Index
AC discharge lamps, 61
Advertising illustration, 14, 15
Ambrotypes, 17
Aperture, 51
depth of field and, 106, 107
exposure and, 74, 75
selective focus and, 108
Arbus, Diane, 18
Art direction, 38–
framing, 40–
layout, 39, 40
revision exercises, 180
ASA rating, 94
Assignments, , 130–, 172–
ball assignment, 134–
black and white assignment, 146–
box assignment, 132–
cutlery assignment, 148–
desk assignment, 142–
flexibility of,
flower assignment, 138–
metal assignment, 140–
portraiture:
rust assignment, 144–
texture assignment, 136–
Avedon, Richard, 18
Back lighting, 111
Background, 27
Balance:
daylight balance, 166
in image composition, 28
tungsten balance, 166
white balance, 65, 96
Ball assignment, 134–
Barn doors, 52, 119, 121
Black and white assignment, 146–
Black and white film, 53, 69, 95
Bleed, 41
Blur, 110
Bourdin, Guy, 20
Box assignment, 132–
Bracketing, 84, 85, 98
Brightness range, 69
C-41 process, 95, 99
C-stands, 54
Calotypes, 17
Camera, 49
accessories, 51
familiarity with, 104
format, 26, 49
Camera shake, 110
Cameron, Julia Margaret, 19
Caucasian skin, 85
Clip test, 84, 98
Colour, 65
Colour casts, 88
Colour correction, 65, 164, 166
correction filters, 124
digital imaging, 88
Colour saturation, 111
Colour temperature, 10, 65, 96
Commercial practice, 10
Communication, 14, 24, 104
Compensation, See Exposure compensation
Composition, 29
Compound lenses, 50
Compressed perspective, 112
Content, 27
Context, 25
Contrast, 64, 67–70
brightness range, 69
digital imaging, 87
extreme contrast, 70, 89
lighting contrast, 68
lighting ratio, 68
subject contrast, 67
Converging perspective, 112
Cross processing, 99
digital cross processing, 99
Curves, 31
Cutlery assignment, 148–
Darkness, creation of, 46
Darkroom, 48
Daylight balance, 166
Daylight film, 53, 94, 96
Depth, 33
Depth of field, 106–
factors, 107
image preview, 109
practical application, 107
Design, 24
Designers, 38–
Desk assignment, 142–
Diagonal lines, 31
Diffusion, 64, 122
Digital imaging, , 53, 95
colour correction, 88
exposure, 86–
brightness, 87
compensation, 85
contrast, 87
histograms, 86–
optimizing tonality, 87
image capture, 101
image preview, 100
image processing, 95
Diminishing perspective, 112
Disderi, 17
E-6 process, 95, 99
Effect filters, 124
Environmental portraiture, 18
Equipment, , 48–54
accessories, 51
camera, 49
familiarity with, 104
lenses, 50–
light sources, 52
organisation, 39
Exposure, 74
aperture and, 75
assessment, 95
average exposure, 83
bracketing, 84, 85, 98
digital exposure, 86–
brightness, 87
contrast, 87
histograms, 86–
optimizing tonality, 87
meter indicated exposure (MIE), 77, 82
overexposure, 95
revision exercises, 183
time, 51, 76, 110, 117
underexposure, 95
Exposure compensation, 84–, 89
assessing the degree of, 85
creative use, 111
Exterior location, 164–
Extreme contrast, 70, 89
F-stops, 51, 78
depth of field and, 106
exposure and, 74, 75
Fashion photography, 19
Fill light, 64, 123
Film, 53
black and white film, 53, 69, 95
clip test, 84, 98
colour temperature, 96
daylight film, 53, 94, 96
expiry date, 96
history of, ,
ISO rating, 94
latitude, 97
negative film, 95
positive (transparency) film, 69, 95
processing, 95
cross processing, 99
push and pull processing, 84, 98
reciprocity, 96
tungsten film, 53, 94, 96
Filtration, 124
Fire extinguisher, 54
First aid kit, 54
Fish fryer, 119
Flash lighting, 52, 60, 61, 118–19
floodlight, 119
spotlight, 119
Floodlight, 60
Flower assignment, 138–
Focal length:
depth of field and, 107
perspective and, 34
Focus, 51, 105
deep focus, 106, 107, 108
infinity, 105
limitations, 105
point of, 105
closest point, 105
depth of field and, 107
selective, 108
shallow focus, 106, 107, 108
Format, 26
camera format, 26, 49
image format, 26
layout, 39, 40
Framing, 40–
Genres, 14
advertising illustration, 15
fashion, 19–20
portraiture, 17
commercial portraiture, 18
revision exercises, 178
still life, 16
See also Specific genres
Golden section, 29
Graphic designers, 38–
Grey card, 53, 77, 79, 85
Halos, 111
Health and safety, 47
fire extinguisher, 54
first aid kit, 54
Histograms, 86–
brightness, 87
contrast, 87
optimization of histogram after capture, 88
optimizing tonality, 87
History of photography,
advancements in technology,
HMIs, 61
Honeycomb, 119
Horizontal lines, 31
Image capture:
digital image capture, 101
mediums, 94
choice of, 95
See also Film
revision exercises, 184
Image format, 26
Image preview, 100, 109
Incident light reading, 77, 78
Infinity, 105
Interior location, 166–
daylight balance, 166
tungsten balance, 166
Invercone, 77, 78
Inverse square law, 63
ISO rating, 94
JPEG file format, 101
Karsh, Yousuf, 18
Landscape format, 26, 40
Large format cameras, 49
Latitude, 69, 97
Layout, 39, 40
Learning approach,
Lens hood, 51
Lenses, 50–
aperture, 51
compound lenses, 50
focus, 51
long lenses, 34, 50
normal lenses, 50
perspective and, 34
wide angle lenses, 34, 50
Light, 60
approaches to lighting, 116
current commercial practice, 10
history of, –
on location, 164–
portraiture, 152–
still life, 130–49
artificial light sources, , 10, 60, 61–, 116
AC discharge lamps, 61
flash lighting, 52, 60, 61, 118–19
photoflood, 62
tungsten lighting, 52, 61, 120–
working with, 117
back lighting, 111
characteristics of, 63–
colour, 65
contrast, 68
diffusion, 64, 122
direction, 66
distance, 63
intensity, 63
quality, 64
reflectance, 63
reflection, 64, 123
fall-off, 63
fill light, 64, 123
mixed light sources, 125, 164
revision exercises, 182, 186
seeing light, 60
Light meter, 53, 74, 77, 80
incident reading, 63, 77, 78
interpretation of reading, 82–
average exposure, 83
average tones, 82
dominant dark tones, 82, 89
dominant light tones, 83, 89
meter indicated exposure (MIE), 77, 82
reflected reading, 77, 79
use of, 78–
Lighting contrast, 68
Lighting diagrams, 131
Lighting ratios, 63, 68, 80–, 117
Line, 31
Location, 164
exterior location, 164–
interior location, 166–
daylight balance, 166
tungsten balance, 166
Long lenses, 50
depth of field, 107
perspective and, 34
Medium format cameras, 26, 49
Metal assignment, 140–
Meter indicated exposure (MIE), 77, 82
Michelangelo, 122
Moon, Sarah, 20
Movement, illusion of, 126
Nets, 52, 119, 121
Neutral density filters, 124
Newman, Arnold, 18
Newton, Helmut, 20
Noise, 69
Normal lenses, 50
Organisation, 55
equipment, 39
pre-shoot checklist, 55
Overexposure, 95
Perspective, 34, 112
compressed perspective, 112
steep perspective, 112
Photoflood, 62
Point of focus, 105
closest point of focus, 105
Point of view, 30
Polarising filters, 124
Polaroid, 53, 85
Portrait format, 26, 40
Portraiture, 17
approaches to, 152–
assignments, 154–
commercial portraiture, 18
environmental portraiture, 18
history of,
lighting, 152
pose, 160
Power supply, 46, 47
Pre-shoot checklist, 55
Presentation,
Pull processing, 84, 98
Push processing, 84, 98
RAW file format, 101
Reciprocity, 96
Record book,
Reflectance, 63
average tones, 82
dominant dark tones, 82, 89
dominant light tones, 83, 89
Reflected light reading, 77, 79
Reflection, 64, 123
Reflectors, 64, 123
Research,
Resources,
choice of,
useful websites, 199
Rule of thirds, 29
Rust assignment, 144–
Shadows, 66
Shutter speed, 51, 110
exposure and, 74, 76
fast shutter speed, 110
slow shutter speed, 110
Silhouettes, 111
Skills, acquisition and application of,
Small format cameras, 26, 49
Soft box, 119
Soft focus filter, 124
Spotlight:
Steep perspective, 112
Steichen, Edward, 19
Still life, 16
assignments, 130–49
history of,
Storage,
Studio photography, , 24
Studios, 46
darkness, 46
health and safety, 47
power supply, 46, 47
revision exercises, 181
size, 46
Study guides,
Subject brightness range (SBR), 69, 80
Subject contrast, 67
Subject reflectance, 63
Swimming pool, 119
Symmetry, 28
Table top work bench, 54
Technology, advances in,
Text, 41
Texture assignment, 136–
Thirds, rule of, 29
TIFF file format, 101
Tones, 60
average tones, 82
dominant tones, 89
dominant dark tones, 82, 89
dominant light tones, 83, 89
Tool box, 54
Tripod, 53
Tungsten balance, 166
Tungsten film, 53, 94, 96
Tungsten lighting, 52, 61, 120–
floodlight, 120
spotlight, 121
Typography, 41
Underexposure, 95
Vertical lines, 31
Visible spectrum, 65
Visual diary,
White balance, 65, 96
Wide angle lenses, 50
depth of field, 107
perspective and, 34
