Sujay Raghavendra

Python Testing with Selenium

Learn to Implement Different Testing Techniques Using the Selenium WebDriver

1st ed.
Sujay Raghavendra
Dharwad, Karnataka, India
ISBN 978-1-4842-6248-1e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6249-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6249-8
© Sujay Raghavendra 2021
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To my Baba

Late Raghavendra A S

Introduction

This book focuses on how to implement testing techniques using Selenium WebDriver with the Python programming language. This quick reference provides simple, functional test cases with a syntax-based approach for Selenium WebDriver.

You’ll begin by reviewing the basics of Selenium WebDriver and its architectural design history. Next, you move on to the configuration and installation of the Selenium library in various web browsers, including the basic commands needed to start test scripts. You’ll review keyboard and mouse action commands for testing user interactions on a web page and see how hyperlinks are tested.

The book examines various web elements using the eight different locators provided by Selenium to help you choose the one best suited to your needs. All Python scripts are real ready-to-test examples that are explained thoroughly in problem statements. You’ll use different Python design patterns to automate test scripts that can be incorporated with Selenium.

Python Testing with Selenium teaches the expertise to write your own test cases.

Acknowledgments

The person behind who I am today is my mother, Mrs. Indumati Raghavendra.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​ Introduction to Selenium 1
What Is Selenium?​ 1
Selenium Tools and Versions 1
Selenium RC (Remote Control) 3
Selenium IDE 3
Selenium Grid 3
Selenium WebDriver 4
Selenium 2.​0 4
Selenium 3.​0 5
Selenium WebDriver Architecture 5
Client Library 5
JSON Wire Protocol 6
Web Drivers 6
Web Browsers 6
Why Selenium?​ 6
Open Source 7
Platforms 7
Language Support 7
Browser 7
Reuse 7
Easy Implementation 8
Flexible 8
Hardware Resources 8
Simulation 8
Other Testing Tools 8
Integrating Python with Selenium 10
Summary 14
Chapter 2:​ Getting Started 15
Installing Python 15
Installing Selenium 16
Installing Drivers 16
Browser Commands 17
Opening a Web Browser 17
Mozilla Firefox 18
Google Chrome 18
Microsoft Edge 18
Internet Explorer 18
Closing a Browser 19
Quit Browser 19
Opening a Web Page 20
Setting the Browser Size 21
Setting the Browser Position 22
Setting the Size Using Coordinates 23
Getting the Browser Position 23
Getting the Window Size 24
Navigation Commands 24
Running a Python Test Case 26
Summary 26
Chapter 3:​ Mouse and Keyboard Actions 27
Action Chains 27
Mouse 28
Click 28
Click and Hold 28
Context Click 29
Double Click 29
Move to an Element 30
Move Offset 31
Drag and Drop 32
Drag and Drop By 34
Release 35
Keyboard Actions 35
Key Down 36
Key Up 36
Send Keys 36
Send Keys to Element 37
Pause 37
Reset 37
Summary 37
Chapter 4:​ Web Elements 39
Elements/​Web Elements 39
Web Locators 40
Locating Elements 40
ID Locator 40
Name Locator 41
XPath Locator 43
CSS Selectors 56
Link Locator 61
Partial Link Locator 62
Tag Name 63
Class Name 64
Locating Multiple Web Elements 65
Locator Issues 66
Attribute Change 67
No Web Element 67
Web Element Not Visible 67
Test Case Mismatch 68
iframe Web Element 68
Summary 68
Chapter 5:​ Navigation 69
Hyperlinks 69
Testing Hyperlinks 70
Hyperlink by ID 71
Hyperlink by Text 71
Hyperlink by Partial Link 71
Hyperlink by XPath 71
Nth Hyperlink 71
Return All Hyperlinks 72
Check for a Valid Hyperlink 72
Check for Broken Images 73
Data Attributes Hyperlink 74
Summary 74
Chapter 6:​ Buttons 75
Default Button 75
Select 76
Submit/​Form Button 78
Select by Visible Text 79
Image as a Button 79
Assert for Button 80
Radio Buttons 81
Select Radio Buttons 82
Unselect/​Clear Selection 83
Assert for Radio Button 84
Checkbox 85
Select/​Check 86
Assert If Checkbox 87
Assert Checkbox If Checked or Not 87
Clear/​Unselect/​Deselect Checkbox 87
Select List 88
Getting All the Options 90
Select 90
Unselect/​Clear/​Deselect 92
Deselect/​Clear One Selected 92
Deselect by Visible Text 92
Deselect by Value 92
Deselect by Index 93
Multiple Select List 93
Verify 94
Deselect/​Clear All Selected 95
Summary 96
Chapter 7:​ Frames and Textboxes 97
Iframe 97
Switching to Iframe 99
Switching Using ID 99
Switching Using Name 99
Switching Using Index 99
Switching as an Element 101
Switching to a Main Iframe 102
Default Content 102
Parent Frame 102
Frames with Waits 102
Textboxes 103
Single-line Textbox 103
Multiline Textbox 104
Inserting Values 105
Getting Values from Textbox and Textarea 105
Summary 106
Chapter 8:​ Assertions 107
The Need for Assertion 107
Basic Asserts 108
assertTrue 108
assertFalse 108
assertIs 109
assertIsNot 109
assertIsNone 109
assertIsNotNone 110
assertIsInstance​ 110
assertNotIsInsta​nce 110
Compare Assert 110
assertEqual 111
assertNotEqual 111
assertGreater 112
assertGreaterEqu​al 112
assertLess 112
assertLessEqual 112
Collection Assert 113
Lists 113
Tuples 113
Sets 114
Dictionary 114
assertIn 115
assertNotIn 115
Summary 116
Chapter 9:​ Exceptions 117
What Is an Exception?​ 117
Why Use Exceptions?​ 117
Exceptions in Selenium 118
ConnectionClosed​Exception 118
ElementClickInte​rceptedException​ 118
ElementNotIntera​ctableException 118
ElementNotSelect​ableException 118
ElementNotVisibl​eException 118
ErrorInResponseE​xception 119
ErrorHandler.​UnknownServerExc​eption 119
ImeActivationFai​ledException 119
ImeNotAvailableE​xception 119
InsecureCertific​ateException 119
InvalidArgumentE​xception 120
InvalidCookieDom​ainException 120
InvalidCoordinat​eException 120
InvalidElementSt​ateException 120
InvalidSelectorE​xception 120
InvalidSessionId​Exception 120
InvalidSwitchToT​argetException 121
JavascriptExcept​ion 121
JsonException 121
MoveTargetOutOfB​oundsException 121
NoAlertPresentEx​ception 121
NoSuchAttributeE​xception 121
NoSuchCookieExce​ption 122
NoSuchElementExc​eption 122
NoSuchFrameExcep​tion 122
NoSuchWindowExce​ption 122
NoSuchContextExc​eption 123
ScreenshotExcept​ion 123
StaleElementRefe​renceException 123
TimeoutException​ 123
UnableToSetCooki​eException 123
UnexpectedAlertP​resentException 123
UnexpectedTagNam​eException 124
UnknownMethodExc​eption 124
WebDriverExcepti​on 124
Exception Handling 124
Timeout Exception 125
Element Not Found 125
Stale Element 126
Summary 127
Chapter 10:​ Waits 129
Why the Need for Waits?​ 130
Types of Waits 130
Implicit 131
Explicit 132
Commonly Used ExpectedConditio​ns in the Python Class 134
Differences Between Implicit and Explicit 139
Fluent 140
Summary 142
Chapter 11:​ Page Objects 143
Page Objects Overview 143
Page Object Model (POM) Overview 144
The Need for the Page Objects Model 144
Creating Page Objects 145
Test.​py 145
Page.​py 146
Elements.​py 147
Locators.​py 148
Advantages of Page Objects Model 149
Limitations of the Page Object Model 150
Summary 150
Chapter 12:​ Using Test Cases with a Screenshot 151
Test Outcomes 151
Pass/​OK 151
Fail 152
Error 152
Test Case 1:​ Taking a Screenshot 152
save_​screenshot (‘name_​of_​file’) 152
get_​screenshot_​as_​file (‘name_​of_​file’) 153
get_​screenshot_​as_​png( ) 153
Testing Frameworks 154
The Unittest Framework 155
Test Case 2:​ Unittest 156
setUp( ) 156
tearDown( ) 157
setUpClass 158
tearDownClass 158
setUpModuleandte​arDownModule 159
Test Execution Order 161
Testing Tool Comparisons 162
Summary 163
Index 165
About the Author
Sujay Raghavendra
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works primarily in data science, machine/deep learning, and artificial intelligence. He is currently the Executive Director of Raghavendra Training & Consultancy (RTC), a startup company based in Dharwad, Karnataka, India. He co-founded RTC with Sumedh Raghavendra, his brother, in 2014. He plans and evaluates new technology projects in research and product development. His projects include analyzing a pap smear filter for microscopic medical images, thermal heat sensing in hospitals, OCR for handwritten characters, satellite image analysis, and network automation for maps, forecasting models, text analytics, predictions, and more.

Raghavendra is also a consultant on building research centers for technical universities and colleges. His recent interests include automating test cases through machine learning. He has published numerous research articles in international journals and has been on reviewer committees for various journals and conferences.

 
About the Technical Reviewer
Supreeth Chandrashekhar
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is a seasoned software technology professional associated with Philips Healthcare, Bangalore. He has more than eight years of architect experience in building/running highly robust, massively scalable, and extremely secure systems, as well as setting up and managing mid-sized tech teams. He is extremely passionate about building great products that exceed customer expectations.

 
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