 16
Reynolds number, 138
Reynolds, Osborne, 137–9
Rigid body equilibrium, 213
Riveted joints, shear loading, 243
Rolling resistance, 285–6
Rope brake dynamometer, 45
Roughness, pipe wall See also Friction factor
Saturation temperature, steam, 67
Scalar quantities, 205
Section modulus, 259
Sensible heat energy, 11
Separator, 69
in beams, 250–51
diagrams, 252–4
Shear modulus, 244
Shear strain, 242–3
Shear strength, 243
Shear stress, 242–3
Simpson’s rule, 26
Sine rule, 208
Single shear, 243
Specific enthalpy, 56
steam, 70
Specific fuel consumption, 46
Specific heat, 8
of gases, 10
Specific volume, steam, 70
Speed, 170
Stability, floating bodies, 132–3
Stable equilibrium, 132
Standard section tables, 259
angle, 285
coefficient, 283
Static head, 116
Statically determinate structures, 222–3
Statically indeterminate structures, 223
Steady flow energy equation (SFEE), 54–5
boiler, 59
compressor, 58
condenser, 59
nozzle, 59–60
throttle, 59
Steady flow processes, 17
non-flow processes, 84
production, 67–8
types, 67
Steam plant, 76–8
interpolation, 86
superheated steam, 71
Steam turbine, steady flow energy equation, 57–8
Strain, 235
Strain energy, 244–5
Stress, 235
temperature effect, 239–40
Stress-strain relationships, 236–7
graphs, 237
Structures, 222
statically determinate, 222–3
statically indeterminate, 223
Strut (compression member), 224
use of steam tables, 71
Superposition of loads, on beams, 268
Supports, reactive forces, 213
Suspension bridge, basic form, 294
Système Internationale (SI), 4
Temperature stresses, 239–40
composite bars, 241
Temperature/enthalpy diagram, 68–9
Tensile strain, 235
Tensile strength, 237
Tensile stress, 235
Terminal velocity, 177
Thermal conductivity, 101
Thermal efficiency, 34
engine, 46–7
first law, 16
Throttle, steady flow energy equation, 59
Tie (tension member), 224
Tonne (unit), 5
Tower block construction, 294
Tower Bridge, bearings design, 137
Trajectories, maximum range, 178–9
Triangle rule, equilibrium of forces, 206
Truss, 222
basic form, 293
Warren, 222
Turbocharging, diesel engine, 51–2
frictional losses in pipes, 155–8
U-tube manometer, 117–18
equations, 173–4
commonly used, 5–6
derivation, 4–5
prefixes, 6
summary table, 6
Unstable equilibrium, 132
Upthrust, 130–32
Vapour-compression refrigerator, 90–91
basic cycle, 91–2
performance, 92
Vector quantities, 205
adding, 205–206
Velocity, 170–71
terminal, 177
Velocity gradient, laminar flow, 142
Velocity-time graph, 171–2
Venturi principle, 147
meter construction, 148
volume flow rate analysis, 149–50
Viscosity, 141–2
Volume flow rate, liquid, 140
Volumetric efficiency, engine, 50
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