NOTES
Preface
1. weforum.org/great-reset/. Accessed April 19, 2022.
Introduction
1. https://youtu.be/FRztx0wVuPA. Accessed April 19, 2022.
2. Isaac Asimov, Foundation (New York: Avon, 1955).
3. See Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash: A Novel (New York: Del Rey, 2017 © 1992).
4. www.technologyreview.com/2022/02/08/1044732/metaverse-history-snow-crash.
5. Thomas W. Malone, Superminds: The Surprising Power of People and Computers Thinking Together (New York: Little, Brown, 2018).
6. For music aficionados, a mixing board is also known as an audio mixer, audio console, mixing desk, mixing console, sound mixer, sound board, audio mixer, or simply as board or mixer. In using the term mixing board, we refer to all these names of the same thing.
We drew inspiration from the world of music because we need more harmony in the world. Used during a performance or a recording, a mixing board is a panel for adjusting and combining musical sounds. Mixing boards are a mechanism to blend the sounds of various instruments, across the channels for each instrument. The sliders on a mixing board can be moved up and down, allowing musicians and producers to make choices about sounds of each channel. Most importantly, the mixing board provides a powerful place to combine individual choices to create a collective, synchronized sound.
7. For more about intrapreneurialism, see linkedin.com/pulse/intrapreneurs-illness-how-corporate-innovation-fever-innovative/.
8. Bob Johansen, Full-Spectrum Thinking: How to Escape Boxes in a Post-Categorical Future (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2020).
9. Alfred Huang. The Complete I Ching: The Definitive Translation (Rochester, Vt: Inner Traditions, 2010). page xxv.
PART I: WHAT FUTURE?
1. Anab Jain, ted.com/talks/anab_jain_why_we_need_to_imagine_different_futures.
Chapter 1: Futureback Thinking
1. Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (New York: Random House, 1970).
2. Quoted in Kara Swisher, “Big Tech Has Weaved Its Way Completely into Our Lives,” New York Times, November 18, 2021.
5. bbc.com/worklife/article/20220126-the-rise-of-the-anti-work-movement.
9. Naomi Klein, https://tsd.naomiklein.org/shock-doctrine/the-book/editions.html.
10. Neal Stephenson, nealstephenson.com/termination-shock.html.
11. H. G. Wells, Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1901). Also see H. G. Wells, “Wanted—Professors of Foresight!” Futures Research Quarterly 3, no. 1 (Spring 1932): 89–91.
12. Fred Lodewijk Polak, The Image of the Future, Elsevier International Series (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1973).
13. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: Penguin, 1966).
14. Rachel Carson, The Silent Spring (New York: Fawcett World Library, 1962).
16. ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/strategic-planning/strategic-foresight_en.
17. u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/federal-governments-strategies-and-plans/future-foresight.
18. oecd.org/strategic-foresight/about-us.
19. See also Bob Johansen, Full-Spectrum Thinking (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2020).
20. C. West Churchman, “Wicked Problems,” Management Science 14, no. 4 December 1967): B-141–B-146.
21. Bob Johansen, Get There Early (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2007).
22. Mark W. Johnson and Josh Suskewicz, Lead from the Future: How to Turn Visionary Thinking into Breakthrough Growth (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2020).
23. Climate Central is an independent, policy-neutral 501(c)(3) nonprofit, group of scientists and communicators who research and report the facts about our changing climate and how it affects people’s lives. Climate Central maps are based on the latest sea-level projections, including those from the recently released Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the 2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report from an interagency US government task force.
24. coastal.climatecentral.org/map/.
25. If flooding is not enough to encourage futureback thinking, US residents can also forecast risk of fire by zip code at riskfactor.com.
26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarke_Ingels.
27. vimeo.com/117303273.
28. R. M. Sapolsky, Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst (New York: Penguin Books, 2018).
29. Will Storr, The Science of Storytelling: Why Stories Make Us Human and How to Tell Them Better (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2020).
30. For more detail on this research, see Kendall Haven, Story Smart: Using the Science of Story to Persuade, Influence, Inspire, and Teach (Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries United, 2014).
31. Phillips, D. J. P. “The Magical Science of Storytelling.” TEDx. March 16, 2017. Accessed December 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj-hdQMa3uA.
32. M. Nguyen, T. Vanderwal, and U. Hasson, “Shared Understanding of Narratives Is Correlated with Shared Neural Responses,” NeuroImage 184 (2019): 161–70.
33. AlphaGo. Directed by Greg Kohs, Moxie Pictures, September 29, 2017.
34. healthcaredive.com/news/big-data-the-new-gold-rush-report-predicts/519515.
35. Storr, Science of Storytelling.
36. MIT Technology Review 123, no. 1 (January–February 2020).
37. Arnaud D’Argembeau, Claudia Lardi, and Martial Van der Linden, “Self-Defining Future Projections: Exploring the Identity Function of Thinking About the Future,” Memory 20, no. 2 (2020): 110–20.
38. A. L. Valencia and T. Froese, “What Binds Us? Inter-Brain Neural Synchronization and Its Implications for Theories of Human Consciousness,” Neurosci Conscious 1 (2020).
39. Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (New York: Harper Perennial, 2018). See also Agustín Fuentes, The Creative Spark: How Imagination Made Humans Exceptional (New York: Dutton, 2017).
40. Our use of the term syncronization is based on the neuroscience of social interaction, also referred to as a social synapse. Our usage is different from Carl Jung’s defintion of synchronicity.
41. World Science Festival, Science and Story: The Instinct for Curiosity, October 7, 2016. Accessed December 2020. See also Y. Yuan, J. Major-Girardin, and S. Brown, “Storytelling Is Intrinsically Mentalistic: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Narrative Production across Modalities,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 9 (2018). See also R. A. Mar, “Stories and the Promotion of Social Cognition,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 27, no. 4 (2018): 257–62.
42. T. Buganza, P. Bellis, S. Magnanini, J. Press, A. Shani, D. Trabucchi, R. Verganti, and F. Zasa, Storymaking: How the Co-creation of Narratives Engages People for Innovation and Transformation (New York: Routledge, 2022).
43. Timothy Hubbard et al., “Boundary Extension: Findings and Theories.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63 (2010): 1467–94. See also S. L. Mullally and E. A. Maguire, “Memory, Imagination, and Predicting the Future: A Common Brain Mechanism?” Neuroscientist 20, no. 3 (2014): 220–34.
44. Johansen, Full-Spectrum Thinking.
45. The work of acclaimed American writer, poet, and social critic is put at the center of “I Am Not Your Negro” (2017), a documentary based on Baldwin’s unfinished book manuscript Remember This House, which reflects on race in America by tracing the lives and assassinations of his three friends: Malcolm X, Medgar Evers, and Martin Luther King Jr.
Chapter 2: Looking Back to Look Forward
1. For more background information on the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts, we suggest these books that chronicle the areas of pandemics, quarantines, and their impacts in history up through the COVID-19 infections: Geoff Manaugh and Nicola Twilley, Until Proven Safe (New York: MCD; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021); Lawrence Wright, The Plague Year (New York: Knopf, 2021); Michael Lewis, The Premonition (New York: W. W. Norton, 2021).
2. House of Commons (meeting in the House of Lords), October 28, 1943.
3. Frederick Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management (New York: Harper, 1911).
4. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organizations, trans. A. Henderson and T. Parsons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947).
5. Andrew Laing, “New Patterns of Work: The Design of the Office,” in Reinventing the Workplace, ed. John Worthington (York, England: IoASS; Architectural Press; University of York 1997).
6. https://insideinside.org/project/larkin-adminstration-building-1906/.
7. smithsonianmag.com/history/marvin-gayes-whats-going-relevant-today-it-was-1971-180977750/.
8. Vannevar Bush, “As We May Think,” Atlantic Monthly (July 1945): 101–8.
9. James Gillies and Robert Cailliau, How the Web Was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
10. https://www.lawrence.edu/articles/lu-alum-jack-nilles-father-telecommuting.
11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work.
12. R. Johansen, Groupware: Computer Support for Business Teams (New York: Free Press, 1988).
13. Hubert Lipinski and Richard P. Adler, “The HUB Project: Computer-Based Support for Group Problem-Solving,” Institute for the Future Research Report R-51, January 1982.
14. Johansen, Groupware.
15. For an overview of the current state of AI companions, see https://youtu.be/QGLGq8WIMzM.
16. In 1958, the Quickborner consulting group was established by two brothers, Wolfgang and Eberhard Schnelle, who had previously been working as assistants in their father’s furniture studio. Upon founding Quickborner outside of Hamburg as a space planning firm, the two brothers soon developed an interest in office space. They saw the current status quo, which used versions of scientific management and consisted of uninspired rows of desks and a strict office hierarchy, as an opportunity for change. They wanted to create a system where the individual is the focus, and to rebel against the strict grid of corridors and desks with something organic and natural. Their approach was called Bürolandschaft, a German term that translates to “office landscape.” Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_landscape.
17. F. Duffy and C. Cave, “Bürolandschaft Revisited,” Architect’s Journal, March 26, 1975, 665–75.
18. Andrew Laing, New Patterns of Work: The Design of the Office (New York: Routledge, 2005).
19. Colin Macgadie, personal communication, 2022.
20. Philip Stone and Robert Luchetti, “Your Office Is Where You Are,” Harvard Business Review (March–April 1985): 102–16.
21. Laing, New Patterns of Work.
22. John Zeisel, Inquiry by Design: Tools for Environmental Behavior Research (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1981).
23. Francis Duffy and Kenneth Powell, The New Office (London: Conran Octopus, 1997).
24. F. D. Becker and F. Steele, Workplace by Design: Mapping the High-Performance Workscape (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995).
25. Duffy and Powell, New Office.
26. DEGW was established in London in 1971 as an offshoot of New York space planners JFN. The original partners were all educated as architects, with Luigi Giffone also being an engineer; Francis Duffy, John Worthington, and Peter Ely studied together at the Architectural Association. DEGW specialized in the design of office environments and was one of the first practices to place an emphasis on how organizations use space and the important role that design has to play in this. They revolutionized space planning for large-scale offices by placing an emphasis on the changing nature of organizations and the need for office accommodation to reflect this, incorporating ideas on mobile and remote working. From spatialagency.net/database/degw. Also see Amy Thomas, “Architectural Consulting in the Knowledge Economy: DEGW and the ORBIT Report,” Journal of Architecture 24, no. 7 (2019), 1020–44.
Chapter 3: Impossible Futures
1. Trying to define cyberpunk is a difficult task, but you know it when you see it. Think of movies like Blade Runner and Ghost in the Machine. On one side of cyberpunk you have powerful megacorporations and private security forces, and on the other you have the dark and gritty underworld of illegal trade, gangs, drugs, and vice. In between all of this is politics, corruption, and social upheaval. “High tech. Low life.” Cyberpunk is also a culture with attitude and a distinct style. Anti-authoritarian, brand-averse, tech-literate; these are just some of the qualities you may find in a cyberpunk. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk.
2. Steampunk is a design style inspired by Victorian-era industrialism. Science fiction author K. W. Jeter created the term steampunk in 1987 to describe a style of fantasy fiction that featured Victorian technology, especially technology powered by steam. The style first appeared in mainstream pop culture in the late 2000s and currently is used in several design genres including fashion, literature, film, television, video games, and DIY projects. The steampunk genre was originally inspired by the fictional works of Jules Verne, Mary Shelley, and H. G. Wells, who wrote popular science fiction romances in the late 1800s. Today, the steampunk genre emphasizes both the use of older technologies and retro-looking futuristic inventions as people in the nineteenth century might have imagined them. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/steampunk.
3. Yuval Noah Harari, quote from episode 325 of the Geek’s Guide to the Galaxy podcast.
4. The term Afrofuturism was coined by Mark Dery in his 1994 essay, “Black to the Future.” In the piece, the term is defined as “speculative fiction that treats African American themes and addresses African American concerns in the context of the twentieth century technoculture—and, more generally, African American signification that appropriates images of technology and a prosthetically enhanced future.” https://libguides.pratt.edu/afrofuturism; see also Ytasha Womack, Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2013).
5. Solarpunk is a somewhat promiscuous adjective, used to describe a vision of the future that we actually want. That means a future where high technology is put in service of humans and the environment. Which is to say, a solarpunk future is one that is “sustainable” at a not-just-for-rich-people level, a human-friendly future that can scale. In short, solarpunk is a reaction to climate change, inequality, and our cultural obsession with dystopian futures. See https://hieroglyph.asu.edu/2014/09/solarpunk-notes-toward-a-manifesto.
6. P. von Stackelberg and A. McDowell, “What in the World? Storyworlds, Science Fiction, and Futures Studies,” Journal of Futures Studies 20, no. 2 (2015): 25–46; also see Alex McDowell on telling stories that shape the future, youtube.com/watch?v=Sj_LZFhKU8c.
7. This typology was developed at Institute for the Future by Kathi Vian, Jacques Vallee, and Bob Johansen in 2011. See the 2012 Map of the Decade: The Future Is a Question about What Is Possible, Institute for the Future.
8. www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/health/coronavirus-mrna-kariko.html.
9. Jane McGonigal’s 2022 book contains very useful advice and gameful experiences to help stretch your imagination. See Jane McGonigal, Imaginable: How to See the Future Coming and Feel Ready for Anything—Even Things That Seem Impossible Today (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2022).
10. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, https://sdgs.un.org.
11. Ban Ki-Moon, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/.
12. According to Jason Zac, musician, sound engineer, and founder of Nathaniel School of Music, the last decade has seen the widespread use of digital audio workstations (DAW). The music production software of the DAW, used in tandem with a MIDI Controller (a Bluetooth-enabled device resembling the traditional mixing board) allows users to record and mix multiple audio tracks on a personal computer. The DAW enables everyone to become a sound engineer, which makes the traditional mixing board less common. However, the need to mix is even more relevant, hence the board as metaphor is very appropriate for mixing better futures for working and living.
13. To allow people to compare how they move their sliders on the mixing board, we recommend taking the online office shock survey at www.officeshock.org.
PART II: WHAT’S NEXT?
1. Octavia E. Butler, quotation at Oakland Museum exhibit on Afro-Futurism, 2020.
2. See “About the Artists” at the back of the book for more detail.
Chapter 4: In Good Company
1. www-cnbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.cnbc.com/amp/2022/06/21/beyonce-break-my-soul-is-an-ode-to-the-great-resignation.html.
2. Abraham Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being (New York: Wiley, 1961).
3. Scott Barry Kaufman, Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization (New York: Tarcher-Perigee/Penguin, 2020).
4. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 220 (also see Maslow’s characteristics of transcenders, pages 221 to 225).
5. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 220.
6. Jenn Lim, “How to Find the Secret to Meaningful Work,” on Podcast How to Build a Happy Life, hosted by Arthur Brooks, 2021, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-to-find-the-secret-to-meaningful-work/id1587046024?i=1000540502958. See also IFTF Urgent Optimists program, https://urgentoptimists.org/.
7. For an overview of neurotransmitters, see https://dana.org/article/neurotransmitters/. For a summary of “Action Potential, Learning and Synapse,” see https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain-basics/brain/brain-physiology/action-potentials-and-synapses. See “Neuroscientists Reveal How the Brain Can Enhance Connections,” https://news.mit.edu/2015/brain-strengthen-connections-between-neurons-1118. Also see Andrew Huberman on “4 Ways Your Brain & Body Are Governed by Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, Hormones, and Pheromones,” instagram.com/tv/CIgNmM4HMJG/?hl=en. Andrew Huberman, “How Your Nervous System Works & Changes | Huberman Lab Podcast.” January 4, 2021. Accessed January 2021. https://youtu.be/H-XfCl-HpRM. A. Huberman, “How Neuroscience Can Hack Your Brain’s Potential.” November 22, 2020. Accessed December 2020. https://youtu.be/qksd7aHGAUQ.
8. https://can-acn.org/donald-olding-hebb/.
9. L. J. Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006).
10. David Brooks, “Globalization Is Over. The Global Culture Wars Have Begun,” New York Times, 2022. nytimes.com/2022/04/08/opinion/globalization-global-culture-war.html.
11. John Carryrou, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2018), 12.
12. Anna Lembke, Dopamine Nation (New York: Dutton, 2021).
13. James Suzman, Work: A Deep History, from the Stone Age to the Age of Robots (New York: Penguin Press, 2021).
14. https://thenapministry.wordpress.com/.
15. bbc.com/news/business-60353916, accessed 4/10/22.
16. bcorporation.net/en-us/.
17. globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/05/20/2036111/0/en/Danone-to-pioneer-French-Entreprise-à-Mission-model-to-progress-stakeholder-value-creation.html.
18. trendhunter.com/trends/striding-out.
19. trendhunter.com/trends/healing-clinic.
20. newyorker.com/business/currency/can-companies-force-themselves-to-do-good.
21. forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2018/11/05/why-employee-stakeholders-are-the-secret-to-your-organizations-transformative-success/?sh=456c9a79130a.
23. https://youtu.be/7gVMh_kyTVs.
24. L. Lus-Arana, “The Many Effects of the Guggenheim Effect,” MAS Context (2017): 315–451.
25. Mariana Mazzucato, Mission Economy: A Moonshot Guide to Changing Capitalism (New York: Penguin Books, 2022), 9.
26. Mazzucato, Mission Economy, 171.
27. J. K. Galbraith, Economics and the Public Purpose (New York: New American Library, 1973), as quoted in Mazzucato, Mission Economy, 169.
28. T. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, trans. A. Goldhammer (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2017.
29. Mazzucato, Mission Economy, 169.
30. yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2020/04/06/coronavirus-community-collective-response.
31. Kaufman, Transcend.
32. Deidre Kramer, “Wisdom as a Classical Source of Human Strength,” referenced in Kaufman, Transcend, 226.
Chapter 5: Pursuing Prosperity
1. “A Free-Market Manifesto That Changed the World, Reconsidered,” New York Times, September 11, 2020.
2. “A Free Market Manifesto.”
3. Milton Friedman, “A Friedman Doctrine: The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,” New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970.
4. Mariana Mazzucato, The Value of Everything: Making and Taking in the Global Economy (New York: PublicAffairs, 2018).
5. Y. Varoufakis and J. Moe, Talking to My Daughter about the Economy: A Brief History of Capitalism (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2018).
6. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).
7. Gerald Davis, The Vanishing American Corporation: Navigating the Hazards of a New Economy (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Kohler, 2016).
8. Gerald F. Davis and Aseem Sinha, “Varieties of Uberization: How Technology and Institutions Change the Organization(s) of Late Capitalism,” Organization Theory 2 (2019): 1–17.
9. https://assets.pubpub.org/8b6dpdiq/41608610847456.pdf.
10. newyorker.com/culture/infinite-scroll/the-promise-of-daos-the-latest-craze-in-crypto.
11. A decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) is one that is an internet-based organization, collectively owned and managed by its members. The rules of operation (the equivalent of the legal framework) and the organization’s treasury are encoded in a mechanism called a smart contract and published online. There is no central hierarchical authority. The group members make decisions collectively. These organizations reside on the blockchain—a list or ledger of records (called blocks) that contain a time stamp and information about each transaction. Each new block contains information about the previous one and therefore resists being modified since any such modification would affect all the previous blocks. The collection of blocks containing information about the associated transactions form a chain (hence the name blockchain). investopedia.com/tech/what-dao/.
12. Aaron Dignan, “Changing the Way DAOs work.” https://medium.com/the-ready/changing-the-way-daos-work-54136e8d071d.
13. Simon Jäger, Benjamin Schoefer, and Jörg Heining, “Labor in the Boardroom,” SSRN Electronic Journal. https://economics.mit.edu/files/17273, 2019; Jarkko Harju, Simon Jäger, and Benjamin Schoefer, Voice at Work, 2021, nber.org/papers/w28522.
14. https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/42/prosperity-by-design/.
15. Nick Romeo, “Can Companies Force Themselves to Do Good?” New Yorker, January 10, 2022.
16. See https://purpose-economy.org/en/ for more examples.
18. wildplastic.com/en/.
20. Kaal offers the following example: For instance, the Uber DAO can be seen as Uber the company with all its constituents but without the company, for example, the entity, itself and its hierarchical governance structures. If Uber were a DAO, the Uber drivers as a group with their respective nonfungible token holdings would become Uber, for example, a fully decentralized company without hierarchies. The control and power over the Uber DAO would be in the hands of the DAO Uber token holders. Yet, the staking mechanisms for nonfungible tokens in emerging DAO protocols make the voting structure different from any previous attempts at creating liquid democracies. For a consumable overview of DAOs, see Cathy Hackl, “What Are DAOs and Why You Should Pay Attention,” forbes.com/sites/cathyhackl/2021/06/01/what-are-daos-and-why-you-should-pay-attention/?sh=495344f67305; Wulf A. Kaal, “A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) of DAOs (March 6, 2021).” Available at SSRN, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3799320 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3799320; “Changing the Way DAOs Work,” by Aaron Dignan, https://medium.com/the-ready/changing-the-way-daos-work-54136e8d071d.
21. J. S. Colton, A. C. Edenfield, and S. Holmes, “Workplace Democracy and the Problem of Equality,” Technical Communication 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 53–67.
22. N. Schneider, Everything for Everyone: The Radical Tradition That Is Shaping the Next Economy (New York: Nation Books, 2018).
23. https://zebrasunite.mn.co.
24. Richard D. Wolff, Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012).
25. D. Kruse, R. B. Freeman, and J. R. Blasi, National Bureau of Economic Research, Russell Sage Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation, Shared Capitalism at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit and Gain Sharing, and Broad-Based Stock Options (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011).
26. As an illustration of challenges to securing these benefits, see the debate on Proposition 22 in Lauren Hepler’s article, “Uber, Lyft, and Why California’s War over Gig Work Is Just Beginning,” https://calmatters.org/economy/2020/08/california-gig-work-ab5-prop-22/.
27. Varoufakis and Moe, Talking to My Daughter about the Economy.
28. Kate Raworth, Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st Century Economist (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2017).
29. In Canada and the United States, for example, the Genuine Progress Indicator takes everything the GDP uses into account but adds other figures that represent the cost of the negative effects related to economic activity. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s “Better Life Index” comprises a broad range of areas—including income and employment, education, security, and work-life balance. The European Union launched the Beyond GDP to look beyond economic performance to determine welfare in the member states and to also include the United Nation’s Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. Germany uses the National Welfare Index, and Canada’s Comprehensive Wealth project adds one number for evaluation and policy making on top of GDP. The UN Environment Programme–led Inclusive Wealth Index shows the aggregation through accounting and shadow pricing of produced capital, natural capital, and human capital for 140 countries.
30. weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/forget-gdp-for-the-21st-century-we-need-a-modern-economic-measure/.
31. www.iftf.org/equitableenterprise/.
32. For an example, see “The Long-Term Stock Exchange (LTSE) is an SEC-registered national securities exchange built to serve companies and investors who share a long-term vision,” https://longtermstockexchange.com.
33. Mazzucato, Value of Everything, 270.
34. Mazzucato, Value of Everything, 270.
35. Thomas L. Friedman, “The Answers to Our Problems Aren’t as Simple as Left or Right,” New York Times, July 7, 2019.
36. Friedman, “Answers to Our Problems.”
37. Choices for post-corporate economic models include eco-capitalism: continuing with the current models of production and profit, but for more sustainable processes and products. See https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-92357-4; eco-socialism is another choice, which moves the needle toward the left (politically speaking) to embrace common ownership of the means of production by freely associated producers and restoring the commons. See J. Kovel and M. Lowy, An Ecosocialist Manifesto, http://environment-ecology.com/political-ecology/436-an-ecosocialist-manifesto.html, 2001; Green New Deal proposals in the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union call for public policy to address climate change along with achieving other social aims like job creation and reducing economic inequality. See https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/climate/green-new-deal-questions-answers.html. Economy for the Common Good (ECG) is an economic model, which makes the Common Good, a good life for everyone on a healthy planet, its primary goal and purpose. See www.ecogood.org/what-is-ecg/ecg-in-a-nutshell/. Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that applies regenerative agriculture, town planning, rewilding, and community resilience to create communities based on “sharing and caring” in human relationships rather than a competition. See David Holmgren, “Essence of Permaculture” (PDF). Permaculture: Principles and Pathways beyond Sustainability, self-published, 2007.
Chapter 6: Beyond Sustainability
1. Santiago, Chile, and Los Angeles, California, are both experiencing megadroughts, and climate impact is likely to affect their water supply permanently: “Not just less water for now. Maybe less water forever.” See https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/FMfcgzGpFgrvrfNsWQJrvmgBMSdLhQjt.
2. According to a World Bank report, “Groundswell—Preparing for Internal Climate Migration,” without urgent global and national climate action, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America could see more than 140 million people move within their countries’ borders by 2050.
3. designcouncil.org.uk/resources/guide/beyond-net-zero-systemic-design-approach.
4. Amitav Ghosh, The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).
5. ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/resources/press/press-release/.
7. Duffy, Work and the City.
8. World Economic Forum, “Circular Economy and Material Value Chains,” weforum.org/projects/circular-economy.
9. William Gibson, from account @GreatDismal, August 17, 2018.
10. zedfactory.com/bedzed.
11. See the Ellen Macarthur Foundation Butterfly diagram to visualize a circular economy, https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy-diagram. Also see Walter R. Stahel, The Circular Economy: A User’s Guide (New York: Routledge, 2019), chap. 4, for the R’s of circularity.
12. https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/the-jeans-redesign.
13. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/TheJeansRedesign2021CommsPack/@/preview/49.
14. UN Global Compact, “The Future Is Green and Inclusive,” 2021, unglobalcompact.org/library/5966.
15. Bill Reed, “Shifting from ‘Sustainability’ to Regeneration,” Building Research and Information 35, no. 6 (2007): 674–80.
16. Tragedy of the commons is a situation in which individual users, who have open access to a resource unhampered by shared social structures or formal rules that govern access and use, act independently according to their own self-interest and, contrary to the common good of all users, cause depletion of the resource through their uncoordinated action. See Joanna Burger and Michael Gochfeld, “The Tragedy of the Commons 30 Years Later,” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 40, no. 10 (1998): 4–13.
17. youtube.com/watch?v=_EkSIlXEM50.
18. nytimes.com/2021/12/28/climate/chile-constitution-climate-change.html.
19. For more stories of systemic change, we recommend Mariana Amatullo, Bryan Boyer, Jennifer May, and Andrew Shea, Design for Social Innovation: Case Studies from Around the World (New York: Routledge, 2022).
20. Fritjof Capra and Pier Luigi Luisi, The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
21. https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/.
22. https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/.
23. W. S. Saunders and K. Yu, Designed Ecologies: The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu (Basel: De Gruyter, 2013).
24. weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/sponge-cities-china-flood-protection-nature-wwf/.
25. Daniel C. Wahl, “Sustainability Is Not Enough: We Need Regenerative Cultures,” Medium, March 5, 2017, https://designforsustainability.medium.com/sustainability-is-not-enough-we-need-regenerative-cultures-4abb3c78e68b.
26. The list is too long to include here, but the good news is that it continues to grow. Here is a sampling:
https://hmgroup.com/news/hm-group-launches-circular-design-tool-circulator/.
https://www.dssmith.com/sustainability/sustainability-strategy.
27. https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/4-strategies-sustainable-business.
28. See, for example, The EU and Climate Security: Toward Ecological Diplomacy, edited by Olivia Lazard and Richard Youngs, https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Youngs_and_Lazard_EU_Climate_FINAL_07.08.21.pdf.
29. See www.technologyreview.com/gfi for the 2022 comparative ranking of seventy-six nations and territories on their ability to develop a sustainable, low-carbon future.
30. The IFRS Foundation announced at the UN Climate Change conference in Glasgow in November 2021 the formation of the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB), which will consolidate the Climate Disclosure Standards Board and the Value Reporting Foundation (which includes the Integrated Reporting Framework and Sustainability Accounting Standards Board [SASB] Standards) by June 2022.
31. Christiana Fugueres and Tom Rivett-Carnac, The Future We Choose: The Stubborn Optimist’s Guide to the Climate Crisis (New York: Vintage, 2020.)
Chapter 7: Cultivating Community
1. “6 Young Activists in Africa Working to Save the World,” Global Citizen, August 17, 2018, https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/african-youth-activists-south-africa/. This video shows Greta Thunberg meeting with young leaders from Africa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5tAFYsXe5k.
2. Hilda Flavia Nakabuye, the founder of Fridays for Future Uganda. Quoted from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjsDxcWS1zU.
3. The 2010 and 2020 Digital Thresholds are described in more detail in Bob Johansen, Full-Spectrum Thinking (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2020), 78–89.
4. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/inequality-kills.
5. M. (Matt) Raskovic, “(Social) Identity Theory in an Era of Identity Politics: Theory and Practice,” AIB Insights 21, no. 2 (2020), https://doi.org/10.46697/001c.13616. For a comprehensive illustration of identity, see by Sylvia Duckworth’s Wheel of Power and Privilege at https://tinyurl.com/63ynmssf.
6. Robin Cohen and Carolin Fischer, Routledge Handbook of Diaspora Studies (New York: Routledge, 2019), 5. See also J. Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
7. T. Hübl, Healing Collective Trauma (Boulder, CO: Sounds True, 2021).
8. youtube.com/watch?v=2xsbt3a7K-8, 13:50; “MLK Talks ‘New Phase’ of Civil Rights Struggle, 11 Months before His Assassination,” NBC News. In 1967, at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, Martin Luther King Jr. spoke with NBC News’ Sander Vanocur about the “new phase” of the struggle for “genuine equality.”
9. The Belonging Organization, https://belongingorganization.com.
10. youtube.com/watch?v=DoU5F9pNV0A.
11. Courtney L. McCluney, Kathrina Robotham, Serenity Lee, Richard Smith, and Myles Durkee, “The Costs of Code-Switching,” Big Idea Series/Advancing Black Leaders, Harvard Business Review, November 15, 2019.
12. Ytasha L. Womack, Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2013), 16.
13. https://wendyguerrero.net/The-Latinfuturism-Archive.
14. https://catherinesramirez.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ramirez-deus.pdf.
15. Virginia L. Conn and Gabriele de Seta, “Sinofuturism(s),” Verge: Studies in Global Asias 7 no. 2 (2021): 74–99.
16. https://sailemagazine.com/2021/04/arab-futurism-imagining-the-future-from-an-arab-perspective/.
17. artnews.com/art-in-america/interviews/sophia-al-maria-erika-balsom-gulf-futurism-sad-sacks-julia-stoschek-interview-1202683264/.
18. David Kushner, “Escape to Zoom Island: How Generation Zoom Transformed a Tiny Island into a Remote Worker’s Paradise,” GQ, April 27, 2022.
Chapter 8: Everyone Amplified
1. Amber Case, Calm Technology: Principles and Patterns for Non-Intrusive Design (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2016).
2. https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2022-02-07/new-technology-restores-movement-after-spinal-cord-paralysis. Accessed April 2022.
3. Kai-Fu Lee and Qiufan Chen, AI 2041: Ten Visions for Our Future (New York: Random House, 2021).
4. https://www.weforum.org/projects/augmented-workforce-initiative. Accessed April 6, 2022.
5. Batya Friedman as quoted in Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humans; Pew Research Center and Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/12/10/artificial-intelligence-and-the-future-of-humans/.
6. Jake Dunagan, “Mind in a Designed World: Toward the Infinite Cortex,” 10.13140/RG.2.1.2946.4561, July 21, 2016.
7. nytimes.com/2022/04/06/technology/openai-images-dall-e.html.
8. Google’s DeepMind says its new language model called RETRO can beat others twenty-five times its size, see https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/12/08/1041557/deepmind-language-model-beat-others-25-times-size-gpt-3-megatron/.
9. Inside the fight to reclaim AI from Big Tech’s control, technologyreview.com/2021/06/14/1026148/ai-big-tech-timnit-gebru-paper-ethics/.
10. In 1956 at Dartmouth College, at their first convening, George Miller, Noam Chomsky, Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, Marvin Minsky, and others presented views on how the brain represents, processes, and transforms information. Inspired by John von Neumann’s invention of the computer, they saw the “mind as machine.” This metaphor laid the foundation for defining intelligence as a range of computational, mechanical processes, including language, perception, memory, problem-solving, reasoning, and many others.
11. John Thornhill, Financial Times, June 9, 2021, ft.com/content/dd621de6-4047-46c3-833a-b21bd2423113.
12. K. Crawford, Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021).
13. Indeed, the evidence on social media and examples of malicious use of deep fakes are signals that we are far away from more intelligence.
14. We think that Thomas W. Malone from MIT was first to use this phrase when he said, “we should move from thinking about putting humans in the loop to putting computers in the group,” see Superminds: The Surprising Power of People and Computers Thinking Together (Boston: Little, Brown, 2018), 75.
15. Malone, Superminds.
16. Cal Newport, A World without Email: Reimagining Work in the Age of Overload (Penguin Random House UK, 2021); Cal Newport, Deep Work (London, 2016).
17. David Rose, Enchanted Objects: Design, Human Desire, and the Internet of Things (New York: Scribner’s, 2014), 194. Rose identifies five steps on what he calls “The Ladder of Enchantment”:
1. Connection: adding sensing/sensor capabilities by connecting to the cloud.
2. Personalization: adding and leveraging personal information.
3. Socialization: adding connections to friends, loved ones, and colleagues.
4. Gamification: adding the fun and motivational elements of video games.
5. Story-fication: adding a human narrative for the product, service, or user.
18. Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013).
19. https://medium.com/demagsign/8-spectacular-speculative-designs-44fb129eb4e2.
21. www.wired.com/story/lamda-sentient-ai-bias-google-blake-lemoine/.
22. Benjamin Bratton and Blaise Agüera y Arcas, “The Model Is the Message,” essay in Noēma magazine, Berggruen Institute, July 12, 2022.
23. T. W. Kim and A. Duhachek, “Artificial Intelligence and Persuasion: A Construal-Level Account,” Psychological Science 31, no. 4 (2020): 363–80, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797620904985.
24. S. Raisch and S. Krakowski, “Artificial Intelligence and Management: The Automation-Augmentation Paradox,” Academy of Management Review 46, no. 1 (January 2021): 192–210.
25. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/projects/reshaping-business-with-artificial-intelligence/.
26. https://www.designhacks.co/products/cognitive-bias-codex-poster?variant=28329927043.
27. Shoshana Zuboff, “You Are the Object of a Secret Extraction Operation,” New York Times, November 11, 2021.
28. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: Public Affairs Hachette Book Group, 2019), 12.
29. Made by Jeremy Kirshbaum of Handshake.fyi using the GPT-3 text generator; inspired by the poems of Pablo Neruda.
30. See https://openai.com/dall-e-2/ and https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2204.06125.
31. Mark Amerika, My Life as an Artificial Creative Intelligence (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2022).
32. T. Buganza, P. Bellis, S. Magnanini, J. Press, A. Shani, D. Trabucchi, R. Verganti, and F. Zasa, Storymaking: How the Co-creation of Narratives Engages People for Innovation and Transformation (New York: Routledge, 2022).
Chapter 9: Better Than Being There
1. Frank Duffy, Work and the City, Edge Futures (London: Black Dog, 2008), 48 and 55.
2. For examples, see https://youtu.be/17fIcc-Ys8Y and https://www.gensler.com/research-insight/publications.
3. For example, see R. C. Pozen and A. Samuel, “Remote, Inc: How to Thrive at Work . . . Wherever You Are,” Harper Business, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers 2021.
4. mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/reimagining-the-office-and-work-life-after-covid-19.
5. We first heard this term work/life navigation from the work/family pioneer Ellen Galinsky and her work at the Families and Work Institute.
7. Web3 (potentially powered by quantum computing) could disrupt much of what we talk about in the book, specifically blockchain-based platforms such as DAOs, cryptocurrencies, and smart contracts. Web3, according to American internet entrepreneur and investor Chris Dixon, is “a new way to build networks where instead of the network owned by a company it is owned by a community of users.” Web3 highlights that more important than the technologies are the human needs that need to be fulfilled: more trust, more connection, more agency, less control, and such. For more details, listen to Kara Swisher’s June 16, 2022, interview with Chris Dixon, “As Bitcoin Busts, What’s the Future of Web3? And What Even Is Web3?” www.nytimes.com/2022/06/16/opinion/sway-kara-swisher-chris-dixon.html accessed July 10 2022.
8. Refer to the previous endnote for clarification of Web3.
9. Dr. Rosanna Guadagno, consulting senior Scientist at Stanford University, found that players are more trusting of other players who are part of their guild, a group of players who share a common chat channel, group identifier, and play together regularly, relative to players who belong to other guilds or are not in a guild. https://news.utdallas.edu/faculty-staff/study-explores-how-trustful-online-gamers-are-with/.
10. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: Penguin, 1966).
11. MIT Technology Review 123, no. 1 (January/February 2020).
12. Professor Mori theorized that as robots become more attractive to humans, they appear more and more human, up to the uncanny valley, where the robot looks human, but something seems not quite right or even weird or creepy. See Masahiro Mori, Tokyo Institute for Technology, 1970, “The Uncanny Valley: The Original Essay by Masahiro Mori,” June 12, 2012. As cited in New Leadership Literacies. For an updated version, see https://youtu.be/WU0gvPcc3jQ.
13. Unreal Engine’s MetaHuman Creator—an open and advanced real-time 3D creation tool for photorealistic immersive experiences—takes real-time human information and creates real-life avatars in hours. The software—and the company—crossed the uncanny valley by also crossing gaming, marketing, and film for Matrix Resurrections. Fans can download a gaming option that uses action sequences from the movie, and the game characters have a powerful resemblance to the actors in the movie, unrealengine.com/en-US/digital-humans.
14. Sherry Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011).
15. “Without social organizations, social technologies will eat us alive,” Marina Gorbis, https://medium.com/institute-for-the-future/without-social-organizations-social-technologies-will-eat-us-alive-86b479ac0874.
16. Christian Gänshirt, “1968—Fritz Haller: Totale Stadt,” in Das ungebaute Berlin. Stadtkonzepte im 20. Jahrhundert, edited by Carsten Krohn (Berlin: DOM Publishers, 2010), 191–93.
17. N. J. Habraken and B. Valkenburg, Supports: An Alternative to Mass Housing (New York: Praeger, 1972).
18. E. Manzini, Design, When Everybody Designs: An Introduction to Design for Social Innovation (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015).
19. https://openarchcollab.org.
20. nytimes.com/2015/01/18/arts/design/a-leader-in-socially-conscious-architecture-is-closing-amid-financial-woes.html.
21. “People Recall Information Better through Virtual Reality, Says New UMD Study,” College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, June 13, 2018. The study involved forty participants who were asked to perform a task using a VR headset and again by using their own coordination. When participants used VR headsets, the results engineered an 8.8% improvement in memory performance. https://cmns.umd.edu/news-events/features/4155.
22. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf.
23. Video games can increase creativity, but with caveats. See https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2019.1594524.
24. James Delaney, Beautiful Minecraft (San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2017).
25. Jaron Lanier, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/11/opinion/sway-kara-swisher-jaron-lanier.htm.
Chapter 10: Coordinating with Clarity
1. Marina Gorbis, https://democracyjournal.org/author/marina-gorbis/.
2. Dr. Melanie Ivarsson, chief development officer of Moderna, quotes from MIT Sloan School iLead interview, http://web.mit.edu/webcast/mitsloan/f21/ilead/1/, 2021.
3. Bob Johansen, The New Leadership Literacies: Thriving in a Future of Extreme Disruption and Distributed Everything (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2017), 61–75.
4. Michel Zarka, Elena Kochanovskaya, and Bill Pasmore, Braided Organizations: Designing Augmented Human Centric Processes to Enhance Performance and Innovation (Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, 2019).
5. Zarka, Kochanovskaya, and Pasmore, Braided Organizations.
6. Conversation with Niklas Jansen, Fall 2019.
7. Bob Johansen, The New Leadership Literacies (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2017), 117–30.
8. https://www.neuro.duke.edu/research/research-news/how-vr-helping-paraplegics-walk-again.
9. Using Play to Rewire and Improve Your Brain, Huberman Lab Podcast #58, www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwyZIWeBpRw&list=RDCMUC2D2CMWXMOVWx7giW1n3LIg&start_radio=1.
10. G. Güneş, “Personal Play Identity and the Fundamental Elements in Its Development Process,” Current Psychology (2021).
11. “Having a gamer’s mindset or attitude. Like playful, but more oriented toward achieving goals, trying out different strategies, and taking on new challenges.” urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=gameful.
12. A Fireside Chat with Blizzard Entertainment cofounder Mike Morhaime. youtube.com/watch?v=bPFtUiTncy8.
13. ea.com/commitments/positive-play/charter.
14. ubisoft.com/en-us/help/article/code-of-conduct-the-way-we-play/000095037?isSso=true &refreshStatus=noLoginData.
15. Kayla Barron, Annapolis graduate, former officer on ballistic missile-armed submarines, and current astronaut, quoted in “Ready to Explore,” Bainbridge Islander, December 17, 2021.
16. “How Job Simulator created a perfect way to spectate, and stream, from within VR,” https://www.polygon.com/2016/3/30/11330766/job-simulator-vive-twitch-youtube.
17. youtube.com/watch?v=v5cRj2qTCpw, 2020.
18. youtube.com/watch?v=v5cRj2qTCpw.
19. researchgate.net/publication/317826656_Simulation_tool_for_fire_and_rescue_services.
20. O. Almousa, J. Prates, N. Yeslam, et al., “Virtual Reality Simulation Technology for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training: An Innovative Hybrid System with Haptic Feedback,” Simulation and Gaming 50, no. 1 (2019): 6–22. doi:10.1177/1046878118820905.
21. mountainview.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=1724&TargetID=9.
22. The term flexive command has been suggested in a military context, but while we like the word flexive, we don’t think that “command” is appropriate for nonmilitary settings. See Andrew Hill and Heath Niemi, “The Trouble with Mission Common: Flexive Command and the Future of Command and Control,” Joint Force Quarterly 86 (2017).
23. Mariana Mazzucato, Governing Missions in the European Union, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/research_and_innovation/contact/documents/ec_rtd_mazzucato-report-issue2_072019.pdf. For an example of a very interesting mission map that demonstrates what we call flexive intent, see “A Mission-Oriented Approach to Cleaning the Oceans,” Mazzucato, at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-mission-oriented-approach-to-cleaning-the-oceans-Source-Mazzucato-2018c-24_fig1_338177337.
PART III: WHAT NOW?
1. Octavia E. Butler, Parable of the Sower (London: Headline, 1993), 1 and 75.
Chapter 11: Thinking Futureback about Office Shock
1. For more information, see iftf.org/foresightessentials/.
2. Peter Drucker was noted for this quote: “Culture eats strategy for breakfast.” Most architects, including our coauthor, would be inclined to say: “Organizational strategy eats office design for lunch.”
3. Onna M. van den Broek and Robyn Klingler-Vidra, “The UN Sustainable Development Goals as a North Star: How an Intermediary Network Makes, Takes, and Retrofits the Meaning of the Sustainable Development Goals,” https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/share/D6EAEYCGGUWCTBHJXMBV?target=10.1111/rego.12415.
4. We intentionally are not referring to a specific star, like the North Star, to encourage everyone to focus on their own celestial guide.
5. The critical success factors methodology was developed at MIT by Jack Rockart and Christine Bullen. See John F. Rockart, “Chief Executives Define Their Own Needs,” Harvard Business Review, March 1979. See also, Christine V. Bullen and John F. Rockart, “A Primer on Critical Success Factors,” CISR No. 69, Sloan WP No. 1220-81, Center for Information Systems Research, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 1981.
6. S. Datar et al., “Royal Philips: Designing Toward Profound Change,” Harvard Business Review, July 3, 2018.
7. J. Press et al., IDeaLs (Innovation and Design as Leadership): Transformation in the Digital Era (Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing, 2021), https://www.ideals.polimi.it.
8. See Josh Berson, The Human Scaffold: How Not to Design Your Way Out of a Climate Crisis (Oakland: University of California Press, 2021).
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agential_realism.
Chapter 12: Personal Choices
1. According to Jason Zac, synchronization brings the three essential elements of music together to create an embodied emotional experience:
1. Melody—patterns and variations of notes.
2. Harmony—sounds and intervals of notes that create a story.
3. Rhythm—the beat, akin to a heartbeat, guiding a consistent movement.
Chapter 14: Community Choices
2. https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/tulsa-offered-to-pay-people-to-move-the-program-got-10000-applicants.
Conclusion
1. Amanda Gorman, “Why I Almost Didn’t Read My Poem at the Inauguration,” New York Times, January 20, 2022.
2. #Oursolutions: Conversation with Jacqui Patterson, https://wedo.org/oursolutions-conversation-jacqui-patterson-naacp/.
3. nytimes.com/interactive/2021/10/27/opinion/tom-morello-teaching-guitar-music.html.
4. Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths, rev. ed. (New York: PublicAffairs, 2015).
5. F. Buckminster Fuller, ed. J. Snyder, Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers 2014).