Index

Note: In the index, b refers to information in boxes, f refers to figures, n refers to footnotes, and t refers to tables.

A

Aalto University School of Art and Design, 85

Accel Partners, 89, 131

acoustical lens technology, 225

additive manufacturing technology, 170

AgraQuest, 118

agrochemical multinationals, 118

Ahvenainen, Jouko, 65, 67

airline industry, 90–91, 100

AIS. See automatic identification system (AIS)

AkzoNobel, 125

all-accepting radical credulity, 8

Amazon, 186

autonomous drones, 150

Dash Replenishment Service, 62

futuristic plans, 62

Mechanical Turk, 151, 156

microwork platform, 151

American Express, 160

American Girl, 175

amplification strategies, 42–46

combination of adjacent ideas, 44

courage to experiment and learn, 44–46

inclusiveness/openness, 42

massive search, 43–44

modularization, 43

radical cost reductions, 43

analysis of DNA. See DNA analysis

Andersen, Ole, 233

Andreesen Horowitz, 83

Angel.Co, 177

Angie’s List, 135

API, Gengo, 141–142, 144, 145

Apple, 4–5, 224, 225

apps

MakieLab, 173–175

Scoopshot, 69–75

Sculpteo, 110

TaskRabbit, 134

AppStore, 174

Ardusat, 189, 189n1

Aros, 60

Arpanet, 1

arthropod pest species, 113

artificial intelligence

decision-making process and, 96

human intelligence and, 149–150, 154, 157. See also Microtask

ZenRobotics. See ZenRobotics

artistic exhibitions, of Robin Hood, 221

asset management cooperative, 217. See also Robin Hood Minor Asset Management Cooperative

Athala, Anthony, 202

Atlantic Council, 125

Audi, and Bang & Olufsen (B&O), 225

automatic identification system (AIS), 191, 192

autoposting, 134

avatars, 172. See also MakieLab

Axiom, 133

B

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 1

Ballegaard, Torben, 224–225

Bang, Peter, 223

Bang & Olufsen (B&O), 223–237, 252t

Audi and, 225

brand and profits, 223–224

brand name value of, 235

challenges for, 223, 232–233

compared to incumbent and adjacents, 231, 232

continuous strategic renewal, 224

Creative Centre, 228, 228n8

financial crisis of 2008–2009, 225, 234

Foss on, 233–237

history of, 223–226

I², 229–230

Icarus Paradox and, 234

Idea Factory, 228

IdeaLAB, 228

IdeaLAND, 226, 228

innovation evolution at, 227f

innovation process at, 236–237

organizational design, 231

projects of incremental nature, 230

shares of, 232–233

Technology Centre, 228–229

Baseline Ventures, 131

BASF, 118

BAT. See Best Available Technology (BAT)

Batch Control, Sculpteo, 107

Bay Area Maker Fair, 172

Bayer CropScience, 118

Beast Technologies, 108

Becker Underwood, 118

Bed, Bath & Beyond, 60

Bellinzona, Mario, 99–102

Benefit Corporation, 221

Beolab 5, 225

Beolab 18, 226

Beosound 5, 225

Beosound 9000, 224

Beosound Moment, 226, 230

Berners-Lee, Tim, 2

Best Available Technology (BAT), 185

Bezos, Jeff, 186

big data, 158

Biggers, Greg, 205

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 21

bioagents, 116–120. See also BUG Agentes Biológicos

in grain crops, 112

pesticides vs., 112

BioCurious, 9, 124–130, 240, 247t

background, 124

challenges for, 127–128

community platform of, 128

compared to incumbents, 125–127

crowdsourcing model, 126

financial viability of, 127

hackerspaces and, 125

Jankowski on, 128–130

Kickstarter campaign of, 124

laboratory, 125, 127

open and inclusive model, 24–25

open sharing models, 126–127

organizational model of, 125

TechShop working spaces, 11

biological pest control industry, 117–120. See also BUG Agentes Biológicos

biopesticides, 117–118. See also BUG Agentes Biológicos

bioprinting. See Organovo

BioPunk Manifesto, 125

biotech, 124–125

Blender, 77

BlueBee, 108

Blue Oceans. See Cirque du Soleil

Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make Competition Irrelevant (Kim and Mauborgne), 22

Blythe, 175

BNDES. See Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES)

board members, Robin Hood Minor Asset Management Cooperative, 218

boilerplate strategy, 2

Boland, Thomas, 198

BookerT. See invitation model of TaskRabbit

B&O Play, 226

Bose, 232

Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), 113

Brynjolfsson, Erik, 156–157, 157n5

BUG Agentes Biológicos, 112–123, 247t

bioagents of, 116–120

challenges for, 120–121

compared to incumbents, 117–120

cost reduction in pest control, 116–117

founders of, 113

Negri on, 122–123

outlook, 121

pest control by. See pest control, at BUG

R&D at, 119

scalable mass-production method, 115–116

soy crop farming and, 119

Business Insider, 70

business law. See Fondia

business portal of TaskRabbit, 133

business stability, 4

Busque, Kevin, 131

Busque, Leah, 131, 133

Butter Mind study of Genomera, 208

C

Camboutik, 108

Cambrian Explosion, 7

cane toads, 114

Canon, 54

Cappaert, Jeroen, 189

Carmax, 186

Carrell, Eric, 103–104

Carroll, Lewis, 6

Carvalho, Diogo, 113

caterpillars, 114

Cattaneo, Giacomo, 233, 234, 237

Center of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation of Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland, 211

Channel 4, 171

Chavez, Hugo, 72

chemical pesticides, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120

Chrons, Otto, 150

circular economy model, 183

Cirque du Soleil, 22

citizen science of Genomera, 207–208

clavier, 2

clinical drug trials, 15. See also Genomera

clinical tests in 2D models, 199

clinical-trial-in-a-box, 212

collective innovation, 4. See also Quirky

Collins, James C., 22

Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS), 190

community biotech laboratory. See BioCurious

competence map, 218

competitive business environment, 55

competitiveness, 4

Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering, 202

Concur, 89

confirmation biases, 235, 237

construct outliers, 23, 24f

consumer markets, 95

Conyac, 28, 145

Cool Vendors in 3D Printing 2013, 110

corporations, legal issues and, 48

Creative Centre of B&O, 228, 228n8

creative destruction, 242

creative ideas, 57

Criatec, 113

CrowdFlower, 156

crowdfunding, 195–197. See also Spire

Crowdin, 145

crowdsourcing, 27

data science, 158–169. See also Kaggle

health research, 205–216. See also Genomera

menial/tiny tasks, 148–157. See also Microtask

photo service. See Scoopshot

translation through, 140–147. See also Gengo

CrowdValley.com, 66, 67

CrunchBase, 177

cryptocurrency, 221

cult doll, 175

cyberattacks, 54

cybersecurity, 54

D

Dash Replenishment Service, of Amazon, 62

data extraction service of Microtask, 153. See also Microtask Digest

Datamonitor, 118

data participants in Genomera, 207

data science crowdsourcing, 158–169. See also Kaggle

data scientists, 158–161. See also Kaggle

data services/solutions of Spire, 191–192, 191t

Data Storm, 65

Davies, Sally, 137

da Vinci, Leonardo, 1

demand-first marketplace, 72. See also Scoopshot

developing communities, economic development in, 156

deviant case analysis (DCM), 3, 4

of prediction outlier companies, 28–29b

digital fashion studio, 174

DigitalGlobe, 193

Digital Kids Conference, 170

DigiTalkoot, 154–155

digitally printed organs. See Organovo

digital-physical business strategy, of MakieLab, 173–175

digital technology, 4, 27

Bang & Olufsen (B&O), 224, 225, 228

digital toys. See MakieLab

Disney, 176

Disney Princess figurines, 176

disposal of radioactive waste, 186

distributed manufacturing network, MakieLab and, 179

Dixon, Chris, 83

DIYgenomics, 206, 211

DNA analysis, 205

DNA sequencing cost, 210, 210f

do-it-yourself community, 175

dolls. See 3D-printed dolls

E

eBay, 175

Economic Development Board of Singapore, 192

economic development in developing communities, 156

Eisenhower Fellows, 125

Electrolux, and GE, 61

Eloranta, Jorma, 182

El Pais, 72

ELV. See End of Life Vehicles (ELV)

End of Life Vehicles (ELV), 185

entrepreneurs, legal issues and, 48

Envisiontec, 202

EsalqTec, 113

eStandby Upgrade® solution of Nor1, 90–94

add-on offers, 94

benefits, 98

challenges, 98–99

managing overbooking/high occupancy, 92–93

monetizing features, 93–94

PRiME and, 97–98

room upgrades, 94

safety net, 92

upsell options, 94

Etsy, 175

European E-commerce Conference, 62

Eval, Quirky, 58

experimental business models, outliers and, 4

F

Facebook, 33, 131

Fair Labor Standards Act. See U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act

FAPESP, 113

Fast Company, 113, 126

fbFund Rev, 131

fee-based business model of TaskRabbit, 134

feedback scheme of TaskRabbit, 134

Fiat, 71

Final Proof tool of Sculpteo, 109

financial crisis of 2008–2009, 225, 234

Financial Times, 51

Financial Times Innovative Lawyers Report, 47

Fiverr, 136

fixed fee service of Fondia, 49–50

Foap, 72

FoldIt, 155

follow-up analysis, 22

Fondia, 47–55, 244t

anticipatory risk management approach of, 51

fixed fee service, 49–50

as mold-breaking legal pioneer, 53

open culture of, 52

outlook, 52–53

portfolio of services, 47

proactive law approach, 47–48, 51

shareholding structure, 51–52

training seminars of, 52

transaction services of, 50–51

Välikangas on, 53–55

VirtualLawyer tool, 50–51

Forbes, 158

Forgacs, Gabour, 198, 201

Foss, Nicolai J., 233–237

Founders Fund, 131

4K TV Avant, 226

Franklin, Benjamin, 125

Freakonomics (Levitt), 22

French Post Bank, 104

frontrunners of business model innovation, 20

Functional Crop Care, 118

Future Art Base, 221

G

GalaxyZoo, 155

games

by MakieLab, 174–175

by Microtask, 155

gaming companies, Fondia and

fixed fee service, 49–50

training seminars, 52

Gartner, 110

Garvey Spacecraft Corp., 193

GE

Electrolux and, 61

proprietary technologies, 60–61

Quirky and, 60–61, 62

generalizable theory, 45

Generation Orbit, 193

generativity for problem solving, 15

Gengo, 28, 29, 140–147, 248t

API, 141–142, 144, 145

business translation level of, 143

challenges for, 145–146

clients of, 141

collaborations of, 141

compared to adjacent companies, 145–146

investors of, 141

Lay Translators at, 142

low cost services by, 144–145

metric-based assessment mechanism, 143

as open data source, 142–143

outlook of, 146

rebranding of, 140n1

as recruiter, 142

Senior Translators at, 142

standard translation level of, 143

strategies of, 141–142

Translation Operators, 142

translators at, 142

ultra translation level of, 143

Umenai on, 146–147

Genomera, 33, 205–216, 240, 251t

challenges for, 214

data collection protocols, 211

data participants in, 207

funding to, 206

lay scientists of, 207

outlook, 214–215

participant-driven health research, 207–209

Paukku on, 215–216

quality policy of, 143

research platform of, 207

revenues, 207

science projects at, 208–209

symbiotic presence of, 143

website, 215

Gentry, Eri, 124

Getaround, 135

Getty Images, 72

Gino, Francesca, 156

Gladwell, Malcolm, 21

GM, 55

Goldbloom, Anthony, 158, 161, 163, 166–169. See also Kaggle

Goldman Sachs, 89

Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap . . . and Others Don’t (Collins), 22

Google, 125, 224

Facebook and, 33

image search results, 155

Google Image Labeler, 155

Google Images, 155

Grosse, Eric, 137

grounded theory approach, 26

Grove, Andy, 3

Grow VC Group, 15, 65–68, 241, 245t

challenges, 68

diversified structure, 67

financial ecosystem, 65–66

founders, 66, 67

home base of, 67

inclusive system, 68

investments of, 67–68

operational expansion, 67

organizational structure, 67–68

software platform, 67–68

supply and demand, 65–66

technology and, 65–66

transparency and, 68

vision, 66

H

Habbo Hotel, 171

Hamley’s, 177

Hamner, Ben, 164

Harman, 62, 232, 233

Haro, Sulka, 171

Harvard Business Review, 156

Hasbro

Blythe, 175

3DSystems and, 176

health research. See Genomera

Healthtap, 160

Helicover caterpillar, 119

heterogeneous subgroups, of outliers, 18

Historical Newspapers Library, 154–155

Holopainen, Harri, 150

Homebrew Computer Club, 125

Home Depot, 60, 62

Honeywell, 61

Hoodies, 221

hotels, 89

guests, 91

merchandizing products. See eStandby Upgrade® solution of Nor1

overbooking practice, 91

human donors vs. Organovo tissues, 200–201

human intelligence and artificial intelligence, 149–150, 154, 157. See also Microtask

Hybrid Graphics, 150

I

I² of B&O, 229–230

Icarus Paradox, 234

Idea Factory of B&O, 228

IdeaLAB of B&O, 228

IdeaLAND of B&O, 226, 228

IDEO, 62

Illumina, 206

i.materialise, 104

inclusive financing, 241

inclusiveness/openness, 42

incumbent organizations, 2

IndieGoGo, 108

ink-jet printing of viable cells, 198

Innerstar University, 175

Innocentive, 160

innovation

B&O and, 226–230, 236–237

as complex problem-solving process, 43

resistance created by, 33

small company and, 235–237

innovation evolution at B&O, 227f

Inspiration Platform, 61

Intel, 3

intellectual property (IP), 58

interesting outliers, 20

International Space University, 189

Internet, and retail finance market, 65–66

Internet-based labor marketplace, 156

Internet-connected home appliances, 60–62

Interorbital Systems, 193

inventions, 1

investment banks, 66, 219

invitation model of TaskRabbit, 132–133

Ionific, 150

iOS, 173, 174

iPad case, 80

iPhone cases, 80

Itaforte Bioprodutos, 118

J

Jani, Maitri, 141

Jankowski, Tito, 128–130

Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 199

Janz, Christoph, 141

Jarvenpaa, Sirkka, 54

Jensen, Jacob, 236

Jobs, Steve, 5

job seekers, TaskRabbit and, 133, 135

Joffe, Benjamin, 141

K

Kaggle, 15, 55, 158–169, 240, 249t

background, 158–159

challenges for, 161–164

compared to adjacent companies, 160

competitions in, 161, 162t

corporate approach of, 160–161

customers and results delivered, 163f

data scientists at, 158, 159

future of, 166–169

as marketplace, 159–160

Mend on, 166–169

meritocracy and, 161

Nair on, 164–165

naming of, 158n1

Oil and Gas industry and, 161, 163

outlook, 164

task performance, 53–54

Kaggle Connect, 159

Kaggle ranking, 160

Kaggler education^©, 167

Kaufman, Ben, 56–57, 59, 61–63. See also Quirky

Kim, W. Chan, 22

Kimberly Ovitz, 80

Knutsen, Anders, 223–224

Koppert, 118

Kyttanen, Janne, 85

L

Laamanen, Tomi, 186–188

laboratories, biotech, 125, 127. See also BioCurious

ladybugs, 114

Laing, Robert, 140

Laitinen, Maire, 49

Lampinen, Markus, 66

Language Service Providers (LSP), 146

law firms, 47, 51. See also Fondia

fixed fee billing models of, 48–49

hourly fee billing model of, 48

pyramid organizational structure, 51

lay scientists of Genomera, 207

Lay Translators at Gengo, 142

leadership, 12–13

learning from outliers, 6–13

how to learn, 9–13, 14t

reasons to learn, 6–7

legal astuteness, 54

legal industry. See law firms

legal intent, 55

LEGO, 178

Leslie, Garthen, 57

leveraging

resources, 13

strategic novelty, 12–13

Levitt, Steven, 22

Lewiner, Jacques, 104

Lewis, David, 236

Leyden, Peter, 46

Lifeline Ventures, 177

Lightspeed Venture Partners, 131

Ligon, Austin, 186

LSP. See Language Service Providers (LSP)

Lukka, Tuomas, 181

Lyft, 135

M

MacCauley, Raymond, 206

Machinex, 185

macroeconomic modeling, 158

macroorganisms, 114

macroorganisms for insect pests, 114

Maddock, Charlie, 80

Made in Future tagline of Shapeways, 76n1

MakieLab, 170–180, 249t

American Girl vs., 175–176

apps, 173–175

avatars, 172, 178

award to, 177

background, 170–171

capital investment of, 176

challenges for, 177–178

children and, 172

costs, 177–178

digital-physical business strategy, 171, 173–177

distributed manufacturing network, 179

do-it-yourself community, 175

futuristic plan, 179–180

games by, 174–175

incumbents in toy industry vs., 175–177

on-demand toy manufacturing, 172–173

online doll building application, 172

outlook of, 178–179

valuation of, 177

Makies Doll Factory, 173–174

Makies FabLab, 174

Malibu, 71

Malmberg, Juho, 182, 185, 187

management, studying outliers in, 6–7

management research journals, 18–19

Mantoni, Tue, 225, 233

marketplace

creating OOMPH in, 13, 39

demand-first, 72

Internet-based labor, 156

offer-first, 72

online, 74

3D printed goods. See Shapeways

massive search strategies, 43–44

Mattel, 62, 175

American Girl, 175

Quirky and, 176

Mauborgne, Renée, 22

McAfee, Andrew, 156–157, 157n5

McClure, Dave, 141

McGrath, Rita, 22

meaning-driven innovation, 226

Mechanical Turk, of Amazon, 151, 156

Mend, Milena, 166–169

meritocracy, 158, 161

Meyer, David, 72

microbial biopesticides, 113–114, 117

Microtask, 148–157, 249t

artificial and human intelligence at, 149–150, 154, 157

breaking tasks into pieces, 152

challenges for, 155–156

computer games, 155

core technology of, 154

distributed microtasks of, 150–152, 157

founding team of, 150, 154

handling higher volumes of tasks, 152

marketing team, 150

National Library of Finland and, 154–155

outlook, 156–157

paper-based documents, digitization of, 149–150

prototypes developed by, 154

quality assurance procedure at, 152–153

standardization at, 152–153

turn-key services of, 153–154

Microtask Digest, 153

Microtask Forms, 153–154

microwork industry, 155–156

Miettinen, Ville, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154

Miller, Felix, 141

minor asset management, 220–222. See also Robin Hood Minor Asset Management Cooperative

mobile technology, 7

model-fit outliers, 23, 24f

modularization, 43

Mole Bridge, 155

Mole Chase, 155

Moment app, 72

Monsanto, 118

Mophie, 56

Moreau, Clément, 103–105, 109, 111

moths, 114

MSW. See Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Multi-Part Printing tool of Sculpteo, 108–109

multi-sensor satellites, 190

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), 185

Murphy, Keith, 198

Museum of Modern Art, New York, 223

MyDaughtersDNA.org, 205

Mygengo. See Gengo

N

Nair, Harikesh, 164–165

Nair, Lakshmi B., 239

on Scoopshot, 74–75

on TaskRabbit, 137–139

nanosatellites, 190. See also Spire

Nanosatisfi. See Spire

Napster, 10

NASA, 57

National Institute for Standards and Technology Statistics, 19

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 198

National Library of Finland, and Microtask, 154–155

Natural Industries, 118

Nature, 77

Nature Medicine, 214

Nazis, 223

Needto, 136

Negri, Heraldo, 113, 122–123

Nelson, Brian, 141

Nervous System, 77

Net Promoter Scores of TaskRabbit, 134, 134n2

neuroscientists on young learners, 5

New York Times, 160

Nielsen, Karl “Kalle” Hvidt, 225, 228

NIH. See National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Ninesigma, 160

99 Designs, 160

nonprofit sector, 21

Nor1, 89–102, 251t

background, 89–90

Bellinzona on, 99–102

challenges for, 98–99

compared to incumbents, 100–101

concept of, 90

eStandby Upgrade®. See eStandby Upgrade® solution of Nor1

future intent, 102

personalized offers by, 96

PRiME®, 96–98

purpose, 99–100

upsell solution, 90–91

Norins, Art, 90

novel pricing models, Fondia, 54

novelty, 2–3. See also strategic novelty

experimentation with, 5

impact of, 4

novelty-denying skepticism, 8

NovoGen MMX Bioprinter, 198

Novozymes, 118

Nowak, Eric, 195–197

NVidia, 150

O

OCR. See optical character recognition (OCR)

offer-first marketplace, 72

Olufsen, Svend, 223

on-demand manufacturing

MakieLab, 170–180

Sculpteo, 103–111

Shapeways, 76–88

on-demand photography. See Scoopshot

OnehourTranslation, 145

online doll building application, of MakieLab, 172

online investment market. See Grow VC Group

online retail partners, of Quirky, 60

online travel agencies, 89

open business models, 27

open culture of Fondia, 52

Open Data Initiative of Gengo, 142–143

open manufacturing, 240

open operating system, 61

optical character recognition (OCR), 149, 153, 155

optimal synthesis, 228n7

Organovo, 15, 198–204, 250t

background, 198–199

biopharmaceutical companies and, 199

bioprinted blood vessels by, 198

challenges for, 202–203

clinical trials, 199–200

corporate partnerships, 198, 199t

future applications, 201, 201t

human donors vs., 200–201

NIH grant, 198

outlook, 203–204

patent, 198

Renard on, 203–204

stock fluctuations of, 202

3D bioprinting, 198–200

organ printing technology, 198

outliers, 1–2. See also specific companies

amplification strategies, 42–46

being unique, 8

blending models across industries, 33

construct, 23, 24f

defined, 1

experimental business models, 4, 11

at fringes of industries, 2

heterogeneous subgroups of, 18

how to learn from, 9–13, 14t, 30t

interesting, 20

learning from, 6–13

methodological perspective on, 21–26

model-fit, 23, 24f

perspectives of, 2

prediction. See prediction outliers

pronged classification of, 23

reasons to learn from, 6–7

reference summary on, 244–252t

strategic management literature and, 18–20

strategic novelty and, 3, 4, 7

studying/analyzing, 3, 6–7

technology and, 3–4, 7

theoretical perspective on, 17–21

Outliers: The Story of Success (Gladwell), 21

outsourced legal service model of Fondia, 48–50

Oxfam, 71

P

parasite algorithm, 217–218

parasitic wasps

macroorganism-based crop protection vs., 112–113

for pest control, 114–116, 118, 119

participant architectures, 240

participant-driven health research, 205. See also Genomera

Pasteuria BioScience, 118

Paukku, Markus, 215–216

pay-as-you-go pricing structure, 153

Peixoto, Inês, 239

Peltomaa, Jufo, 181

personalization, of toys, 171. See also MakieLab

Persson, Stefan, 229

pest control, at BUG

bioagents for, 116–117

cost reduction in, 116–117

natural processes for, 115–116

parasitic wasps for, 114–116

pest control industry. See BUG Agentes Biológicos

pesticides, 118–119

Pfizer, 199, 212, 213

pheromones, 114

Philips, 61

Lifestyle Incubator, 76

photo crowdsourcing platform. See Scoopshot

photo tagging, 148

Pivot Power, 57, 59

Platzer, Peter, 189, 196

Popper, Karl, 20

Powered-by-Quirky partners, 62

power strips, 57

preclinical discovery, 199

prediction outliers

analysis of, 25–26

BioCurious, example of, 24–25

concept of, 23, 25f

DCM, 28–29b

price, consumer behavior and, 95

PRiME®, 96–98

decision intelligence, 96–97

real-time products and pricing, 97

problematic strategic direction, 234

product development, at Quirky, 57–58

profit allocation structure, of Robin Hood, 218–219

proprietary algorithm, Quirky, 59

Protocol Builder, 212

Q

Quirky, 4, 9, 15, 45–46, 56–64, 245t

community engagement, 59

GE partnership, 60–61

idea submissions, 58

inventions by, 59t

manufacturing, 60

Mattel and, 176

online retail partners, 60

portfolio, 63

Powered-by-Quirky partners, 62

product development, 57–58, 59t

proprietary algorithm, 59

retail, 60

WINK, 61–62

R

Rabbit Rallies, 133. See also TaskRabbit

radical cost reductions, 43

radioactive waste, disposal of, 186

RadioShack, 60

Rahja, Petri, 69, 73. See also Scoopshot

RAND Corporation, 27

regressions, 19

Reinhoff, Hugh, 205

Reinventors, 46

resource-constrained organization, 15

Reuters, 177

Rhode Island School of Design, 59

Roach, Jo, 171, 177

roadmaps, management of, 229

Robin Hood Minor Asset Management Cooperative, 15, 217–222, 251t

artistic exhibitions, 221

background, 217

board members, 218

challenges of, 219–220

Hoodies, 221

investment portfolio of, 217–218

minor implications, 220–222

outlook, 220

parasite algorithm, 217–218

philosophy, 219

profit allocation structure of, 218–219

unconventional strategy of, 219–220

website, 219

Robin Hood Fund, 218, 219

RoboBusiness Exhibition, 188

robotics recycling. See ZenRobotics

Rocket Lab, 193

Rock Health, 206

Romaine, Matthew, 140, 144

Rotask, Mike, 156

Royal Society, 125

Runmyerrand Inc. See TaskRabbit

Ruokosuo, Niko, 70, 71, 73

S

Salokannel, Pekka, 80, 85–88

Samasource, 156

Sasken Communication Technologies, 150

satellite-imagery companies, 193

satellite-powered data company. See Spire

scaling/combining experiments, 13

Schachter, Joshua, 141

Schawlow, Arthur, 238

Scheffler, Israel, 10

Schmidt, Marie, 226

Schouwenburg, Robert, 77

science projects at Genomera, 208–209

Scoopshooters. See Scoopshot photographers

Scoopshot, 69–75, 246t

award to, 71

background, 69

challenges for, 73

compared to incumbents, 72

funding for, 69

media companies and, 70–71

Nair on, 74–75

on-demand photography, 71

outlook, 73

photographers. See Scoopshot photographers

recognition and financial rewards at, 71

Scoopshot photographers, 69, 70

amateurs, 72

license, 71

moral rights, 71

professional, 72–73

rewards, 70

Scoopshot Pro, 72–73

Sculpteo, 103–111, 246t

apps, 110

background, 103–104

Batch Control, 107–108

challenges for, 110

founders of, 104

multi-part printing tool of, 108–109

outlook, 111

services, 103, 104

software functionalities of, 107

Selfridges, 177

Senior Translators at Gengo, 142

serendipity, 5

service networking, 131

Shapeways, 15, 76–88, 104, 246t

background, 76–78

challenges for, 84

founding team of, 77

growth and development of, 83

machine space, 79

Made in Future, 76n1

metal jewelry, 78–79

on-demand manufacturing, 78–79

outlook, 84–85

pricing structure, 79

production capacity of, 83

reducing manufacturing barriers, 80–83

Salokannel on, 85–88

seed funding for, 77

strategy of, 77–78

venture capital funding for, 83

Victoria’s Secret and, 77

shareholding structure of Fondia, 51–52

shares of B&O, 232–233

Shasta Ventures, 131

Silicon Valley, 124

skepticism, 8

small company and innovation process, 235–237

Smartling, 145

social media, 33

software ventures, 148

Sonos, 232

Sony, 140

soy crops, 119

soy farmers, 119

S&P500, 217n1

space industry, 193. See also Spire

Spark, Joel, 189

Spire, 189–197, 250t

business expansion, 192

career coaching at, 192

challenges, 194

compared to similar companies, 192–193

crowdfunding, 195–197

data services/solutions of, 191–192, 191t

as employer, 192

nanosatellites, 190

Nowak on, 195–197

outlook, 195

satellites, 190–191

SPVentures, 113

Staats, Bradley, 156

stock exchanges, 217–218

Stratasys, 201

strategic innovation, 2

strategic intent, 54–55

strategic management literature, outliers in, 18–20

strategic novelty, 1–2, 7

amplifying/scaling (OOMPH!), 12–13, 33, 38–42

defined, 1

embracing, 30t

experimenting and executing (SO WHAT?), 10–12, 32–33, 36–37

identifying (WOW!), 9–10, 32, 34–35

strategic resilience, 241–243

keys to, 242–243

leadership issues in, 241–242, 242f

strategists, 2

Sulake, 171

Sunstone Capital, 150, 177

Swan, Melanie, 206

SXSW Accelerator competition, 177

Syngenta, 118

T

TaskRabbit, 53, 55, 131–139, 248t

app, 134

auction house model of, 132

autoposting, 134

background, 131–132

business portal of, 133

challenges for, 136–137

compared to adjacent companies, 135, 136–137

fee-based business model, 134

feedback scheme of, 134

funding for, 131–132

future intent of, 138–139

identity as challenge for, 136

invitation model of, 132–133

Nair on, 137–139

naming, 131n1

Net Promoter Scores, 134, 134n2

outlook of, 137

peer-to-peer labor and, 133–134

purpose and passion of, 137–138

service networking, 131

TaskRabbit Elites, 132

Taylor, Alice, 170–180. See also MakieLab

technology. See also artificial intelligence; 3D printing; specific companies

agrochemical multinationals and, 118

hospitality organizations and, 95–96

outliers and, 3–4, 7

Technology Centre of B&O, 228–229

technology-driven innovation, 226

TechShop, of BioCurious, 11

Terranova, Tiziana, 218

3D-Bioplotter, 202

3D human liver model, 199

3DPCase, 105, 106

3D-printed dolls, 170–180

3D printing, 44, 170, 240

accessibility, 77

bioprinting. See Organovo

MakieLab, 171–179

manufacturing services and, 76–77

rapid prototyping and, 77

Sculpteo, 103–111

Shapeways, 76–88

3D Printing Cloud Engine, 105–106, 108–109

3DSystems, 176, 201

TLS. See Transparency Life Sciences (TLS)

tools and methodology, to strategic novelty, 9–13, 14t

amplifying OOMPH!, 12–13, 33, 38–42

executing SO WHAT?, 10–12, 32–33, 36–37

identifying WOW!, 9–10, 32, 34–35

Toy Fair, 170

toy industry, 170. See also MakieLab

incumbents in, 175–177

Toyota, 54–55

training seminars, of Fondia, 52

transaction services, of Fondia, 50–51

Transifex, 145

Translation Operators at Gengo, 142

translation through crowdsourcing. See Gengo

translators, at Gengo, 142

Transparency Life Sciences (TLS), 212

Trichogramma wasps, 113, 114, 118

mass production of, 114

trip review sites, 89

turn-key services of Microtask, 153–154

23andMe, 210

2D models, clinical tests in, 199

U

Uber, 197

U.K. Government Office for Science, 129

Umenai, Nozomi, 146–147

uncharacteristic business models, 23, 26. See also prediction outliers

unicorns, 195

University of California, Santa Cruz, 156, 221

University of Missouri, 198

U.S. Commerce Department, 19

U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 156

U.S. Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, 214

V

Vadén, Tere, 218

Välikangas, Liisa, 218

on Fondia, 53–55

on Robin Hood Minor Asset Management Cooperative, 220–222

Vartia, Jorma, 50

venture capitalists, 66. See also Grow VC Group

Verbalizeit, 145

Victoria’s Secret, 77

Virgin Galactic, 193

Virkki, Sakari, 217

Virtanen, Akseli, 217, 218, 220–222

Virtual lawyer services, Fondia, 54

VirtualLawyer tool, of Fondia, 50–51

virtual tools, of Fondia, 50–51

Vogelaar, Marleen, 77

Vogel’s, 71

Volpola, Harri, 181

W

Wake Forest, 202

wasps. See parasitic wasps

Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE), 186

waste processing companies, 182

waste recycling business, 186–187. See also ZenRobotics

web-based technology, 7

website

Genomera, 215

Mattel, 175

Robin Hood, 219

trip review, 89

WEEE. See Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

Weijmarshausen, Peter, 76, 77, 80, 84–85. See also Shapeways

The Well-Tempered Clavier (Bach), 1

Westbrook, Christina, 80

Wilska, Panu, 150

WINK, 61–62

wireless communication protocols, 61

wireless speaker series of B&O, 230

workshop, 174

World Economic Forum, 113, 199

World War II, 223

WOVN.io, 145

X

XAnge, 104

XCOR Aerospace, 193

Xerox, 54

Y

Yerdle, 135

young learners, neuroscientists on, 5

Z

Zaarly, 136

ZenRobotics, 181–188, 250t

awards and nominations received by, 184t

challenges, 184–185

compared to manual waste sorting plants, 184

competitors of, 184–185

disposal of radioactive waste and, 186

operation, 183

outlook, 185–186

waste processing companies and, 182

Zien, Jake, 57, 59