Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.
A
activated carbon-enhanced filtration (ACEUF) 60
bituminous coal 96
chlorine 96
descripton 95
iodine number 96
linear flow velocity 96
phenol number 96
anisotropic/asymmetric UF membranes 423f
description 136
LSI 136–137
PAA 137
SHMP 137
silica 137
and nitrate-contaminated groundwater 190–191
separation techniques 37
B
backwash/cleaning cycle 336–337
biological fouling 131–134
bioprocessing/biotechnology, hybrid systems 205–206
HPW 244–245
power generation efficiency 244
calcium carbonate precipitation 229
feed water composition 230
groundwater/surface water 228
non-thermal ZLD process 344
silica precipitation 230
hybrid 242–243
integrated 240–242
ZDD 242
C
and magnesium hydroxide 91
capital costs(CAPEX) 360–362
dead-end filtration 314
equipment specifications 330
system diagnosis and maintenance 321
glassy polymeric membranes 50–51
porous salt-rejecting barrier 4–5
RO membranes 21–24
spiral-wound membrane 5–6
pump controls 396–397
selection, pump 394–396
charge repellant behaviour 88
description 102
manganese greensand oxidation-filtration 102–103
chlorination 103–104
alum floc 88
charge repellant behaviour 88
colloids 88
inorganic 91
polyelectrolytes 88–89
zeta potential 88
colloidal fouling 130
colloids 88
Film Theory Model 14–16
and mass transfer coefficient 386–387
pressure-driven liquid-phase processes 13–14
pressure drop 400
conversion factors 412–415
D
dairy processing, hybrid systems 192–194
dead-end cartridge filters 42–43
ammonia 100–101
description 100
VOCs 101
dealkalisation 93
anion IX design 391–392
cation IX design 390–391
dual-bed system 389–390
system design 390
chemical dosing 237
ED/EDR industrial water desalting 239–240
feed pre-treatment 236
lime softening 238
pilot testing 238–239
product water recovery 236–237
calcite posttreatment 120
Capex and Opex calculation 361–362
costs 360
description 120
limestone 120–121
feed water pre-treatment 224
ICP 211–212
low energy electrochemical process 212
osmotic pressure and organic fouling 187
power plant waste heat 219
product water quality 347
salts recovery 187–188
systems design and operation 215
diafiltration (DF) 196–197
diffusion dialysis (DD) 44–45
features 66–69
chlorination 103–104
ozonation 104
RO/NF feed water 103
ultraviolet (UV) light 104–105
dissolved air flotation (DAF) unit 276–277
Donnan dialysis 26
Donnan potential 33
double-pass SWRO system 349
dynamically formed membranes (DFM) 55–57
E
electrodes 105–106
operating parameters 107
treated waters 107
anion and cation-exchange resins 120
DC power 117
description 116–117
hydrogen and hydroxyl ions 118
IX membrane 117
plate-type devices 119–120
acrylic-based cation exchange (CE) membranes 237–238
continuous process 162
industrial water desalting 239–240
ion-exchange (IX) membranes 236
energy consumption and costs 362–364
ion exchange (IX) membranes 46
polarisation 47–48
seawater 48
biological wastewater membrane bioreactor treatment 351
double-pass SWRO system 349
industrial wastewater cross-flow membrane treatment 351–352
single-pass SWRO system 347–349
temperature effect 353–359
ethanol dehydration 208–209
F
Faraday’s law 107
flue gas desulphurisation, MGA 209
fluoropolymers 26
forward osmosis (FO) 61–62
polymer modification 73
surface chemistry 72–73
surface modification 73–76
fruit juice and wine processing 200–203
fuel cells and desalination 210–211
G
non-porous membranes 49–52
porous membranes 49
coagulants 95
description 94
plant design and controls 293
suspended solids 95
system diagnosis and maintenance 320–321
H
Hagen–Poiseuille equation 35–36
hemodialysis 44
Henry’s law 101
high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter 290
boiler water treatment 244–246
energy consumption survey 352
factory acceptance test (FAT) 404
microelectronics 246–250
process validation 403–404
USP grade water 251–254
cycles 174
equipment 174
acidic streams treatment 191–192
arsenic and nitrate-contaminated groundwater 190–191
cheese whey processing 192–193
desalination, water 213–243
edible leaf protein concentration 195–197
ethanol dehydration 208–209
flavour compound recovery 203–205
fermentation processing 179
flue gas desulphurisation, MGA 209
fruit juice and wine processing 200–203
fuel cell integrated membrane desalination 210–211
HPW production 243–254
industrial wastewater treatment 180–181
integrated membrane system 179
landfill leachate water treatment 188–190
MBR sewage and wastewater treatment 273–277
membrane recycle bioreactor (MRB) 207–208
MVC-RO hybrid desalination 185
NF-RO-MSF seawater desalination process 186–187
osmotic distillation (OD) 203–205
oil processing, vegetable and corn 197–200
physicochemical properties 179
produced water treatment 181–184
reclamation/recycling, water 254–273
sea salt recovery, ED 212–213
seawater desalination plants 187–188
soy protein 195
sugar processing 194–195
treatment, water 179
vegetable proteins 195
whole leaf concentrates 195–196
ZLD 184–185
I
inorganic membranes 25–26
ion concentration polarisation (ICP) 211–212
backwashing 113
chemical regeneration 113–114
demineralisation 110
function 108
limitation 110
membranes 26
mixed-bed (MB) 111–112
physical characteristics 110
calcium and magnesium ions 93
dealkalisation 93
exhausted resin 92–93
hydrogen ions 93
strong acid cation (SAC) 92
strongly acidic cation resins 108–109
strongly basic anion (SBA) resins 109
WBA resins 109
weak acidic cation resins 109
isothermal membrane distillation 203–205
L
MBR system 189–190
leaf protein 195–197
calcium and magnesium 91
coagulants 92
description 91
hot lime softening (HLS) 91–92
inorganic coagulants 91–92
M
macromolecules fractionation 59–60
manganese green sand filtration (MGF) 102–103
mass transfer coefficient 14–16
mechanical vapour recompression (MVR) 181
applications 275–277
external and submerged 100
filtration 99
irrigation purposes 274–275
MLSS 274
municipal wastewater treatment 100
organic pollution 273
sewage and wastewater treatment 273–277
chemical and physical method 165
chlorine 167
enzymes 167
filters cleaning procedure 172
in situ RO/NF element cleaning procedure 169–172
continuous cross-flow filtration 98–99
cysts and bacteria 97
MBRs 99–100
municipal water treatment 97
and UF 96
biological 131–134
ceramic/polymeric hybrid 76
critical flux operation 122–123
crystallisation 124
filtration applications 126–128
fouling-resistant 72–76
hydrodynamic methods 123
hydrogen sulphide 129
antiscalant threshold treatment 136–137
dechlorination 135
pH adjustment 135–136
polymeric coagulants 134
RO/NF membrane plants 134
iron and manganese 128–129
natural organic matter (NOM) 121
SDI 128
silica 130–131
start-up conditions 123
total suspended solids (TSS) 121
water flux and quality loss 71
membrane gas absorption (MGA) 209
SW, high-performance 65–66
membrane polymer performance 380–381
capital and operating costs assessment 360–362
dialysis 43–45
ED 45–48
energy saving 364–366
GS 48–52
membrane contactor (MC) 53–54
membrane distillation (MD) 54–55
microfiltration (MF) 39–43
NF 33–35
pervaporation (PV) 52–53
RO 28–33
survey, energy consumption 342–353
temperature effect 353–359
UF 35–39
membrane reactors 55
membrane recycle bioreactor (MRB) 207–208
chemical 172–173
brackish waters 125
calcium/bicarbonate concentration 125
calcium carbonate 124–125
scaling process 124
definition 8–9
selectivity 13
transport, solvent and solute 10–12
basic controls 144–145
cellulose acetate (CA) 138
controller start-up output condition 146
description 144
energy consumption calculation 340
full-fit modules (FFM) 139–140
manufacturers 139
osmotic pressure 138
performance monitoring 163–164
process control valves 146
product quality controls 147
RO and NF systems 137–138
RO/NF systems 340–341
safety features 147–148
second-pass RO unit process 148f
standard SW modules 139
temperature effect 353–359
thin-film composite (TFC) 138
UF/MF systems 341–342
industrial applications 1
product quality 2
micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) 58–59
applications 246–247
hybrid membrane plant 248
residual organic contaminants 249–250
RO product water 250
ultraviolet irradiation 249–250
VLSI 246–247
wet cleaning processes 247–248
wet immersion lithography 248
alumina and zirconia 40
dead-end cartridge filters 42–43
food oils 41
municipal water treatment 41
polymeric materials 40
and submerged MF (sMF) 41
hollow fibre 54
microorganisms removal 4
separation processes 9f
size and discrimination 13
UF and MF 25
analogue signal 393
instruments and control systems 393
operator interface system (OIS) 393
PLC controls 392–393
mineral precipitation 406–407
acid regeneration 292
anion and cation resins 292
cross contamination 112
deionisers 291
demineralisation 111–112
design criteria 295
preventive maintenance 324–325
regeneration systems 323–324
ultraviolet (UV) lamps 324
valve operation 296t
water resistivity 291
molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 26–27
Colorado River water 264–265
electrocoagulation (EC) 105–106
hollow fibre modules 99
low pressure MF/UF membranes 261
pressure decay test (PDT) 265
submerged membrane filtration (sMF) 175–176
Western Corridor Recycled Water (WCRW) 265
MVC-RO hybrid desalination 185
N
Donnan potential 33
NF array design 148–153
water softening 34–35
carbohydrate refining 115
industrial wastewater treatment 115
nitrates removal 115
organics removal 115
pharmaceutical processing 116
O
oil processing, corn 197–200
Opex 360–362
organic fouling, humic acid and fulvic acid 130
flavour compounds recovery 203–205
forward osmosis (FO) 61–62
permeable barrier 3
pressure-retarded osmosis 60–61
reverse osmosis (RO) 28–33
ozonation 104
P
performance 380
properties 381
plastics 402–403
plate-and-frame (PAF) arrangement 5
polyacrylic acids (PAA) 137
polyelectrolytes 88–89
pore size characteristics 421t
power plant water 353
preferential sorption-capillary flow model 381
pressure-retarded osmosis 60–61
primary RO (PRO) system 365
process controls 392–394
programmable logic controller (PLC) 145–146
R
beverage and microelectronics 33
boiler feed water 32–33
concentrated salt solution 28–29
feed water analysis, NF 404–406
flux characteristics, membrane 154f
operating variables 29
computer-generated design 150–151
membrane plant characteristics 154f
product water recovery 149–150
salt flow rate 148
single-pass systems 330
unit designs 360–361
Reynolds numbers, flow systems 378t
aromatic polyamides 21
design criteria 293–295
inter-chain displacement 24
interfacial polymerisation 22–23
high-pressure pump 288–289
pre-treatment system 286–288
“quality rinse” phase 289
S
sodiumhexametaphosphate (SHMP) 137
alternate system designs 221–222
Brisbane suburbs 227
dual-purpose plants 217–219
energy consumption survey 342–353
energy recovery 219–221
feed water pre-treatment 224
Gold Coast (Queensland) SWRO 227
high-pressure feed seawater 223
high product water recovery 224–227
hollow-fibre cellulose triacetate (CTA) 224
NF-RO-MSF 186–187
particulate fouling 224
polarisation 354
pre-treatment train 227
seawater intake 221
single-pass system 347–349
slip velocity/coefficient, measurement 384–386
description 91
ion exchange (IX) 92–93
lime 91–92
nanofiltration (NF) 93–94
solute, back transport mechanisms 14–16
solution-diffusion (SD) model 7
energy consumption survey 342–353
SWRO 339
duplex steel 360–361
materials properties 401–402
Stokes–Einstein equation 388
OCWD 270–271
programmable logic controller (PLC) 269–270
raw surface water 270
UF/MF modules 266–267
wastewater treatment plants 267
WF21, Orange County, CA 271
surface water membrane filtration 350
surfactant-based ultrafiltration (SBUF) 387–388
asymmetric homogenous membrane 4–5
TFC membrane 380
T
coagulant addition 97
feed water 273
U
batch filtration 156
ceramic membranes/modules 421t
constant flux (variable pressure) 161
description 154–161
feed-and-bleed (F&B) design 156
mass transfer coefficient 157
single-pass system 155–156
tubular plant parameters 160t
water treatment cost 362
dairy industry 38
hydrodynamic resistance 35
and MF applications 37–38
microelectronics and pharmaceuticals 39
microsolutes osmotic pressure 36
phase inversion process 36–37
solute flux 36
ultra pure water (UPW), water treatment system 352–353
drug manufacturing facility 251–253
plant operation modifications 253–254
V
Van’t Hoff relationship 28–29
variable frequency drive (VFD) 290
deacidification 199
degumming 199
dewaxing 199
metal removal 199
vegetable proteins, hybrid systems 195
W
constituents 411
first phase expansion 259
Hyperion wastewater plant 259
MF unit 258–259
secondary RO (SRO) system 261
semiconductor manufacturing plants 255
tubular cross-flow MF membrane system 261
wafer manufacturing facility 255–256
trace contaminants 412
availability and application 81
chemicals 416t
coagulation 88–91
demands and quality 82
description 81
industrial water management 83
MF/UF 83
municipal wastewater 85
nitrates 81–82
RO/NF membrane systems 83–84
scarcity 82
softening 91–94
source, feed water 85
World Health Organisation (WHO) 81
brackish water RO 228–236
creative engineering solutions 216–217
electrodialysis (ED/EDR) 214
high recovery/brine treatment membrane processes 240–243
integrated membrane system systems 214
lower salinity source 216–217
membrane desalination costs 215–216
RO membrane desalination 213
industrial treatment 255–261
municipal water application 261–266
submerged membrane filtration 266–273
equipment specifications 330
RO 331
wet milling, corn 200
Z
zero discharge desalination (ZDD) 242
zero liquid discharge (ZLD) 184–185
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