APPENDIX C
Summary Tables
Questionnaire Variable Descriptions
| X1–X7 | Role in organization |
| X10–X24 | Time spent on different tasks |
| X28–X32 | Accountabilities and responsibilities |
| X33–X41 | Management systems of programs and/or portfolios |
| X42–X47 | Use of program and portfolio management |
| X48–X50 | Portfolio’s annual plan achievement |
| X51–X53 | Program’s annual plan achievements |
| X54–X56 | Project’s annual plan achievements |
| X57–X60 | Market changes |
| X61–X66 | Demographics |
| X68 | Internal/external projects |
| X69–X80 | External projects’ TCE |
| X81–X91 | Internal projects’ TCE |
| X92–X105 | Classification of projects |
| X106–X122 | Internal environment |
| X123–X141 | External environment |
Computed variables
| X61c–X66c | Demographics |
| X143–X150 | Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) |
| X155 | Governance type of organization |
| X158 | Simple—complex dimension |
| X159 | Static—dynamic dimension |
| X160 | Role |
Project type factors (from x92–x105)
| pt_prod | Factor 1 = product orientation in project |
| pt_org | Factor 2 = organizational change orientation in project |
| pt_time | Factor 3 = project duration |
Role factors (from x10–x23)
| ro_proj | Factor 1: Project coordination and issue handling |
| ro_bus | Factor 2: Business management |
| ro_res | Factor 3: Resource planning and procurement |
Management system factors (from x33–x41)
| pra_tech | Factor 1: application of advanced technology and processes |
| pra_dec | Factor 2: decision-making (in groups) |
Succes variables (from x48–x56)
| suc_portf | Portfolio success |
| suc_pgm | Program success |
| suc_proj | Project success |
| suc_all | Overall success |
Performance
| LoHi_perf | Low and high performers: LoHi perf (0 = low, 1 = high) |
Performance Differences by Governance Structure
ANOVA analysis with post hoc Scheffe test showed a significantly higher performance in hybrid governance structure, that is, those using program and portfolio management.
ANOVA
Multiple Comparisons
Performance Differences in Projects, Programs, and Portfolios by Governance Structure
The chart below shows the relative performance for:
- Projects (variable suc_proj)
- Programs (variable suc_pgm)
- Portfolios (variable suc_ptf)
- Overall organization (variable suc_all)
in the four different governance structures of:
- Neither program nor portfolio management
- Program management only
- Hybrid, using both program and portfolio management
- Portfolio management only
Summary of Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Results
| Research question | Hypotheses | Results |
| Q1: How do project type and organizational complexity determine the use of project portfolio and program management in organizations? | H1: Organization’s perceived environmental complexity is directly related with the use of program and portfolio management practices. | Hypothesis confirmed. Organization’s environmental complexity is directly related with the use program and portfolio management practices. |
| H2: Different project types are correlated with different program and portfolio management roles and responsibilities. | Hypothesis partly confirmed. Different project types are correlated with different program and portfolio management roles, but not responsibilities. | |
| Q2: What are middle managers practices, roles and responsibilities in program and portfolio management in successful organizations? | H3: Governance practices in program and portfolio management differ significantly between high and low performing organizations. | Hypothesis confirmed. High performing organizations scored significantly higher than low performing organizations in the application of program and portfolio management practices. |
| H4: Middle managers’ roles and responsibilities in program and portfolio management differ significantly between high and low performing organizations. | Partly confirmed. Middle managers in low performing organizations have project managers directly reporting to them. Project managers in high performing organization report elsewhere in the organization. |
Table 18 Summary of Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Results
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