Contents

Preface

  1    Characteristics of the medium

Radio makes pictures

Radio speaks to millions

Radio speaks to the individual

Radio is private and personal

The speed of radio

Radio has no boundaries

The transient nature of radio

Radio on demand

Radio as background

Radio is selective

Radio lacks space

The personality of radio

The simplicity of radio

Radio is low cost

Radio for the disadvantaged

Radio teaches

Radio has music

Radio can surprise

Radio can suffer from interference

Radio for the individual

Radio for society

The public servant

Personal motivations

  2    Structure and regulation

The national regulator

The local board

Station finance

Station structure

Community radio

Station life

Getting a job

  3    The radio studio

Studio layout

The studio desk, mixer, control panel, console, or board

Digital mixers

Studio software

Digital compression

Digital development

Music playout

Recording formats

Digital audio workstation

Editing principles

Editing practice

Microphones

Stereo

Equipment faults

  4    Using the Internet and social media

An online presence

Internet radio

Radio podcasts

Internet research

Making the best use of social media

Personal Twitter accounts

Blogs

A case study

  5    Ethics

Declarations of intent

Objectivity, impartiality, and fairness

Limitation of harm

Watchdog

Whistleblowers

Bad practice

The status of the media

  6    Writing for the ear

Who are you talking to?

What do you want to say?

The storage of talk

Words

Structure and signposting

Pictures and stories

Double meanings

The script

  7    News – policy and practice

‘Interesting’

Codes of Practice

Objectivity

Legality

News values

Investigative reporting

Campaigning journalism

The news reporting function

Accuracy, realism, and truth

Intelligibility in the writing

Being fair

Giving offence

Causing distress

Civil disturbance and war reporting

The newsroom operation

Smartphone

Style book

Radio car

Equipment in the field

The news conference and press release

A summary

  8    Interviewing

The basic approach

Types of interview

Securing the interviewee

What the interviewee should know

Preparation before the interview

The pre-interview discussion

Question technique

Question ‘width’

Devil’s advocate

Multiple questions

Leading questions

Non-questions

Non-answers

Non-verbal communication

During the interview

Winding up

After the interview

Style

Interviewing ‘cold’

Interviewing through a translator

Location interviews

The triangle of trust

  9    Vox pop

Phrasing the question

Interviewing children

Choosing the site

The recorder

Putting the question

The editing

10    Cues and links

Information for the broadcaster

Information for the listener

Links

11    Newsreading and presentation

The seven Ps

Newsreading

Pronunciation

Vocal stressing

Inflection

Quotation marks

Alterations

Corrections

Lists and numbers

Station style

Continuity presentation

Errors and emergencies

Headphones

Trails and promos

12    The discussion

Format

Selection of participants

The chairperson

Preparation

Advice to contributors

Contributor nerves

Starting the programme

Speaker control

Subject control

Technical control

Ending the programme

13    Phone-ins

Technical facilities

Programme classification

The open line

Support staff

Choosing the calls

The role of the host

Host style

Reference material

Studio operation

Additional telephone facilities

Use of ‘delay’

The specific subject

‘Early lines’

Consumer affairs

The need to be fair

Linking programmes together

Personal counselling

The presenter as listener

Non-broadcasting effort

Anonymity

Phone-in checklist

14    Listener participation

Letters, phone calls, emails, texts and tweets

Programme follow-up

Texting

Helpline

Visitors

Special involvement

Travelling roadshow

Major events

15    Music programming

Attitudes to music

Metadata

Likes and dislikes

Clock format

Computerised selection

Requests and dedications

Choosing music

Item order

Prefading to time

Preparing listeners’ material

Programme technique

Guest programmes

DJ shows

16    Sequences and magazines

Programme title

Signature tune

Transmission time

The presenter

Linking style

Information content

Programme construction

Programme variety

Programme ideas

Voice piece

Interview

Discussion

Music

Sound effects

Listener participation

Features

Drama

Item order

Production method

Responding to emergency

17    Making commercials

Copy policy

The target audience

The product or service ‘premise’

Writing copy

Voicing and treatment

Music and effects

Stereo

Humour in advertising

Testing

18    Outside broadcasts (remotes)

Planning

Visiting the site

Communications to base

People

Hazard assessment

Equipment

Safety

Accommodation

Programme research

Liaison with the base studio

Publicity

Conflicts of approach

Tidiness

Gratuities

The big disaster

19    Commentary

Attitude to the listener

Preparation

Working with the base studio

Sport

Communicating mood

Coordinating the images

Content and style

News action

Sports action

Actuality and silence

The ending

An example

Coping with disaster

20    Music ‘live’

Reproduction of internal balance

Creation of a synthetic balance

Studio layout

Microphones for music

Frequency control

Dynamic control

Echo

Channel delay

Mixing technique

Recording technique

Production points

21    Drama – principles

Adapting for radio

The idea

Story construction

The setting

Characterisation

Dialogue

Drama from personal story

Truth vs. drama

Script layout

The actors

The acoustic

Sound effects

Music

Production technique

22    Documentary and feature programmes

The documentary

Planning

Research

Structure

Collecting the material

Impression and truth

Music

Compilation

Programme sequence

The ending

Contributors

Programmes in real time

The feature

23    The work of the producer

Ideas

The audience

Resource planning

Preparation of material

The studio session

Taste

Ending the session

Post-production

Programme administration

Technician, editor, administrator, and manager

24    The executive producer

Station management

Staff development

Scheduling

Rescheduling

Strategic planning

Commissioning programmes

Codes of Practice

Complaints

Website

Archival policy

25    Programme evaluation

Production evaluation

Programme quality

Audience evaluation

Personal meters

Research panels

Questionnaires

Written programme response

Web analytics

Cost evaluation

26    Training

Triggers for training

Learning objectives

Course organisation

Stretching imagination

Editorial selection

News priorities

News exercise

Voicework

Personal motivation

Vox pop

Commentary

Drama

Exercises and questions for media students

New challenges for old producers

Maintaining output

Assessing quality

Training evaluation

27    Back-announcement

Websites

Glossary

Further reading

Index

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