CHAPTER 9

Understanding and Reducing Business Corruption Through Movies and World Wide Web Videos

Andrew E. Michael

Abstract

This chapter proposes the use of videos on the World Wide Web and movies to teach anti-corruption and develop a foundation for business dignity. It identifies seven movies in which managers, employees, or government officials act in a corrupt way. In these movies, the motive behind corrupt behavior is revealed and the consequences for organizations and their stakeholders made clear. For each movie, thought-provoking questions are raised to encourage reflection on the antecedents and consequences of the corrupt behavior. This chapter also identifies seven videos on the Web in which specific examples of corruption are presented. These videos also include managers and experts who talk about what businesses can do to reduce corruption in developed and developing countries. Three websites dedicated to combating corruption are also presented. Through these audio-visuals and websites the readers will receive messages about what is corruption, why it should be avoided, and what can be done to reduce it. Hopefully, these messages will create awareness about the nature and causes of corruption and also an intrinsic desire to act ethically and in a non-corrupt way in business and in life in general.

Introduction

Corruption is an important ethical and social problem.¹ Corruption in business exists in various forms. For instance, companies offer bribes to win contracts. They misrepresent their profit and loss statements to pay lower taxes or they exaggerate their revenues so that executives can earn bonuses and to increase the company’s stock market price. Firms in the financial sector manipulate interest rates; engage in the dubious selling of financial products; and show laxity in the enforcement of money-laundering controls.²

It is important, however, to remember that companies are organizations and as such, they are comprised of individuals (even though they are considered as separate legal entities). Thus, to say that companies are tainted by corruption in essence means that certain organizational members engage in unethical and corruptive behavior that detrimentally affect the image of their organizations as well as the rest of society. For instance, when business people offer bribes to influence policy makers and procurement processes, they undermine effective government and reduce fair competition in the markets. This results in policies, decisions and transactions that are suboptimal for society.³ “According to a 2011 Dow Jones survey, the number of cases where companies faced losses due to unethical or corrupt practices quadrupled from 2009 to 2010.”⁴ In the end, one may argue that all citizens are negatively affected by corruption in business.⁵ One only has to look back at the recent past in the financial sector to see how the mismanagement of certain financial institutions, coupled with regulatory capture, have underlined the recent global financial crisis, leading to the bankruptcy of certain institutions (e.g. Lehman Brothers) and the loss of extremely large sums of financial assets.⁶ However, it is not just managers who behave unethically.

Non-managerial employees have also engaged in fraud driven by a desire to have a better life or become rich quickly. The costs resulting from employee theft can be staggering. For instance, in the United States, the United States Department of Commerce estimates that employee theft may cost United States businesses as much as $50 billion annually. Employee theft in the United States is rising and the U.S. Department of Justice reports that nearly one-third of all employees commit some degree of employee theft. Two percent of all business sales are lost toemployee theft. Firms often try to recover the losses from employee theft by increasing their prices.⁷

Even in the banking industry, employee theft is common. One would think that the nature of bank employee work and the expected monitoring would deter such fraudulent activities but the media has reported on a number of bank employees in various countries including the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia who have pleaded guilty for embezzling money of various amounts from banks and their customers often only for their own personal use but sometimes for other more corrupt reasons as well.⁸ Such unethical behavior reveals the lack of integrity that characterizes certain individuals. It also reflects the inadequate monitoring procedures of certain organizations. The absence of such effective procedures can be devastating.⁹ For instance, in 1995, Barings Bank, one of the oldest merchant banks in London, collapsed after one of its employees, Nick Leeson, who worked at the bank’s Singapore office, lost £827 million ($1.3 billion) due to speculative investing, primarily in future contracts. More recent examples of the consequences of ineffective monitoring and disclosure procedures can be seen in the cases of the large insurance company, American Insurance Group (AIG), and the Swiss Bank UBS. AIG’s derivatives unit in London (although small relative to the firm’s total operations) was able, due to lax regulatory oversight, to obscure its accounts and take inordinate risks that would have led to AIG’s collapse had it not been for the US government’s rescue loan of $85 billion.¹⁰ In the case of the Swiss Bank UBS, its employees colluded amongst themselves and with brokers and traders at other institutions to manipulate interest rates for their own profit.¹¹

The results of a recent survey of 500 financial services professionals in the United States and United Kingdom provide additional support to the view that bankers, asset managers, fund managers, and analysts are prone to engage in corrupt behavior, especially if they believe that they are not effectively monitored to follow the rules.¹² Sixteen percent of the respondents admitted that they would illegally engage in trading based on insider information “if they could get away with it.” Sadly, less than half stated that they would not use insider information even if they would not get caught. Interestingly, only 25% of these financial services professionals thought that financial watchdogs such as the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulators were effective. About a quarter of the respondents stated that they had seen or were aware of wrongdoing in the workplace. Moreover, they believed that to be successful they might have to engage in unethical or illegal conduct. Furthermore, about a third felt “pressure by bonus or compensation plans to violate the law or engage in unethical conduct.”¹³ However, such behavior, as seen from the aforementioned examples, does not affect only those who are corrupt.

When a large firm goes bankrupt as a result of its managers and/or employees’ corruptive behavior, the consequences can be dire. Employees and their families suffer due to lost income. Shareholders experience financial losses. Clients may lose their financial investments.¹⁴ Trust in business and markets is weakened.

It is, therefore, important to reduce corruption in business. To this end, it is important to create an environment that does not tolerate corruption. Organizations must improve their transparency and set high standards of integrity. They must establish but also effectively enforce a code of ethics that fosters and maintains an organizational culture that values and believes in integrity. This necessitates, on the one hand, the use of incentives that encourage ethical behavior and, on the other, sanctions for corrupt behavior. There is a need for regulations that support effective disclosure. Furthermore, accounting, auditing, and risk-rating standards must be improved.¹⁵ Moreover, managers at all levels must set an example of ethical behavior for their subordinates, suppliers, and clients by practicing what they preach.¹⁶

The purpose of this chapter is to contribute to our understanding of corruption and develop a foundation for business integrity by using movies and videos on the World Wide Web. The use of videos and movies is often appealing as a means to create interest in learners. It can be an additional pedagogical tool used against corruption. A number of movies show managers, employees, and government officials acting in a corrupt way. In these movies, the motive behind corrupt behavior is revealed and the consequences for organizations and their stakeholders made clear. In most cases, the guilty ones are caught and face the consequences of the law. In a slightly different way, there are a number of videos on the Web (e.g. The Corporations documentary series) that exposecorruption and present clips of managers and experts who talk about how businesses can try to reduce corruption in developed and emerging markets.

This chapter outlines seven movies and seven videos and poses thought-provoking questions in a case-like fashion that allow the reader to ponder on the gains (often short lived) of corrupt behavior whether it is cooking the accounting books to pay less taxes, bribing employees, managers or government officials to win contracts, or violating safety and health laws. These movies and videos convey messages about what is corrupt behavior, why it should be avoided, and what can be done to reduce it.

The movies discussed in this chapter are:

The estimated amount of time required to view the movies and videos has been listed in the chapter along with the amount of time needed for “question contemplation.” Ideally, all movies should be watched. However, time constraints may limit the choice to three or four, which should include Wall Street, On Deadly Ground, Erin Brockovich, and Inside Job. It is recommended that all seven videos outlined in this chapter be watched as they present examples, and discuss important aspects, of corruption. The three websites referred to in this chapter provide a wealth of information on corruption. Particular topics and regions can be chosen according to the reader’s interests. It is hoped that the websites, movies, videos, and question contemplation will assist educators in teaching anti-corruption in business by contributing to a better appreciation of the antecedents and detrimental outcomes of unethical and corrupt decisions and practices.

Movies

Wall Street

In this 1987 Oliver Stone Picture by 20th Century Fox Film Corporation, one is introduced to a fictional presentation of a dynamic, fast-paced, competitive world of Wall Street in 1985. Buddy Fox (Charlie Sheen) is an aspiring, young broker who wants to make it big time by convincing the successful, experienced investment banker, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas), that he “has what it takes” to be worthy of his attention and employment. But what must “one have” to be successful as a stock trader? Through intriguing dialogues, Oliver Stone creates a fictional world that is seemingly not for the faint-hearted and perhaps not for those who are honest. This fictional movie can be a backdrop for viewers to engage in thoughtful reflection of ethics in practice since it suggests that “greed is good” while presenting stock trading as a competitive environment in which the ends justify the means.

Viewing Wall Street should allow one to develop an understanding of the pressure and ethical challenges a person is likely to face in high-risk, highly competitive business environments. Additionally, viewers should identify and reflect on how different perspectives of ethics (e.g. Kant, Utilitarianism, Legalism, etc.) would influence the actions and decisions of people who have the opportunity to make substantial monetary gains from unethical behavior.

The duration of this movie is 121 minutes. An additional 30–40 minutes should be allocated for reflection and discussion of the questions below.

Questions for reflection:

Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps

In this 2010 Oliver Stone fictional film by 20th Century Fox Film Corporation, Gordon Gekko is released from prison. (This may suggest that sooner or later, no matter how good one is at corruption, even the best are taken down by one of their rivals.) In this movie, we are introduced to Gekko’s daughter who is, ironically, in love with a young, aspiring stock trader Jacob Moore. The seemingly repentant and wiser Gekko is invited to speak at a university about his new book. In a brief but masterful speech, he summarizes the predicament of the behavior of financial institutions and their decision makers exposing the dangers of speculation and leveraged debt to conclude that they have a bankrupt business model. Ironically, he states that one of the motivating factors behind all of the aforementioned is greed. Although this movie is purely fictional, it can provide food for thoughtful reflection regarding decisions and behaviors with ethical implications. It may also provide insight into the nature of the people who engage in corrupt behavior. Moreover, the last question for reflection below is particularly important with respect to the potential effectiveness of reducing business corruption using various pedagogical tools.

The duration of this movie is 133 minutes. An additional 30–40 minutes should be allocated for reflection and discussion of the questions below.

Questions for reflection:

On Deadly Ground

This 1994 movie by Warner Bros Picture is a story about an oil company and the environment. Michael Jennings (Michael Caine) is the CEO of Aegis 1. His goal is to make it the largest rig and oil refinery in the world. The rig and refinery are not yet fully operational. It must be up and running within 13 days otherwise the rights of ownership of the land will return to the local Eskimo residents. Forrest Taft (Steven Seagal) works for Michael Jennings. He is responsible for dealing with explosions and fires at the rig and refinery. Hughe Palmer is one of Mr. Jennings foreman. Hughe believes that Aegis 1 has substandard equipment and more specifically “faulty preventers.”

Although fictional, this movie presents the potentially negative effects on the environment arising from the profit-seeking behavior of companies. It also shows the ethical implications of the decisions made by CEOs and top managers in the real business world. A company may be able to increase its profits by engaging in activities that create negative externalities whereby third parties (such as local residents and their animals) are negatively affected by the actions and decision of businesses and their consumers. The ethical implications can become complicated when the products or services of a company that create negative externalities actually help to improve or even save the lives of other people.

The duration of this movie is 97 minutes. An additional 30–40 minutes should be allocated for reflection and discussion of the questions below.

Questions for reflection:

Erin Brocovich

This 2000 joint production by Columbia Pictures and Universal Studio is based on a true story about a giant utility company, Pacific Gas & Electric (PG & E) and its unethical and illegal treatment of citizens in the town of Hinkley in which one of its branch subsidiaries operated. The utility plants used piston engines that get hot. Water was run through to prevent the temperature from rising too high. The utility company used chromium as a rust inhibitor in the water to prevent corrosion. Then it dumped the excess water into ponds, which it should have lined (but did not) to prevent the chromium from seeping into the groundwater. The problem with this was that the type of chromium that was used in the cooling towers, Hexachrome, was harmful. Moreover, PG & E lied to the residents of Hinkley that chromium was good for them. They even paid for the residents to have a free medical examination carried out by physicians recommended by PG & E.

This is another case whereby a firm’s decisions lead to the creation of negative externalities (i.e. external costs). Sadly, the events in this movie are based on a true story. Viewers will realize how difficult it is for law suits to successfully be made against big businesses. The duration of this movie is 126 minutes. An additional 30–40 minutes should be allocated for reflection and discussion of the questions below.

Questions for Reflection:

Edge of Darkness

Edge of Darkness is a 2010 joint production by GK Films, BBC Films, and Icon Productions. The story is about corruption involving a private company, Northmoor that has a contract with the United States Ministry of Defense. Northmoor has a mandate from the United States government to develop a safe energy source based on fusion nuclear technology. Northmoor is also in charge of maintenance of the nation’s nuclear stockpile so that it is operational when needed. Emma Craven is a research assistant at North-moor. She believes that Northmoor is breaking the law by making nuclear weapons for foreign powers. NightFlower is an activist group. Emma has sought assistance from Senator Jim Pine who did not help her. She also sought advice from a lawyer named Sanderman who has organized Senator Pine’s election campaign.

Viewers of this fictional movie will realize that corruption fosters more corruption and that individuals may be willing to bend the laws and act unethically in return for their own personal gain, as was the case with the senator and lawyer. The duration of this movie is 112 minutes. An additional 30–40 minutes should be allocated for reflection and discussion of the questions below.

Questions for reflection:

Duplicity

Duplicity is a 2009 fictional movie about corporate espionage. The events take place between 2003 and 2008. Equikrom and Burkett Randle are two rival companies. The companies’ CEOs, Howard Tully of Equikrom and Dick Garsik of Burkett and Randle, are both trying to find ways to outperform each other. Both firms have some sort of espionage or counter intelligence unit. The movie is about a “world of duplicity and theft” in which “the fabric of integrity has been so abused and mangled that it is little more than a memory.”

This movie will help viewers to understand that due to fierce competition, managers may feel the pressure to do anything they can to gain a competitive advantage. The important message in this movie is that spying is unethical and that firms need to take measures to improve their monitoring and to better protect private information. The duration of this movie is 120 minutes. An additional 30–40 minutes should be allocated for reflection and discussion of the questions below.

Questions for reflection:

Inside Job

Inside Job was produced in 2010 and directed by Charles Ferguson. It masterfully exposes the corruption in the U.S. banking industry and how bankers, politicians, regulators, credit rating agencies, and even academics all directly or indirectly contributed to a large or small extent to the financial crisis.

Questions for reflection:¹⁷

Videos on the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web has a plethora of videos (including documentaries) on the topic of business corruption. The videos identified below are only a small sample and are not presented as necessarily the best ones available. However, they do allow the potential viewer to hear various views from businesspeople, researchers, and other experts about the topic of corruption. These videos are thought-provoking and can be used by educators and trainers to highlight the complexity of the corporate world and its interrelationship with government. By watching these videos viewers will have the opportunity to develop a better understanding of business corruption and how it can be more effectively challenged. Additional videos can be found on INSEAD’s website.

The following videos are outlined in this chapter:

Economic Fraud and Corruption (SEC Levitt Economy Bailout)

(Duration: 2 minutes and 25 seconds)

http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2JlZm60JC8

In this video clip from EP2 of the BBC documentary “The Trap” (March 2007), Arthur Levitt, Chairman of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (1993–2001) talks about the widespread fraud and corruption in both the economic and political systems of the United States. According to Mr. Levitt, those who ran many of America’s corporations were faking profits on a large scale. Moreover, the giant accounting firms had become corrupt. However, he does believe that well run companies can comply with anti-bribery regulations while still remaining competitive. He argues that to reduce corruption, companies must create and effectively implement and monitor anti-corruption compliance programs.

One of the important arguments to note from this video is that it is possible for a firm to effectively compete without its managers and employees behaving corruptly. In fact, one lesson to be learned here is that sooner or later corrupt practices will be uncovered and such practices ultimately lead to financial hardships for the firms.

Corruption Risks Europe’s Financial Recovery

(Duration: 1 minute and 31 seconds)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4GVqloqneE

According to the anti-corruption watchdog Transparency International (TI), corruption threatens to further weaken Europe’s efforts to overcome its debt crisis. In its latest report released to the European Union (EU), TI warned that a lack of political accountability across the EU has led to a rise in populism. The Managing Director of Transparency International Cobus de Swardt believes that there is a need to increase accountability to deal with populism. Due to corruption and accountability, scarce public money risks being wasted.¹⁸

The Corruption Trap (INSEAD Business School for the World)

(Duration 7 minutes and 20 seconds)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BO_w0o1ICA

In this INSEAD Knowledge video, Shellie Karabell hosts Craig Smith, professor of ethics and social responsibility. Professor Smith notes that money can be made in emerging markets due to pent up consumer demand, cheap labor, and few and lax regulations. However, “just under the surface lies the murky world of corruption, ready to derail even the most scrupulous businessperson.” Professor Smith explains why firms operating internationally may act corruptly. He also describes the types of corruption that may occur.

The Corporation: Case Histories (Part 5 of 23)

(Duration: 22 minutes and 54 seconds)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3m5lq9FHDo&feature=autoplay&list=PLFA50FBC214A6CE87&playnext=1

The Corporation is a Canadian documentary made by March Achbar, Jennifer Abbott, and Joel Bakan comprised of 23 parts. Through the use of specific cases, Part 5, Case Histories attempts to show how and why the corporation has an incentive to create external costs or negative externalities. Essentially, businesses can have lower costs and greater profits by not taking measures to prevent these resulting external costs. One such externality is the exploitation of employees through the use of sweatshops in developing countries. Other business practices such as the use of artificial hormones can result in adverse health effects such as cancer, birth defects, and other toxic effects. Another externality is the damage to the biosphere or the environmental costs resulting from the way corporations operate; costs that will be passed off to future generations.

The Corporation: Unsettling Accounts (Part 17 of 23)

(Duration: 11 minutes and 28 seconds)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZkDikRLQrw&feature=BFa&list=PLFA50FBC214A6CE87

In part 17 of The Corporation documentary, journalists Jane Akre and Steve Wilson were fired by the Fox News television station they worked for because they refused to change their investigative report on Posilac, a bovine growth hormone (BGH) made by Monsanto. Their research documented potential health and safety problems of drinking milk treated with the synthetic hormone. Monsanto threatened Fox with legal action. Fox managers were then reluctant to allow the story to be broadcast unless the negative effects of the hormone were played down. Jane Akre and Steve Wilson were unwilling to withhold the truth from the public. An appeals court eventually threw out Akre’s whistle blower lawsuit on the basis that falsifying the news was not against the law.

This video exposes the extent to which firms are willing to act corruptly in order to make profits. It shows that even academics, the media, and the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) can all knowingly or unknowingly be exploited by private firms that will do what they can to pursue their profit objectives.

Scandals in Business—The Ethics Guy on CNBC’s “Surviving the Market” (2010)

(Duration: 5 minutes and 24 seconds)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85HgXXjyw2Q&feature=related

Why should businesses care about ethics? Dr. Bruce Weinstein, The Ethics Guy, explains how everyone wins when ethical standards are the foundation of business. In contrast, unethical behavior can detrimentally affect the image of a business regardless of its size. Hence, ethics has to be viewed more seriously in the workplace otherwise customers’ trust will diminish. He stresses that what should be guiding our decisions is ethics and not merely the law. He agrees that MBA students are not being taught what is right but rather how not to end up in jail.

Business Anti-Corruption Portal (October 2007)

(Duration: 9 minutes and 51 seconds)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzDYzsJgAWY

This is an interview by Changemakers.net with Jens Berthelsen, a partner of Global Advice Network (Denmark). Mr. Berthelsen describes the Business Anti-Corruption Portal, a winner of the www.changemakers.net Ending Corruption collaborative online competition. He initially identifies some of the reasons for the existence of corruption and then explainsits negative impact. He states that corruption is the biggest killer of business activity in the Third World driving small businesses into the underground economy. More information about this portal is presented in the next section.

World Wide Web Sites

In addition to the movies and videos above, certain organizations have websites particularly dedicated to combating corruption. These websites can be used by educators and trainers as sources of information and cases to promote anti-corruption in business. Some of these are Transparency International (http://www.transparency.org/), the Business Anti-Corruption Portal (http://www.business-anti-corruption.com), and the Center for International Private Enterprise [CIPE] (www.cipe.org).

Transparency International was created in 1993 and is now present in more than 100 countries. Its mission is “to stop corruption and promote transparency, accountability and integrity at all levels and across all sectors of society.” Each year it compiles the Corruptions Perceptions Index, which scores countries on how corrupt their public sectors are perceived to be. It prepares a series of Global Corruption Reports and conducts research on a country-by-country basis. Its publications include Transparency in Corporate Reporting: Assessing the World’s Largest Companies; Exporting Corruption? Country Enforcement of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention—Progress Report 2012; and Money, Politics, Power: Corruption Risks in Europe. It also creates the Bribe Payers Index that ranks the wealthiest nations by their firms’ propensity to bribe abroad, and its Global Corruption Barometer is a worldwide public opinion survey on views and experiences of corruption.

The Business Anti-Corruption portal is produced by the Global Advice Network (http://www.globaladvicenet.com/). “The purpose of the Business Anti-Corruption Portal is to provide a comprehensive and practical business tool, and to offer targeted support to small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) in order to help them avoid and fight corruption, thereby creating a better business environment.”¹⁹ Various links provide guidance about various anti-corruption tools, on how organizations can carry out due diligence and how they can implement an integrity system involving anti-corruption policies, codes of conduct, and general risk assessment procedures.

One of the goals of the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) is to “improve governance through transparency and accountability in the public and private sectors.”²⁰ CIPE utilizes a cross-sector approach involving the cooperation of governments, civil society, and the private sector to tackle the root causes of corruption. To this end, it emphasizes the need to create strong, balanced institutions that reward transparency and honesty and punish bribery and corrupt practices. Its web site includes an Anti-Corruption Manual for SMEs from the Hills Program on Governance.²¹ The manual aims to explain what corruption is and why it occurs; in what situations might an SME face corruption; how an SME can conduct business without engaging in corruption; and what can SMEs do to fight corruption. The site also includes an Action Guide on Business without Corruption.

Conclusion

Corruption exists in all countries in both the private and public sectors. It permeates many spheres of society detrimentally affecting people’s lives. This chapter has identified various movies, videos on the World Wide Web, and other websites that provide insight into the causes and consequences of business corruption. It is hoped that these resources can be used to foster an anti-corruption mentality and behavior, thus contributing to the efforts of creating a more honest and less corrupt world.

Key Terms with Definitions

Corruption: The immoral, dishonest, or illegitimate abuse of power for personal gain; this definition is applicable to all forms of corruption

Fraud: Criminal deception

Integrity: Behaving consistently according to morally justifiable principles; it should be noted that this definition is only one of many that have been proposed by different researchers

Insider information: Information that is available to organizational members but not yet known by the general public

Negative externalities: External costs experienced by third parties who are not directly involved in the production and/or consumption of a good or service

Underground economy: The hidden economy in which economic transactions are not recorded and made known to the relevant tax authorities; for instance, the selling of goods to buyers without the issuing of receipts is an underground economic activity

Utilitarianism: Ethical theory that upholds the view that an action can be considered as right or ethical if it results in the greatest good or happiness for the greatest number of people

Study Questions

Additional Reading

Anonymous (Nov/Dec, 2007). Assessing the dimensions of business fraud. Debt 3, 22(6), 14–16.

Bayar, G. (Jan/Feb 2011). Causes of corruption: Dynamic panel data analysis of some Post Soviet countries and East Asian countries. The Journal of Applied Business Research 27(1), 77–86.

Brito-Bigott, O., Faria, H. J., Rodriguez, J. M., & Sanchez, A. (2008). Corruption and complex business rules. The Journal of Private Enterprises 24(1), 1–21.

De Graaf, G. (Spring 2007). Causes of corruption: Towards a contextual theory of corruption. PAQ, 39–86.

Kowalczyk-Hoyer, B. (2012). Transparency in corporate reporting: Assessing the world’s largest companies. http://www.transparency.org

Labaton Sucharow (2012, July). Wall Street Fleet Street Main Street: Corporate Integrity at a Crossroads, a US & UK Financial Services Industry Survey. http://www.labaton.com/en/about/press/Labaton-Sucharow-announces-results-of-financial-services-professional-survey.cfm

Lindgreen, A. (2004). Corruption and unethical behavior: Report on a set of Danish guidelines. Journal of Business Ethics, 51(1), 31–39.

Pedersen, M. H., & Victorien, W. (Jan/Feb 2006). Business integrity in China. The China Business Review, 33(1), 32–36.

Pellegrini, L., & Gerlagh, R. (2008). Causes of corruption: A survey of crosscountry analyses and extended results. Econ Gov 9, 245–263.

Petrick, J. A., & Quinn, J. F. (2000). The integrity capacity construct and moral progress in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 23(1), 3–18.

Siddiquee, N. A. (2010). Combating corruption and managing integrity in Malaysia: A critical overview of recent strategies and initiatives. Public Organization Review, 10(2), 153–171.

Swamy, K. (2011). Financial management analysis of money laundering, corruption and unethical business practices: Case studies of India, Nigeria and Russia. Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, 24(1), 39–51.

Transparency International (2012). Putting corruption out of business. Retrieved September 12, 2012, from http://www.transparency.org