INDEX

A

  • ability, Fogg Behavioral Model 97–8
  • addiction
    • behavioral, DSM-5 129–30
    • criteria for 129
    • gaming 65–6
    • smartphone 77
    • and social media use 128–30
    • substance 66
  • addictive designs 4, 7, 9, 112, 187–8
    • clashing with basic human social traits 130–2
    • detrimental effects of 150–1
    • notifications 102–3
  • ADHD, increased risk of from social media use 128
  • adolescents
    • bonding, real vs. virtual 88–9
    • change in behavior of 144–5
    • smartphones/social media use and ADHD 128
    • teaching healthy digital habits 172–3
  • advertising see online marketing
  • Alphabet 22
  • Altmann, Dr. Erik 87
  • Amazon
    • letter to 191
    • value of 21–3
  • Amdahl's Law 26–7
  • anchoring 137
  • anthropomorphism 138
  • Apple
    • human-friendly default settings 189
    • letter to 191
    • value of 21–3
  • artificial intelligence (AI) 20–1
  • associative thinking 49
  • attachment style 59, 77
  • attention
    • as a commodity 4, 8–9, 23–4, 90
    • diminished span of 9, 12, 82, 152
    • and online shopping 4
  • audience targeting 103–7, 113–15
  • autopilot (unconscious reasoning) 35, 49–50
  • availability cascade 137
  • avoidant attachment, link to smartphone use 77

B

  • Baars, Bernard J. 53–4
  • Bandura, Albert, “self-efficacy” 174–6
  • bandwagon effect 137
  • basic needs 36, 37, 38
    • effects of depletion in 74–5
  • Bell, Vaughan 66–7
  • bias blind spot 137
  • biases, cognitive 133–8
  • Bias, Randolph 26–7
  • “Big 5” model of personality traits 107–8
  • Big Data 13, 154
  • “body shaming” 43
  • bonding
    • and oxytocin levels 68
    • real-world vs. virtual 88–9
  • brain
    • adaptability of 45–7
    • and consciousness 47–50
    • evolution of 31–3
    • information processing 82–6
    • new brain functions 52–3, 72–3, 140, 142
    • old (primitive) brain 34, 52, 72–3, 140
    • social brain 56–9
    • triune model 33–6, 38
    • two modes of thinking 49, 63–4
  • “brain hacks” 4, 150–1, 188
  • bullying, online 146–8

C

  • Cambridge Analytica scandal 109–11
  • “captology” 96–7
  • Cavanagh, Sarah Rose 145–6
  • cellphones see smartphones
  • cerebellum 34, 35, 54
  • Chalmers, David 55–6
  • change
    • bad habits, replacing with good 159–60
    • technological 19–20
  • Chein, Jason M. 76
  • children
    • coping with stress 43–4
    • and cyberbullying 146–8
    • effects of technoference on 69–71
    • teaching sensible and healthy digital habits 172–3
  • cognitive bias 136–7
  • cognitive dissonance 138–41
  • commitment phobia, link to smartphone addiction 77
  • “compassion fatigue” 141
  • conditioning 158
  • confirmation bias
    • and diminished empathy from social media use 141–2
    • and the echo chamber effect 133–6
    • Google search results promoting 121
    • leading to cognitive dissonance 138–41
  • confirm shaming, dark pattern 120
  • connectivity
    • benefits of 157–8
    • direct brain-to-internet 20–1
  • consciousness 91–2
    • Baars' global workspace theory 53–4
    • and focus 177
    • hard problem of 55–6
    • hesitation of 47–9
    • Morsella's passive frame theory 51–3
    • and two types of thinking 49–50
  • continued influence effect 138
  • cookies 115–16
  • cortisol production, factors triggering 43, 44, 45
  • Covey, Stephen R., listening 143
  • Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály 177, 178–9, 182
  • cultural intelligence hypothesis, Tomasello 31
  • “customer journeys” 118–19
  • cyberbullying 146–8

D

  • dark patterns, online marketing 120–1
  • decision making
    • and basic biological needs 74–5
    • thinking processes used in 49–50
  • deliberate practice 179–81
  • depression, link to social comparison 42–3
  • DFRAG (digital fragmentation) syndrome 4–5, 10–11, 14, 151
  • Diener, Ed 36–7
  • digital habits, changing 157–60
    • deliberate practice 179–81
    • diary keeping 164
    • identifying triggers and cues 164–7
    • learning to focus 177–9
    • life story approach 160–4
    • solutions to scenarios 167–9
    • summary of steps 170–1
    • teaching your children 172–3
    • troubleshooting 169–70
    • underlying psychological principles 174–6
  • digital manipulation 5–7
  • digital pollution
    • categories of 158–9
    • effects of extended exposure to 10–14, 151–4
  • Digman, J.M. 107
  • disguised ads, dark pattern 120
  • distraction by technology 86–7, 92, 163
    • learning to focus as cure for 178–9
  • dopamine 65–7, 69
  • drag-along 158
  • driving, effect of distraction on reaction time 86–7
  • DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) 129–30
  • Dunning–Kruger effect 138

E

  • echo-chamber effects 133–6
  • emails, solution to constant checking of 168
  • emotions and smartphones 88–9
  • empathy, sharp decline in 141–4
  • encoding of information by the brain 84–5
  • Ericsson, Dr. K Anders, “deliberate practice” 180–1
  • escapism 158
  • evolution
    • of the brain 31–3
    • of sociability 57, 58
  • “expectation trigger”, dopamine 65–7, 69, 101, 103
  • expertise 179–81
  • “extended mind theory” 25
  • “extended self”, mobile devices providing 80–2
  • extremism, social media groups 134–6

F

  • Facebook 22, 23, 24
    • addictive design 131–2
    • Ads manager store 104–7
    • Cambridge Analytica scandal 109–11
    • and increased loneliness 40
    • letter to 191
    • and low self-esteem 126–7
    • social comparison 42–3
    • and stress 44–5
    • typical page from 98–101
  • “Facebook Addiction Disorder” 129
  • “fake socialization” 37–9
  • family time, life story approach 161–2
  • fantasy stories, benefits of reading 144
  • fast vs. slow thinking, Kahneman 49–50, 54, 63–4, 91
  • feelings
    • communicating via text messages 39
    • use of smartphone to mediate 88–9
  • Festinger, Leon 139
  • fiction books, benefits of reading 144
  • filtering of information 83–4
  • FLOW (family life, leisure time, own time and work) 161–2
  • focus, learning how to 177–9
  • Fogg, B.J., Behavior Model 96–101
  • forced continuity, dark pattern 120
  • framing effect 137
  • free will and consciousness 51–2, 92
  • friendships
    • real vs. virtual 40, 88–9
    • technoference interrupting 70
  • frontal lobes 35, 140

G

  • Gabriel, Shira 144
  • gamblers fallacy 138
  • gambling addiction 66–7, 129
  • gaming addiction 65–6
  • generational differences technology use 144–6
  • Gillan, Douglas 26–7
  • Gjedde, Dr. Albert 146
  • Gladwell, Malcolm 179, 180
  • global workspace theory, Baars 53–4
  • goal setting, life story approach 164
  • Goldberg, Lewis 107
  • Google 23, 25
    • human-friendly default settings 189
    • letter to 191
    • personalization, search results 121–2
  • gratification, deferral of 72–4
  • groups
    • and echo chamber effects/cognitive bias 133–8
    • targeting audience 105–6

H

  • happiness
    • from fulfilment of needs 36–7
    • as internal state of being 177
  • Harari, Yuval 30, 58
  • Hastings, Reed, Netflix CEO 24–5
  • “hesitation of consciousness” 48–9
  • hidden costs, dark pattern 120
  • hierarchy of needs 36–7, 38, 41
  • hormones 37, 64
    • oxytocin 67–9
  • hostile attribution bias 138
  • House, Richard 86
  • HPA (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal) axis 43–4

I

  • identifiable victim effect 137
  • iGen (Twenge) 145
  • impulse control
    • loss of 74–6
    • rTPJ linked to 142
  • information filtering, limitations of brain 83–4
  • information processing
    • limitations of 26–8
    • mechanisms used by the brain 84–5
  • interruptions, increased error rate linked to 87
  • “iPhone separation anxiety” 80–1
  • isolation, children 43–4

J

  • James, William 49

K

  • Kahneman, Daniel, slow and fast thinking 49–50
  • Kai Chi (Sam) Yam, self-control research 74
  • Kenner, Soren 14
  • Kosinski, Michal, personality prediction 107–9

L

  • language
    • emergence of 32–3
    • used by advertisers 100
  • leisure time, life story approach 162
  • Leslie, Ian 96–7
  • Lewis, Clayton 26–7
  • Libet, Benjamin, subconscious processes 47
  • life stories 160–4
  • limbic system (“emotional” brain) 34, 37
  • literary characters, identifying with 144
  • longevity, link to close relationships 10
  • “lookalike audiences”, Facebook 106, 110
  • “love hormone” (oxytocin) 67–9

M

  • MacLean, Paul D. 34
  • Manney, P.J., “compassion fatigue” 141
  • marketing see online marketing
  • Maslow's hierarchy of needs 36–8
  • mastery of experiences 175
  • McDaniel, Brandon, “technoference” 70–1
  • meandering 158
  • memory
    • computers as extensions of 26
    • working memory, limitations of 82–3
    • letter to 191
  • Middleton, Peter 18
  • “mind/brain hacks” 4, 7, 15, 35–6
  • mobile phones see smartphones
  • models vs. reality 54–5
  • Moore's Law 27
  • Morsella, Ezequiel 51–3
  • motivation 63
    • Fogg Behavior Model 97–8
    • Maslow's hierarchy of needs 36–8
  • multitasking 85
  • multivariate testing 113–15
  • Musk, Elon 20–1

N

  • narrative identities 161, 182
  • “naturalistic dualism”, Chalmers 56
  • needs, Maslow's hierarchy of 36–8
  • “need”, social conditioning of 41–2
  • nerve cells in the brain, connections between 46–7
  • neuroplasticity 45–6
  • neurotransmitters 64
    • dopamine 65–7
  • notifications 102–3
  • Nørretranders, Tor 47, 48, 51, 54, 55

O

  • Okri, Ben 144
  • omission bias 137
  • online bullying 146–8
  • online marketing 95–6
    • behavioral research, Cambridge Analytica 109–11
    • cookies and remarketing 115–18
    • Facebook Ads manager store 103–7
    • Fogg's Behavior Model 96–103
    • personality prediction 107
    • ploys 118–21
    • targeted advertising 111–15
  • own time, life story approach 162
  • oxytocin and social bonding 67–9

P

  • paleoanthropology 32–3, 60
  • Palihapitiya, Chamath 131
  • parent-child relationships, technology interfering with 69–71
  • Parker, Sean, first Facebook CEO 131
  • passive frame theory of consciousness 51–3
  • Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise (Ericsson) 181
  • Peltzman effect 138
  • personality prediction 107–9
  • personalization, Google search results 121–2
  • persuasion techniques 96–101
  • physiological symptoms of digital pollution 11, 152
  • Pichai, Sundar, Google CEO 25
  • polarization, political 134, 136
  • practice, deliberate 179–81
  • prefiltering 45–6
  • price comparison prevention, dark pattern 120
  • primitive (old) brain 34, 52, 72, 140
    • brain hacks targeting 150–1
  • privacy zuckering, dark pattern 120
  • profiling information 106, 110–11
  • psychological symptoms of digital pollution 12, 152–3
  • Psychology of Optimal Experience, The, (Csíkszentmihályi) 177

R

  • Rashid, Imran 14
    • life stories 161–2
  • rational thinking, brain area for 140
  • reactance, cognitive bias 138
  • “reaction-time switching costs” 86–7
  • reason‐based thinking 49
  • reasons underlying loss of 74
    • effects of depleted 76–7
    • influenced by analytical thinking and trust 73
    • Stanford Marshmallow Experiment 72–3
  • relationships
    • child–parent, technoference 69–71
    • and longevity 10
    • and oxytocin levels 67–9
    • using smartphones to manage 39, 88–9
  • “remarketing”/“retargeting” 115–18
    • example of 99
  • rewards
    • deferral of 73
    • expectation of, role of dopamine 65–7, 69, 101, 103
  • “rewiring” of the brain by smart technology 13
  • roach motel, dark pattern 120
  • road rage 75–6
  • Rosen, Larry 88–9
  • rTPJ (right temporoparietal junction) 142–3

S

  • Sapiens (Harari) 30, 58
  • Schultz, Wolfram 65
  • search engines see Google
  • search results, skewing of 121–2
  • self‐actualization, Maslow 36, 37, 38, 41
  • self‐efficacy, building 174–6
  • self‐esteem 43
    • cyberbullying affecting 146–7
    • lowered by frequent social media use 127
  • self‐fulfilment needs 36–7, 38
  • self‐image 43, 44
  • self‐preservation, Facebook as threat to 44–5
  • sensory input, filtering of 45–6
  • Shoelace, retargeting company 116–17
  • sleep disturbance 127
  • slot machines, reason for addiction to 66, 101–2
  • slow vs. fast thinking 49–50, 54, 63, 91, 139–40
  • smartphone addiction 77
  • smartphones 5–6
    • altering the way we walk 1–2
    • attachment to 80–1, 85–6
    • effect on self‐control 76–7
    • as extensions of our minds 25
    • and feelings 88–9
    • and increased risk of ADHD 128
    • surge in data access through 18–19
  • sneak into basket, dark pattern 121
  • “social brains” 32
    • development of 56–9
  • social comparison
    • link to depression 42–3
    • triggering cortisol response (stress) 43
  • social interaction
    • in the cafe, initiating 168–9
    • effect on mental health 70
    • reward for 58
  • socialization
    • digital “fake socialization” 37
    • human need for 133
  • social media
    • addiction to 103, 128–30
    • mimicking social needs 37
  • “social media tribalism” 135
  • social modeling 175–6
  • social needs 37
  • social persuasion 176
  • social relationships 37, 41, 67, 72
  • social self‐preservation theory 44–5
  • social status 44
  • social symptoms of digital pollution 12, 153
  • “sponsored content” 99–100
  • Stanford Marshmallow Experiment 72–3
  • Stanford Persuasion Lab 96–8
  • “stickiness” 9, 70, 101, 149
  • Stillwell, David, personality prediction 107–8
  • stories
    • fiction books, benefits of reading 144
    • life story approach 160–4
  • stress
    • cortisol hormone 43–4
    • and social media use 126
  • subconscious processes 47–8, 49, 53–4
  • substance addiction 66
  • “switching costs”, reaction time 86, 92
  • symbolic thinking 32, 33

T

  • targeting by companies 103–7, 115–18
  • “technoference” 69–71, 188
  • technology
    • careful use of 10–15, 55
    • costs of distraction by 92
    • effect on child–parent relations 70
    • future of 20–1, 25, 153–4
    • human‐centric 15, 189
    • impact on relationships 88–9
    • reliance on 25
    • transformation 17–19
  • temporal lobe 35
  • texting, negative effect on romantic relationships 39
  • Thinking, Fast and Slow, (Kahneman) 49
  • thinking, two modes of 49, 63–4
  • three layers of the brain 33–45
  • time, life stories 161–4
    • mapping 164–7
  • Tomasello, Michael 31
  • tracking cookies and pixels (images) 115–17
  • transactive memory 26
  • triggers
    • digital habits, identifying 164–7
    • Fogg Behavior Model 97–8
  • triggers and cues, digital habits, identifying 164–7
  • triune brain model 33–45
  • Trump, Donald 110, 133, 134–5
  • trust, link to deferral of gratification 73
  • Tversky, Amos 49
  • Twenge, Jean M. 89, 144–5

U

  • Unbounce, online marketing platform 111–12
  • User Illusion—Cutting Consciousness Down to Size (Nørretranders) 47

V

  • Vincent, Jane 88
  • Vrticka, Dr. Pascal 59

W

  • walking behavior, smartphones changing 1–2
  • Wegner, Daniel 25–6
  • Wilmer, Henry H. 76
  • working memory 82–3
  • work time, life story approach 162

Y

  • Young, Ariana F. 144
  • young people
    • changing attitudes and values 144–6
    • cyberbullying 146–8

Z

  • Zimmermann, Manfred 83
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