For a good summary of his history, see “Albert Dunlap and Corporate Transformation, (A) and (B),” Babson College Case Series (1999). His recently revealed early disputes with employers were reported in F. Norris, “The Incomplete Resume: A Special Report. An Executive's Missing Years: Papering Over Past Problems,” New York Times, July 16, 2001.

R.M. Kanter, “Power Failure in Management Circuits,” Harvard Business Review (July–August, 1979).

See, for example, E. Mayo, The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1933); F.J. Roethlisberger and W.J. Dickson, Management and the Worker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939); D. McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960), etc.

R. Kaplan, “The Dimensions of Forceful and Enabling Leadership,” Leadership in Action (Vol. 4, 1999). We have chosen the terms “directive” and “collaborative” because we find them more descriptive of the phenomena.

Fortune, November 22, 1999.

See GE Compilation: Jack Welch 1981–1999, Harvard Business Publishing Corporation videotape 300–511, where he spoke to an MBA class just months after taking over as CEO.

D. McClelland and D.H. Burnham, “Power is the Great Motivator,” Harvard Business Review (March–April, 1976), 100–110; D. McClelland, Power: The Inner Experience (New York: Irvington Publishers, 1975).

R.A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Knopf, 1974); R.A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 1982, 1990), 2 vols.

D.L. Bradford and A.R. Cohen, Power Up: Transforming Organizations Through Shared Leadership (New York: Wiley, 1998); D.L. Bradford and A.R. Cohen, Managing for Excellence (New York: Wiley, 1984).

D.L. Bradford and A.R. Cohen, Power Up: Transforming Organizations Through Shared Leadership (New York: Wiley, 1998).

C.M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Harvard Business School Press, 1997).

S. Davis and C. Meyer, Blur: The Speed of Change in the Connected Economy (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998); B. Capodagli and L. Jackson, Leading at the Speed of Change: Using New Economy Rules to Invigorate Old Economy Companies (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001).

D. St. Jean and A.R. Cohen, “DaimlerChrysler Merger: The Quest to Create One Company,” Babson College Case Series, 103–C01 A, 2000.

For a vivid example, see C. Gasparino and A. Raghavan, “How Dean Witter Boss Got the Upper Hand in Merger with Morgan; Phillip Purcell Edged Out John Mack, a Dealmaker Famed on Wall Street,” Wall Street Journal, March 22, 2001, A1.

J.C. Collins and J.I. Porras, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994).

See Bradford (1998), Chapter 7, “Creating Commitment to a Tangible Vision.”

R.M. Kanter, “Power Failure in Management Circuits,” Harvard Business Review (July–August, 1979).

T. Parsons, The Social System (New York: Free Press, 1965).

See A.R. Cohen and D.L. Bradford, Influence without Authority (New York: Wiley, 1990). The traditional way of categorizing sources of power is in J.R.P. French, Jr., and B. Raven, “The Bases of Social Power,” in D. Cartwright and A. Zander, eds., Group Dynamics: Research and Theory (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), 607–23.