Home Page Icon
Home Page
Table of Contents for
Cover
Close
Cover
by Sobh Nath Singh
Non Conventional Energy Resources
Cover
Title Page
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1: NCER—An Overview
1.1 History of Human Civilization
1.1.1 Primitive Man
1.1.2 Hunting Man
1.1.3 Early Agricultural Man
1.1.4 Advanced Agricultural Man
1.1.5 Industrial Man
1.1.6 Technological Man
1.1.7 Eco-friendly Technological Man
1.2 World Population and Energy Consumption Pattern Projection
1.3 Energy Systems Model
1.3.1 Production and Sustenance Activities
1.3.2 Inputs
1.3.3 Outputs
1.3.4 Feedback
1.3.5 Dissipation
1.4 System Acceptability Index (δ)
1.5 Causes of Energy Scarcity
1.5.1 Increasing Population
1.5.2 Increasing Energy Usage or Consumption
1.5.3 Uneven Distribution of Energy Resources
1.5.4 Lacks of Technical Knowhow
1.6 Solution to Energy Crisis or Scarcity
1.7 Factors Affecting Energy Resource Development
1.7.1 Energy or Fuel Substitution or Scale of Shift
1.7.2 Energy Density
1.7.3 Power Density
1.7.4 Intermittency
1.7.5 Geographical Energy Distribution
1.8 Quality of Energy Form
1.9 Energy Resources and Classification
1.9.1 Primary and Secondary Energy Resources
1.9.2 Oil
1.9.3 Natural Gas
1.9.4 Coal
1.9.5 Uranium
1.9.6 Hydroelectric Power
1.10 Energy Transfer Frames
1.11 Energy Conversion
1.11.1 Indirect Energy Conversion
1.11.2 Hydroelectromechanical Energy Converters
1.11.3 Direct Energy Conversion
1.12 Renewable Energy
1.12.1 Worldwide Renewable Energy Availability
1.12.2 Renewable Energy in India
1.12.3 Solar Energy
1.12.4 Wind Power
1.12.5 Tidal Power
1.12.6 Wave Energy
1.12.7 Ocean Thermal Energy
1.12.8 Biomass Energy
1.12.9 Decentralized and Dispersed Generation
1.12.10 Geothermal Energy
1.13 Oil Shale
1.13.1 Extraction of Shale Oil
1.13.2 Classification of Oil Shales
1.13.3 Use of Shale Oil (Tight Oil)
1.13.4 Problems Associated with Shale Oil Production
1.14 Energy Storage
1.14.1 Hydro Pump Storage
1.14.2 Compressed Air Storage
1.14.3 Thermal Storage
1.14.4 Electrochemical Storage or Battery Storage
1.14.5 Inertial Storage
1.14.6 Hydrogen Storage
1.14.7 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
1.15 Conclusions
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 2: Energy from the Sun
2.1 Sun–Earth Geometric Relationship
2.2 Layer of the Sun
2.2.1 Core
2.2.2 Solar Envelope
2.2.3 Photosphere
2.2.4 Chromospheres
2.2.5 Corona
2.3 Earth-Sun Angles and their Relationships
2.3.1 Hour Angle (ω)
2.3.2 Equation of Time
2.3.3 Declination Angle (δ)
2.3.4 Latitude Angle (ϕ)
2.3.5 Solar Altitude Angle (α)
2.3.6 Solar Elevation Angle (α)
2.3.7 Surface Azimuth Angle (γ)
2.3.8 Relationship Between Different Sun–Earth Angles
2.3.9 Sunrise, Sunset, and Day length Equations
2.3.10 Solar Time
2.4 Solar Energy Reaching the Earth’s Surface
2.4.1 Problems Associated with Harnessing Full Solar Energy
2.4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation
2.5 Solar Thermal Energy Applications
2.5.1 Passive Systems
2.5.2 Active System
2.5.3 Direct Thermal Applications
2.5.4 Solar Electric Conversion and Applications
2.6 Solar Thermal Energy Storage
2.6.1 Sensible Heat Storage
2.6.2 Latent Heat Storage
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 3: Solar Thermal Energy Collectors
3.1 Types of Solar Collectors
3.1.1 Flat Plate Collectors
3.1.2 Concentrating Collectors
3.1.3 Comparison of Collectors
3.2 Configurations of Certain Practical Solar Thermal Collectors
3.2.1 Flat Plate Collectors
3.2.2 Glazed Flat Plate Collectors
3.2.3 Unglazed Flat Plate Solar Collectors
3.2.4 Unglazed Perforated Plate Collectors
3.2.5 Back-pass Solar Collectors
3.2.6 Batch Flat Plate Solar Thermal Collectors
3.2.7 Flat Plate Collectors with Flat Reflectors
3.2.8 Evacuated Tube Collectors
3.3 Material Aspects of Solar Collectors
3.3.1 Absorber
3.3.2 Glazing
3.3.3 Insulation Shell
3.4 Concentrating Collectors
3.4.1 Compound Parabolic Solar Collectors
3.4.2 Fresnel Solar Thermal Collectors
3.4.3 Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Collectors
3.4.4 Cylindrical Trough Solar Collectors
3.4.5 Parabolic Dish Systems
3.4.6 Heliostat Field Solar Collectors
3.5 Parabolic Dish–Stirling Engine System
3.6 Working of Stirling or Brayton Heat Engine
3.7 Solar Collector Systems into Building Services
3.8 Solar Water Heating Systems
3.8.1 Active Solar Water Heating Systems
3.8.2 Active Solar Space Heating
3.9 Passive Solar Water Heating Systems
3.9.1 Types of Passive Water Heaters
3.10 Applications of Solar Water Heating Systems
3.11 Active Solar Space Cooling
3.12 Solar Air Heating
3.13 Solar Dryers
3.13.1 Advantages
3.13.2 Limitations
3.14 Crop Drying
3.15 Space Cooling
3.16 Solar Cookers
3.16.1 Types of Solar Cookers
3.16.2 Advantages
3.16.3 Disadvantages
3.17 Solar Pond
3.17.1 Advantages of Solar Pond
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 4: Solar Cells
4.1 Need for Solar Cells
4.1.1 Components of a Solar Cell System
4.1.2 Key Elements of Silicon Solar Cell
4.1.3 Creating P-type and N-type Semiconductors
4.2 Solar Cell Materials
4.2.1 Silicon
4.2.2 Thin Film
4.3 Practical Solar Cells
4.4 Functions of a Solar Cell
4.4.1 Main Components of Photovoltaic System
4.5 Theory of Solar Cell (Photovoltaic Cell)
4.5.1 Process of Photovoltaic Potential Development
4.5.2 Junction Current (IJ)
4.5.3 Solar Cell Performance (Equivalent Circuit of a Solar Cell)
4.5.4 I–V Characteristics of Solar Cells
4.6 Efficiency of Solar Cells
4.6.1 Fill Factor
4.6.2 Factors Limiting the Efficiency of the Cell
4.7 Photovoltaic Panels (Series and Parallel Arrays)
4.7.1 Number of Solar Cell Required in Series
4.7.2 Number of Solar Cell in Parallel Strings
4.8 Application of Solar Cell Systems
4.8.1 Solar Water Pumps
4.8.2 Solar Vehicle
4.8.3 Solar Lanterns
4.8.4 Solar Panels on Spacecraft
4.8.5 Grid-connected Photovoltaic Power Systems
4.8.6 Cathodic Protection Systems
4.8.7 Electric Fences
4.8.8 Remote Lighting Systems
4.8.9 Telecommunications and Remote Monitoring Systems
4.8.10 Rural Electrification
4.8.11 Water Treatment Systems
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 5: Hydrogen Energy
5.1 Benefits of Hydrogen Energy
5.2 Hydrogen Production Technologies
5.2.1 Thermochemical Production Technologies
5.2.2 Electrolytic Production Technologies
5.2.3 Photolytic Production Technologies
5.3 Hydrogen Energy Storage
5.3.1 Compressed Gas and Liquid Hydrogen Storage Tanks
5.3.2 Materials-based Storage
5.3.3 Methods of Hydrogen Energy Storage
5.4 Use of Hydrogen Energy
5.5 Applications of Hydrogen Energy
5.5.1 At Home Sector
5.5.2 At Work Sector
5.5.3 At Transport and Industrial Sectors
5.6 Advantages of Hydrogen Energy
5.7 Disadvantages of Hydrogen Energy
5.8 Problems Associated with Hydrogen Energy
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 6: Wind Energy
6.1 Windmills
6.2 Wind Turbines
6.3 Energy Availability in the Wind
6.3.1 Wind Potential
6.3.2 Wind Characteristics
6.3.3 Wind into Electricity
6.4 Wind Resources
6.4.1 Worldwide Wind Energy Scenario in 2010
6.4.2 Wind Energy in India
6.5 Wind Turbine Site Selection
6.5.1 Turbine Height
6.5.2 Considerations and Guidelines for Site Selection
6.5.3 Wind Turbine Power Output Variation with Steady Wind Speed
6.5.4 Parts of a Wind Turbine
6.6 Classification and Description of Wind Machines
6.6.1 Savonius Drag-type Vertical-axis Wind Turbines
6.6.2 Darrieus Lift-type Vertical-axis Machines
6.6.3 Advantages of Vertical-axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
6.6.4 Disadvantages of Vertical-axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
6.6.5 Horizontal-axis Wind Turbines
6.7 Principles of Wind Energy Conversion (Aerodynamics)
6.7.1 Lift Force
6.7.2 Drag Force
6.7.3 Capturing Wind Power
6.8 Mathematical Model of Extraction of Energy from the Wind
6.9 Simple Wind Turbine Theory
6.9.1 Assumptions
6.9.2 Application of Conservation of Mass (Continuity Equation)
6.9.3 Condition for Maximum Performance Coefficient
6.9.4 Wind Speed and Pressure Variations in Ideal Wind Turbine
6.10 Characteristics of Windmill Rotors (Rotor Design)
6.10.1 Pitch
6.10.2 Tip-speed Ratio (TSR)
6.10.3 Solidity
6.10.4 Coefficient of Performance
6.10.5 Torque
6.11 Types of Generators Used With Wind Turbines
6.11.1 Induction Generator
6.11.2 Permanent Magnet Alternators
6.11.3 Synchronous Generators
6.11.4 DC Generators
6.11.5 Applications of Wind Turbines
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 7: Geothermal Energy
7.1 Geothermal Systems
7.2 Classifications
7.3 Geothermal Resource Utilization
7.3.1 Direct Use of Low Grade Geothermal Energy
7.3.2 Electricity Generation
7.3.3 Multi-purpose Total Energy Utilization of Geothermal Resources
7.4 Resource Exploration
7.4.1 Prospects of Geothermal Fields in India
7.5 Geothermal-Based Electric Power Generation
7.5.1 Dry Steam-based Geothermal Power Plants
7.5.2 Flash Geothermal Power Plants
7.5.3 Binary Cycle-based Geothermal Plants
7.5.4 Electrical and Mechanical Features
7.5.5 Operation of Geothermal Plants
7.6 Associated Problems
7.7 Environmental Effects
7.7.1 Gaseous and Particulate Emission
7.7.2 Land Pollution
7.7.3 Subsidence Effect
7.7.4 Seismic Hazards
7.7.5 Water Pollution
7.7.6 Biological Effects
7.7.7 Social Effects
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 8: Solid Wastes and Agricultural Refuse
8.1 Waste is Wealth
8.1.1 Incinerators
8.1.2 Pyrolysis
8.1.3 Anaerobic Digestion
8.1.4 Recycling
8.1.5 Bioenergy Conversion
8.2 Key Issues
8.3 Waste Recovery Management Scheme
8.3.1 Treatment
8.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Waste Recycling
8.4.1 Advantages of Waste Recycling
8.4.2 Disadvantages of Waste Recycling
8.4.3 Status of Municipal Solid Wastes Management in India
8.4.4 Tips on Reducing Waste and Conserving Resources (the Three R’s—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle)
8.5 Sources and Types of Wastes
8.6 Recycling of Plastics
8.6.1 Recycling of Plastics
8.6.2 Plastic Resin Identification Code
8.6.3 Benefits of Plastic Recycling
8.6.4 Thermal Depolymerization
8.6.5 Plastic Waste to Oil Production in India
8.6.6 Waste Plastic to Electricity Generation
8.6.7 Advantages of Recycling of Plastics
8.6.8 Disadvantages of Recycling of Plastics
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 9: Biomass Energy
9.1 Biomass Production
9.1.1 Direct Methods
9.1.2 Indirect Methods
9.2 Energy Plantation
9.3 Biomass Gasification
9.3.1 Low Temperature Gasification
9.3.2 High Temperature Gasification
9.3.3 Composition and Properties of Producer Gas
9.3.4 Temperature of Gas
9.4 Theory of Gasification
9.5 Gasifier and their Classifications
9.6 Chemistry of Reaction Process in Gasification
9.7 Updraft Gasifiers
9.8 Downdraft Gasifier
9.9 Cross-Draft Gasifier
9.10 Fluidized Bed Gasification
9.10.1 Advantages and Benefits
9.11 Use of Biomass Gasifier
9.11.1 Liquid Fuels
9.12 Gasifier Biomass feed Characteristics
9.12.1 Energy Content and Bulk Density of Fuel
9.12.2 Moisture Content
9.12.3 Dust Content
9.12.4 Tar Content
9.12.5 Ash and Slagging Characteristics
9.12.6 Biomass Feed (Fuel)
9.13 Applications of Biomass Gasifiers
9.14 Cooling and Cleaning of Gas
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 10: Biogas Energy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biogas and its Composition
10.3 Anaerobic Digestion
10.3.1 Process Stages of Anaerobic Digestion
10.4 Biogas Production
10.4.1 Construction Parts of Biogas Plants
10.4.2 Working of Biogas Plant
10.4.3 Types of Biogas Plants
10.4.4 Different Models of Biogas Plants
10.5 Benefits of Biogas
10.6 Factors Affecting the Selection of a Particular Model of a Biogas Plant
10.7 Biogas Plant Feeds and their Characteristics
10.7.1 Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio
10.7.2 Advantages
10.7.3 Limitations
10.7.4 Uses
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 11: Tidal Energy
11.1 General
11.2 Tidal Energy Resource
11.3 Tidal Energy Availability
11.4 Tidal Power Generation in India
11.5 Leading Country in Tidal Power Plant Installation
11.6 Energy Availability in Tides
11.6.1 Calculation of Tidal Power
11.6.2 Tidal Stream Generator
11.7 Tidal power basin
11.7.1 Single-basin System
11.7.2 Two-basin Systems
11.7.3 Co-operating Two-basin Systems
11.8 Turbines for Tidal Power
11.8.1 Bulb-type Turbine
11.8.2 Commercial Status of Tidal Stream Devices (as on 2009)
11.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Power
11.10 Problems Faced in Exploiting Tidal Energy
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 12: Sea Wave Energy
12.1 General
12.2 Motion in the Sea Waves
12.3 Power Associated with Sea Waves
12.3.1 Another Wave Power Formula
12.4 Wave Energy Availability
12.4.1 Wave Energy Availability in India
12.5 Devices for Harnessing Wave Energy
12.5.1 Float or Buoy Devices
12.5.2 Oscillating Water Column Devices
12.5.3 Pendulum System
12.5.4 TAPCHAN (Tapered Channel)
12.5.5 Salter’s Duck System
12.5.6 Offshore Wave Dragon System
12.5.7 Bristol Cylinder
12.5.8 Archimedes Wave Swing Devices
12.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wave Power
12.6.1 Advantages
12.6.2 Disadvantages
12.7 Key Issues
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 13: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Principle of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
13.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants
13.3.1 Land-based Power Plant
13.3.2 Floating Power Plant
13.4 Basic Rankine Cycle and its Working
13.4.1 Selection of Working Fluids
13.5 Closed Cycle, Open Cycle, and Hybrid Cycle
13.5.1 Open-cycle OTEC
13.5.2 Closed-cycle OTEC
13.5.3 OTEC Hybrid Cycle
13.6 Carnot Cycle
13.7 Application of OTEC in Addition to Produce Electricity
13.8 Advantages, Disadvantages and Benefits of OTEC
13.8.1 Advantages
13.8.2 Disadvantages
13.8.3 Benefits as a Measure of the Value of OTEC
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 14: Fuel Cell
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Schematic of Fuel Cell
14.2.1 Anode
14.2.2 Cathode
14.2.3 Electrolyte
14.3 Basic Characteristics
14.3.1 Charge Carrier
14.3.2 Performance Degradation by Contamination
14.3.3 Fuels
14.3.4 Factors Affecting the Fuel Cell Performance
14.3.5 Fuel Reforming
14.4 Fuel Cell Functionality
14.4.1 Electrical Output
14.5 Fuel Cells Versus Traditional Electricity Generation
14.6 Performances of Fuel Cells Versus Others
14.7 Fuel Cell Construction (Historical Development)
14.7.1 William Grove’s Fuel Cell
14.7.2 Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cell
14.8 Types of Fuel Cells: Design
14.9 Schematic and Working of Different Types of Fuel Cell
14.9.1 Alkali Fuel Cells
14.9.2 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
14.9.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
14.9.4 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
14.9.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
14.10 Sources of Overvoltage in a Fuel Cell
14.10.1 Mixed Potential at Electrodes
14.10.2 Activation Losses
14.10.3 Ohmic Losses
14.10.4 Mass Transport Losses
14.11 Fuels for Fuel Cells
14.12 Series Parallel Connection of Fuel Cell
14.13 Advantages of Fuel Cell
14.14 Disadvantages of Fuel Cells
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 15: Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Generation
15.1 General
15.2 Electromechanical Energy Conversion Versus MHD
15.3 MHD Generator and its Working
15.4 Principle and Performances
15.4.1 Open-circuit Voltage and Power Output
15.4.2 Maximum Power Output
15.5 MHD System Components
15.6 PLASMA
15.6.1 Gas Plasma
15.6.2 Methods of Ionizing the Gas
15.6.3 Containment
15.6.4 Power Output
15.6.5 Efficiency
15.6.6 Operating Experience
15.7 Schematic Diagram and Working of Liquid Metal MHD
15.7.1 Working
15.7.2 Features and Liabilities
15.7.3 Advantages
15.7.4 Disadvantages
15.8 Types of MHD System
15.8.1 Open-cycle System
15.8.2 Closed-cycle Liquid Metal System
15.8.3 Closed-cycle Plasma MHD System
15.9 Advantages of MHD System
15.10 Disadvantages of MHD System
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 16: Thermoelectric Converters
16.1 Basic Configuration of Thermoelectric Converters
16.1.1 Historical Developments
16.2 Major Heat Sources-Based Thermoelectric Generators
16.2.1 Fossil Fuel Generators
16.2.2 Solar Source Generators
16.2.3 Nuclear-fuelled Generators
16.3 Principles of Operation
16.3.1 Seebeck Effect
16.3.2 Basic Theory and Operation
16.3.3 Peltier Effect
16.3.4 Thomson Effect
16.4 Thermoelectric Materials
16.4.1 Conventional Materials
16.4.2 New Materials
16.5 Analysis of a Concentrated Solar Thermoelectric Conversion
16.5.1 Arrangement of Semiconductor Thermoelectric Generator
16.5.2 Efficiency and Power Output
16.6 Thermoelectric Converter Modules and Applications
16.7 Advantages and Disadvantages
16.7.1 Advantages
16.7.2 Disadvantages
16.8 Recent Ongoing Development
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 17: Thermionic Converters
17.1 General
17.2 Thermionic Energy Converter
17.3 Working of Thermionic Generator
17.3.1 Fermi Level
17.3.2 Thermionic Work Function
17.3.3 Inter-electrode Charge Distribution
17.3.4 Electron Saturation Current
17.3.5 Ion Saturation Current Density
17.3.6 Performance Analysis of Thermionic Converter
17.3.7 Other Efficiency Equations of a Thermionic Converter
17.4 Types of Thermionic Converters
17.4.1 Vacuum Thermionic Converter
17.4.2 Vapour Thermionic Converters
17.5 Material Development and Research
17.6 Applications
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 18: Concept of Energy Conservation and Energy Management
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Necessity of Energy Management
18.2 Concept of Energy Management
18.2.1 Wasted Energy in Electric lamps
18.2.2 Sankey Diagram for a Filament Lamp
18.2.3 Benefits
18.2.4 Key Issues
18.2.5 Opportunities of Energy Management
18.3 Fundamental Principles of Energy Management
18.3.1 Review of Past Pattern of Energy Use
18.3.2 Review of Current Pattern of Energy Use
18.3.3 Improvement in Housekeeping and Maintenance
18.3.4 Analysis of Energy Use
18.3.5 Economic Calculation
18.3.6 Material Substitution
18.3.7 Material Economy
18.3.8 Material Quality
18.3.9 Use More Efficient Equipment and Appliances
18.3.10 Employing Special Techniques to Reduce Losses
18.3.11 Use More Efficient Processes
18.3.12 Energy Containment
18.3.13 Aggregation of Energy Uses
18.3.14 Fuels and Energy Substitutions
18.3.15 Cascade Energy Use
18.3.16 Development of Simple and Highly Efficient Energy Conversion Principle
18.3.17 Development of Energy Storage System
18.4 Strategy for Energy Management
18.4.1 Decision to Undertake Program
18.4.2 Commitment by Management
18.4.3 Statement of Objectives
18.4.4 Database and Information Collection
18.4.5 Energy Audit
18.4.6 Computer Analysis and Simulation
18.4.7 Energy Efficiency Analysis
18.4.8 Energy Economics
18.4.9 People’s Involvement
18.4.10 Implementation
18.4.11 Verification
18.5 Energy Savings Tips
18.6 Constraints and Considerations for Implementing Energy Conservation and Management Program
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 19: Energy Conservation and Management in Different Energy Activity Sector
19.1 General
19.2 Energy Measurement Systems in Industry
19.3 Energy Management with Electric Power Supply Systems
19.3.1 Reduction of Peak Demand or Maximum Demand
19.4 Energy Management Opportunities with Lighting Systems
19.4.1 Efficacy of Light Lamps
19.4.2 Factors Affecting Selection of Light Sources (Lamps)
19.4.3 Energy Management Opportunities in Lighting Systems
19.4.4 Energy Saving Tips with Light Sources
19.5 Energy Management Opportunities with Electric Motors
19.5.1 Energy Management Opportunities with Ceiling Fan Regulators
19.6 Energy Management Opportunities with Household Electric Appliance
19.6.1 Energy Saving Tips with Household Appliances
19.7 Energy Management Opportunity with HVAC Systems
19.7.1 HVAC Systems
19.7.2 General Principles of Energy Management in HVAC Systems
19.8 Energy Saving Tips for Other Industrial Processes
Summary
Review Questions
Appendix A: Multiple Choice Questions Chapter Wise
Appendix B: Multiple Choice Objective Questions on Energy Systems
Appendix C: Terms and Definition
Bibliography
Search in book...
Toggle Font Controls
Playlists
Add To
Create new playlist
Name your new playlist
Playlist description (optional)
Cancel
Create playlist
Sign In
Email address
Password
Forgot Password?
Create account
Login
or
Continue with Facebook
Continue with Google
Sign Up
Full Name
Email address
Confirm Email Address
Password
Login
Create account
or
Continue with Facebook
Continue with Google
Next
Next Chapter
Title Page
Add Highlight
No Comment
..................Content has been hidden....................
You can't read the all page of ebook, please click
here
login for view all page.
Day Mode
Cloud Mode
Night Mode
Reset