Notes
Introduction
1. Scherer and Palazzo (2011); Hansen (2011).
2. Vaara and Faÿ (2012), p. 1023.
Chapter 1
1. Stachowicz-Stanusch (2011a).
2. Pless, Maak and Stahl (2010).
3. Forray and Leigh (2010).
4. Hawawini (2005); Ivory et al. (2006); Lorange (2005); Mintzberg (2004); Mintzberg and Gosling (2002); Pfeffer and Fong (2004); Starkey, Hatchuel & Tempest (2004).
5. Sims & Felton (2006).
6. Stachowicz-Stanusch, A. (2012).
7. Moon and Shen (2010); Crane and Matten (2004); Nicholson and DeMoss (2009); Swanson and Fisher (2008).
8. Mitroff (2004).
9. Mitroff (2004), p. 185.
10. Ghoshal (2005).
11. Neubaum, Pagell, Drexler, McKee-Ryan and Larson (2009).
12. Brown and Treviño (2006); Puffer and McCarthy (2008).
13. The PRME were developed between October 2006 and July 2007 by an international task force of 60 deans, university presidents and official representatives of leading business schools and academic institutions, as well as scholars, who commit to the idea of responsible management education. The idea was officially introduced by the Global Compact Office at the Global Forum “Business as an Agent of World Benefit” at Case Western Reserve University in October 2006. The PRME was launched under the patronage of UN-Secretary General Ban Ki-moon in July 2007.
14. The PRME initiative is in significant part the result of the efforts led by the UN, AACSB International, EFMD, the Aspen Institute’s Business and Society Program, EABIS, GMAC, GRLI, Net Impact, and other institutions. These organizations have conducted some of the major learning and educational initiatives on responsible management worldwide. The PRME project consolidates, frames, and gives new momentum to this joint initiative, framing it entirely by internationally accepted values such as those portrayed in the United Nations’ Global Compact on Human Rights, Labour, Environment and Anti-corruption.
15. Reichel and Rudnicka (2008).
16. http://www.unprme.org/the-6-principles/index.php.
17. Kell (2005).
18. Rasche (2010).
19. Rasche (2010).
20. E.g. Wankel (2010); Walker and Arnold (2003).
21. Roberts and Roach (2009).
22. Escudero (2011), p. 211.
23. Solitander, Fougère, Sobczak and Herlin (2012).
24. Blasco (2012).
25. Viswanathan (2012).
26. Blasco (2012).
27. Solitander et al. (2012).
28. Maloni, Smith and Napshin (2012).
29. Forray and Leigh (2010).
30. Source: http://www.unprme.org/sharing-information-on-progress/.
31. The limitation criterion for inclusion of a particular country to the European continent was based on : http://www.unglobalcompact.org/NetworksAroundTheWorld/find_a_network.html.
32. Stachowicz-Stanusch A. (2011b).
33. Viswanathan, M. (2012).
34. Stachowicz-Stanusch (2011b).
35. Forray and Leigh (2010).
Chapter 2
1. The authors are grateful to Professors Mary Gentile, C. M. Ramesh, C. Gopinath and Sheila Webber for their comments and suggestions.
2. Transparency International (2012).
3. Paul (1997).
4. Davis and Ruhe (2003).
5. Hammer (2007).
6. In a recent survey by the World Bank, 42% of firms paid bribes averaging 1.5% of sales. Aterido et al. (2009), p. 12;
7. Davis and Ruhe (2003). Davis and Ruhe (2003); Otunsanya (2011).
8. The US Government’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act implemented in 1977 but increasingly being enforced on US companies. http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/docs/lay-persons-guide.pdf
9. Heeks (2011).
10. Heeks (2001).
11. Wharton (2007).
12. Wharton (2007).
13. Transparency International (2011).
14. Transparency International (2011).
15. Central Vigilance Commission (2010).
16. Quoted in Pavarala and Malik (2010).
17. Anand and Joshi (2005).
18. At an exchange rate of approximately 54:1.
19. Quoted in Pavarala and Malik (2010).
20. Wharton (2007).
21. Chene (2008).
22. Recent research suggests that Indians are individualistic on the competitiveness dimension but more collectivist in terms of preference for group work and the dominance of group goals over individual goals. See for instance Ramamoorhty, Kulkarni, Gupta, and Flood (2007).
23. Davis and Ruhe (2003).
24. Hofstede (1980).
25. Wharton (2007).
26. Christie, Kwon, Stoeberl and Baumhart (2003).
27. Hofstede (1997).
28. Christie, Kwon, Stoeberl, P. A. and Baumhart (2003).
29. Ramamoorhty, Kulkarni, Gupta and Flood (2007).
30. See for instance, Carrol and Gannon (1997) and Cheung and Chan (2008).
31. Carrol and Gannon (1997) and Cheung and Chan (2008).
32. Giacalone (2007).
33. Giacalone (2007).
34. For instance, the recent student movement in Thailand with the UNDP (2012).
35. The first author is grateful to Prof Nisigandha Bhuyan for sharing this data from her teaching experiences.
36. Gentile (2009).
37. Values, such as honesty or justice, are seen as reflecting the inherent worth or goodness of a thing or idea that is experienced deeply and internally.
38. The questions and approach are adapted from Gentile (2010).
39. Gentile (2010), p. 2.
40. Gentile (2009), p. 36.
41. Gentile (2009), p. 179.
42. Hofstede (n.d.).
43. Mellahi et al. (2010), p. 363.
44. Fisher et al. (1981), pp. 40–56.
45. Gentile (2009) p. 183.
46. Singh et al. (2011), p. 59.3.
47. Gentile (2009), p. 168.
48. The lead faculty member driving the workshop was Dr. Mary Gentile, who is the proponent of the Giving Voice to Values framework.
49. The students were enrolled at the University of the first author.
50. Elements of this code could include values such as fairness, secrecy, and confidentiality. For a greater description of the role of civil servants, see Wright (1973).
51. The questions were derived from the GVV framework.
52. The values illustrated were in line with universal values mentioned in literature that also had contextual relevance.
53. In the second workshop, a case describing an entrepreneur’s ethical dilemma was discussed.
54. Drawn from the GVV framework described above.
55. Jaussi (2007).
56. Hofstede (n.d.).
57. As defined by Balogun (2003) quoted in Agbiboa (2012).
58. Margolis and Molinsky (2006).
59. Hofstede (n.d.).
60. Hofstede (n.d.).
61. http://psych.nyu.edu/trope/Trope%20et%20al.,%202007%20-%20JCP.pdf.
62. http://www.aca.org/research/pdf/ResearchNotes_Feb2011.pdf.
Chapter 3
1. Brown and Cloke (2011).
2. O’Connor and Fischer (2011).
3. Wilkinson, R and Pickett, K. (2009).
4. L. L. Lau, C. (2009).
5. L. L. Lau, C. (2009).
6. Scholtens, B. and Dam, L. (2007).
7. Ardichvili et al. (2011).
8. Barbosa, L. (1992).
9. Barbosa, L. (1995).
10. Ardichvili et al. (2011).
11. Brazil Takes Off (2009).
12. Brazil Takes Off (2009).
13. Vizeu, F. (2011).
14. Griesse, M. A. (2007).
15. Hochstetler, K. (2003)
16. Griesse, M. A. (2007).
17. Griesse, M. A. (2007).
18. Griesse, M. A. (2007).
19. Griesse, (2007).
20. Griesse, (2007).
21. Griesse, (2007).
22. Ardichvili et al. (2011).
23. Ardichvili et al. (2011).
24. Vizeu, F. (2011).
25. Amado and Brasil, (1991).
26. Duarte, F. (2006).
27. Barbosa, L. (1992).
29. Duarte, F. (2006).
30. Duarte, F. (2006).
31. Pinheiro (2000).
32. Amado and Brasil (1991).
33. Duarte, F. (2006).
34. Stevens, M. L., Armstrong Elizabeth, A. and Arum, R. (2008).
35. Stevens, M. L., Armstrong Elizabeth, A. and Arum, R. (2008).
36. Stevens, M. L., Armstrong Elizabeth, A. and Arum, R. (2008).
37. Eicher, T., Gracia-Penalosa, C. and van Ypersele, T. (2009).
38. Schwartzman, S. (1998).
39. Renato and Consultores, (2005).
40. McCowan, T. (2004).
41. McCowan, T. (2004).
42. Renato Consultores (2004)
43. Renato, P., Consultores, S., Integrada and Tendencias, C. (2005).
44. McCowan, T. (2004).
45. McCowan, T. (2004).
46. McCowan, T. (2004).
47. Renato, P., Consultores, S., Integrada and Tendencias, C. (2005).
48. Paulo Renato de Souza Consultores, (200 5).
49. McCowan, T. (2004).
50. McCowan, T. (2004).
51. McCowan, T. (2004).
52. McCowan, T. (2004).
53. Marens, R. (2011).
54. Hochstetler, K. (2003).
55. Lau (2009).
56. Antonacopoulou, E. P. (2010).
Chapter 4
1. All twenty-two Arab League Members are considered. Non-Arab MENA countries such as Turkey and Israel are excluded.
2. Launched in 1995, a new index was developed by Transparency International which measured the perceived level of corruption in the aggregate in most countries throughout the world. The TI Corruption Perception Index (CPI) was groundbreaking for corruption research and policy in many ways. First, it was a free and widely available tool that quickly gained legitimacy and comprehensive geographical coverage. This index provided new measures of analysis possible for economists working on regression models in the empirical study of corruption. This landmark index enabled further strides to be made in analyzing the causes and consequences of corruption.
3. Olken (2007).
4. One in four pays bribes worldwide: study. Agence France Presse. December 8, 2010. Accessed from http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gODlbjVM5IQW9JNx5Iz6kWQUh8mQ?docId=CNG.ed754de0e678c862bc18161c29a672e9.a61
5. Looney (2005).
6. Transparency International. Corruption Perception Index Report (2011). Accessed from http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/in_detail/
7. Jenkins et al. (2011).
8. Jenkins et al. (2011)
9. Jenkins et al. (2011)
10. Hafez (2009), p. 462.
11. Rose-Ackerman (1978, 1999).
12. Shleifer and Vishny (1993).
13. Glynn, Kobrin and Naim (1997).
14. Makdisi (2011).
15. Makdisi (2011), p. 9.
16. Williams and Beare (1999); Rivera-Batiz (2001).
17. Sachs (2005).
18. Rose-Ackerman (1978, 1997); Shleifer and Vishny (1993); Salem (2003).
19. Looney (2005).
20. Makhoul and Harrison (2004).
21. Salem (2003).
22. Hafez (2009).
23. Rose-Ackerman, S. (1997).
24. World Economic Forum. Partnering Against Corruption Initiative. http://www.weforum.org/issues/partnering-against-corruption-initiative, accessed May 22, 2012.
25. Mauro (1995); Knack and Keefer (1995); Mo (2001); Pellegrini and Gerlagh (2004), Rivera-Batiz (2001); Shleifer and Vishny (1993); Zarrouk (2003).
26. Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobation (2009); Neeman, Paserman, and Simhon (2008); Welsch (2004)
27. Rock and Bonnett (2004).
28. Mauro (1997).
29. Hellman and Kaufmann (2002).
30. Welford, Chan and Man (2007).
31. Von Weltzien Høivik (2004).
32. Gordon and Lacy (2011).
33. Swanson (2005) p. 54.
34. Jamali and Abdallah (2011).
35. Jamali and Abdallah (2011).
36. Principle 10: Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery.
37. Schools were selected using Eduniversal school rankings 2011 data. Top ranking schools for each country were selected.
38. Swanson (2005); Hartman (2004); Giacalone and Wargo (2009).
39. McCabe and Trevino (1995); Wood, Longenecker; McKinney and Moore (1988).
40. Jamali and Abadallah (2011).
41. Sanyal (2000); Thorne LeClair, 2000; Sims, 2002; Solberg and Strong, (1995).
42. Hemmasi and Graf (2002); Sanyal (2000).
43. Makhoul and Harrison (2004)
44. Burke and Logsdon (2006); Falck and Heblich (2007); Porter and Kramer (2011).
45. Population Estimates CIA World Factbook 2011. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
46. GDP Figures from CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
47. HDI of most Arab States have not been adjusted for inequality. A part of the HDI project started in 2010, there is not yet data on most Arab States; therefore, Polity IV scores have been used to show the level of freedom and democracy (which can help indicate levels of equality) within given MENA states.
48. GDP Per Capita for Palestine taken for 2009 from United Nations data. http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Occupied%20Palestinian%20Territory
49. The Polity IV score of Somalia represents a gap in a period of governance called interregnum.
50. Does not include population of South Sudan.
Chapter 5
1. Tata (2005).
2. Rendtorff, J. (2009).
3. Glanz, J. (2007).
4. Prinsloo, P., Beukes, C. and De Jongh, D. (2006).
5. Miller, W. F. and Becker, D. A. (2011).
6. Amare, N. and Manning, A. (2009).
7. Sullivan, D. W. (2010).
8. Gempesaw II, C. (2009).
9. Poff, D. (2010).
10. Ritter, B. (2006).
11. Okumus, F. and Wong, K. F. (2007).
12. Seipel, M. O., Johnson, J. D. and Walton, E. (2011).
13. Bampton, R. and Maclagan, P. (2005).
14. Horn, L. and Kennedy, M. (2008).
15. Kazeroony (2010b).
16. Kazeroony (2010c).
17. Kazeroony (2009a).
18. Cameron, K. (2006).
19. Madison, R. L. and Schmidt, J. J. (2006).
20. Brink, A. (2009).
21. Osiemo, L. (2012).
22. Elias, R. (2006).
23. Shareef, R. (2010).
24. Amlie, T. T. (2010).
25. Smith, M. L., Smith, K. T. and Mulig, E. V. (2005).
26. Canarutto, G., Smith, K. T. and Smith, L. (2010).
27. Özdemir, A. and Sarikaya, M. (2009).
28. Harris, H. (2008).
29. Yeh, R., M., L. J., Moreo, P. J., R, B. and Perry, K. M. (2005).
30. Christensen, L., Peirce, E., Hartman, L., Hoffman, W. W. and Carrier, J. (2007).
31. Flannery, B. L. and Pragman, C. H. (2008).
32. Berry, G. R. and Workman, L. (2007).
33. Harris, H. (2008).
34. Anderson, R. E., Dixon, A. L., Jones, E., Johnston, M. W., LaForge, R. W., Marshall, G. W. and Tanner Jr., J. F. (2005).
35. Sedaghat, A. M., Mintz, S. M. and Wright, G. M. (2011).
36. Shareef, R. (2008).
37. Van Hise, J. and Massey, D. W. (2010).
38. Valenzuela-Manalo, M. (2011).
40. Cant, G. and Kulik, B. W. (2009).
41. Templin, C. R. and Christensen, D. (2009).
45. Goby, V. and Nickerson, C. (2012).
46. Tata, J. (2005).
47. Glanz, J. (2007).
48. Rendtorff, J. (2009).
49. Kok-Yee, N., Van Dyne, L. and Soon, A. (2009).
50. Raelin, J. A. (2007).
51. Kashyap, R., Mir, R. and Iyer, E. (2006).
52. Samuelson, J. (2006).
53. Moberg, D. J. (2006).
54. H. Kazeroony, (August 3, 2012).
Chapter 6
1. Bass and Bass (2008), p. 238.
2. Bass and Bass (2008).
3. Aquilera and Vadera (2008), p. 431.
4. Waples and Antes (2011), p. 16.
5. Bass and Bass (2008), p. 238.
6. Bass and Bass (2008).
7. Aquilera and Vadera (2008), p. 431.
8. Waples and Antes (2011), p. 16.
9. Khurana (2002); Morris, Brotheridge and Urbanski (2005).
10. Aquilera and Vadera (2008); Ashforth and Anand (2003).
11. Anand, Ashforth and Joshi (2004).
12. Padilla, Hogan and Kaiser (2007).
13. Evers (1992).
14. Rogers (1969), p. 104.
15. Evers (1992), p. 32.
16. Confessore and Park (2004); Ng and Confessore (2010).
17. Brockett and Hiemstra (1991); Candy (1991); Long (1990).
18. Ponton and Carr (1999).
19. Vaill (1996).
20. Bandura (2002), p. 101.
21. Bandura (2008).
22. Rottschaefer (1997).
23. Festinger (1957).
24. Bandura (2008).
25. Bandura (1986); Bandura (1990a); Bandura (1990b); Bandura (1999); Bandura, Caprara and Zsolnai (2000); Hinrichs, Lei Wang, Hinrichs, and Romero (2012); Moore, Detert, Trevino, Baker, and Mayer (2012).
26. Bandura et al. (2000).
27. Bandura (1991).
28. Paciello, Fida, Tramontano, Lupinetti and Caprara (2008).
29. Bazerman and Tenbrunsel (2011).
30. Moore (2008).
31. Barsky (2011).
32. Anand et al. (2004), p. 11.
33. Bandura (2008).
34. Houser (2004).
35. Heywood (1906).
36. Hariman (2003a), p. viii.
37. Crowe (2010).
38. Aquinas (1973/1272).
39. Mensing (1929/2006), p. 31.
40. Aquinas (2005).
41. Aquinas (2005), p. 1.
42. Mintzberg (2011).
43. Hariman (2003b), p. 5.
44. Cessario (2002).
45. Bass and Bass (2008), p. 221.
46. Cessario (2002); Tropman (2008).
47. Bass and Bass (2008), p. 221.
48. Mensing (1929/2006).
49. Duska (1998), p. xiv.
50. Mendonca and Kanungo (2007), p. 89.
51. Daft and Lane (2008); Zauderer (1992).
52. Baron (2010), p. 89.
53. Mendonca and Kanungo (2007), p. 89.
54. Mensing (1929/2006).
55. Havard (2007), p. 108.
56. Pope (2011), p. 11.
57. Mendonca and Kanungo (2007), p. 89.
58. May, Hodges, Chan and Avolio (2003).
59. Mendona and Kanungo (2007), p. 89.
60. Bass and Bass (2008), p. 21.
61. Cessario (2002).
62. Titus (2006), p. 151.
63. Titus (2006), pp. 289–290.
64. Titus (2006).
65. Tillich (1952), p. 36.
66. Tillich (1952), p. 37.
67. Mattison (2008).
68. Aquinas (1922).
69. Newman (1913).
70. Mattison (2008), p 186.
71. Mattison (2008).
72. Duska (1998).
73. Mensing, 1929/2006).
74. Mensing (1929/2006), p. 41.
75. Pieper (1966).
76. Mendonca and Kanungo (2007), p. 89.
77. Baron (2010), p. 115.
78. Bass and Bass (2008), p. 221.
79. Cooper (1987), p. 71.
80. Bandura (1997).
81. Kopp and Wyer (1994).
82. Peterson and Seligman (2004).
Chapter 7
1. Enron (2000).
2. ACTE (2007).
3. NLNP (2009).
4. Otusanya, O. J. (2011).
5. Argandona, A. (2006).
6. ACTK (2012).
7. ACTE (2007).
8. ACTK (2012).
9. Gentile, M. C. (2010a).
10. Neelankavil, J. P., (1994).
11. Yin, R. K. (2009).
12. Anninos, L. N. and Chytiris, L. (2011).
13. WEC (2011).
14. Rond, M. D. (1996).
15. Vroom, V. H. (1964).
16. Allen, W. R., Bacdayan, P., Kowalski, K. B. and Roy, M. H. (2005).
17. Allen, W. R., Bacdayan, P., Kowalski, K. B. and Roy, M. H. (2005).
18. Peppas, S. C. and Yu, T. T. (2007).
19. Stubbs, W. and Cocklin, C., (2008).
20. Tripathi, S. (2012).
21. Taher, A. M. M., Chen, J. and Yao, W. (2011).
22. Strautmanis, J. (2008).
23. Datar, S. M., Garvin, D. A. and Cullen, P. G. (2011).
24. Baruch, Y. and Leeming, A. (1996).
25. Snoeyenbos, M.H. (1992).
26. Chen, X. and Yang, B. (2010).
27. Chen, X. and Yang, B. (2010).
28. GVV (2010).
29. Gentile, M. C. (2010 a).
30. Gentile, M. C. (2010 a).
31. ECCH (2013).
32. Gentile, M.C. (2007).
33. Coco, D (2010).
34. Cote, J., Goodstein, J. and Latham, C. K. (2011).
35. Gentile, M. C. (2010 b).
36. Gonzalez-Padron, T. L., Ferrell, O. C., Ferrell, L. and Smith, I. A. (2011).
37. Gentile, M. C. (2007).
38. Strautmanis, J. (2008).
39. Tripathi, S. (2012).
40. Anninos, L. N. and Chytiris, L. (2011).
41. U4 Guidelines (2009).
42. Gentile, M.C. (2010a).
43. U4 Guidelines (2009).
44. Chen, X. and Yang, B. (2010).
45. Baruch, Y. and Leeming, A. (1996).
46. Gentile, M. C. (2010b).
47. Tripathi, S. (2012).
48. Gentile, M. C. (2010a).
49. Anninos, L. N. and Chytiris, L. (2011).
50. Tripathi, S. (2012).
51. Tripathi, S. (2012).
Chapter 8
1. Munshi and Abraham (2004).
2. Doig (2006).
3. Cox (2009) and also Gichure (2006).
4. Arellano-Gault and Lepore (2011).
5. Campos and Pradhan (2007), p. xi.
6. Spector (2012).
7. Transparency International Official Website http://www.transparency.org
8. The World Bank, Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The Role of the World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, September 1997. See pages 19–20 on definitions of corruption.
9. McMillan (2006).
10. Campos and Pradhan (2007).
11. Transparency International Strategy (2015), p. 7.
12. Treisman (1999).
13. Pillay and Dorasamy (2010).
14. Mathematically speaking, we can say C varies directly with R and D, and inversely with A. See Kiltgaard, Robert, “International cooperation against corruption,” IMF/World Bank, Finance and Development, 35(1) (1998): 3. As cited in U. Myint, “Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Remedies,” Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 7(2), (2000), 33–58.
15. Groenendijk (1997).
16. Groenendijk (1997) proposes a principal–agent model of corruption in relation to neoliberal systems.
17. Pillay and Dorasamy (2010) borrow the two dimensional approach of corruption from Rodriguez P., Uhlenbruck K. and Eden L. (2005). Government corruption and the entry strategies of multi-nationals. Academy of Management Review 30(2), 383–396.
18. Pillay and Dorasamy (2010), pp. 367–368.
19. Harrison and Huntington (2000); Seleim and Bontis (2009); Heidenheimer and Johnston, (1989b).
20. For further examples and explanations see Hofstede (2001), p. 141.
21. For an interactive overview of the national cultural dimensions see http://geert-hofstede.com; For an overview of the works and contributions on cultural dimensions by Geert Hofstede (now followed by his son Gert Jan) see their academic website at http://www.geerthofstede.nl/
22. Geert Hofstede’s original work, Culture’s Consequences, was originally published in 1980 and included only four dimensions. Later the Value Survey Modules got expanded with the Chinese Value Survey (published in the first edition of Cultures and Organizations) and the World Value Survey, integrated in the third edition. See Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov (2010); Hofstede (2001).
23. Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov (2010) p. 6.
24. Hofstede, 2001, p. 18.
25. One of the most significant contribution has been from Israeli psychologist Schwartz (1994).
26. House and GLOBE (2004).
27. Hofstede et al. (2010).
28. Seleim and Bontis (2009).
29. Pillay and Dorasamy (2010).
30. Alatas, Cameron, Chaudhuri, Erkal and Gangadharan, n.d.; Seleim and Bontis (2009).
31. Treisman (1999).
32. Treisman (1999), p. 1.
33. Sampford (2006).
34. Rodriquez, Uhlenbruck, and Eden (2005).
35. Agnew and Kaufman (2010); Trent (2008).
36. Harrison and Huntington (2000), Ch. 9.
37. For a detailed overview of various measures of corruption see Hawken, A., and Munck, G. L. (2007). “Measuring corruption: A critical assessment and a proposal.” Technical background paper commissioned for the Asia Pacific Human Development Report on Corruption. Colombo: UNDP Regional Centre.
38. Hofstede et al. (2010), p. 61.
39. For a complete list of PDI values for 76 countries by regions see Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov (2010), pp. 57–59.
40. Hofstede et al. (2010), p. 59.
41. Hofstede (2001), p. 113.
42. Hofstede et al. (2010) p. 191.
43. Hofstede et al. (2010) p. 194.
44. Hofstede et al. (2010) p. 192.
45. Mark Mallinger, Rossy and Singel (2005).
46. Hofstede et al. (2010), p. 92.
47. The World Value Survey interprets these dynamics as exclusionism (v. universalism that treats people as individuals disregarding their group affiliation).
48. Hofstede et al. (2010), p. 113.
49. Hofstede et al. (2010), p. 124.
50. House and GLOBE (2004), p. 461.
51. House and GLOBE (2004), p. 458.
52. The GLOBE study too prefers identifying this cultural dimension in different, less ambiguous, terms.
53. Hofstede et al. (2010), p. 140.
54. Hofstede et al. (2010), p. 146.
55. For more distinctions between feminine and masculine culture see Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov (2010), p. 170.
56. Pillay and Dorasamy (2010) p. 373.
57. Hofstede, in his first chapter of Organizations and Cultures explains well this evolution of values in relation to culture, time, family, school, and work.
58. For more information on their integrated model see http://www.worldbank.org/anticorruption
59. Read more on the OECD integrated strategy on anti-corruption at www.oecd.org/corruption
60. Transparency International’s PDI rely on data from the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Bertelsmann Foundation, the Economist Intelligence Unit, Freedom House, Global Insight, International Institute for Management Development, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, the World Economic Forum, and the World Bank.
61. Read more on UNCAC at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/
62. Minkov and Hofstede (2011).
63. Minkov and Hofstede (2011), p. 58.
64. Transparency International’s Corruption Fighters Toolkits: http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/tools
65. The PRME Working Group on Anti-Corruption in Curriculum Change http://www.unprme.org/working-groups. See also the resources on anti-corruption available in the UNGC website http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/tools_resources
66. For more information see Transparency International’s Business Principles for Countering Bribery.
67. UNDP, Tacking Corruption, Transforming Lives (New York: Macmillan 2008).
68. For a useful list of policies and procedures to fight embezzlement see McMillan (2006).
69. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises defines extortion as “a solicitation of bribes accompanied by threats that endanger the personal integrity or the life of the private actors involved.”
70. Larmour and Wolanin (2001).
71. Heidenheimer and Johnston (1989a).
Chapter 9
1. Bayar, G. (2011).
2. Anonymous (2007, Nov/Dec); Transparency International (2012a); U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee.
3. Swamy, K. (2011).
4. Transparency International 2011 Annual Report.
5. Transparency International (2012b).
6. Anonymous (2012, October); Davidson (2012); Kaufmann (2009); Kroft (2012); The Economist (2008).
7. http://www.criminal-law-lawyer-source.com/terms/employee-theft.html http://www.ehow.com/
8. http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2012/08/07/former-marshall-bank-employee-admits-theft/ http://www.darkgovernment.com/news/bank-employee-steals-2-million-dollars-from-customers/ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/17/rachael-claire-martin-barclays-money-plastic-surgery_n_1680112.html http://www.nj.com/gloucester-county/index.ssf/2012/06/authorities_willingboro_bank_t.html http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/headlines/9490084.Bank_clerk_stole_for_Barbados_trip
9. http://www.bankinfosecurity.com/insider-fraud-what-to-monitor-a-5425
10. Kaufmann (2009).
11. Matthews (2012, Dec. 20),
12. The survey “Wall Street Fleet Street Main Street: Corporate Integrity at a Crossroads” was conducted in June 2012 by market researcher Populus on behalf of law firm Labaton Sucharow.
13. Labaton Sucharow (2012).
14. Carroll (2003); Kroft (2012).
15. Kaufmann (2009).
16. Huffington Post (2012).
17. Inman and Kingsley (2011).
18. Euronews (2012).
19. http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/about/about-this-portal/
21. http://www.rvrcvstarr.aim.edu/hills.asp
Chapter 10
1. Gosine (2011); McDonald and Robinson 2009.
2. De Maria (2010).
3. Demas (2011); De Maria (2010).
4. Mutebi (2008).
5. Tabish and Jah (2012).
6. Doig (2006).
7. Husted (2002).
8. Cole, Elliott and Zhang (2009).
9. Bowman and Gilligan (2007).
10. Roberts (2011); Kenyon (2009).
11. Goel and Nelson, 2011; Apergis, Dincer and Payne (2012).
12. Hoogvelt (1997); Marquette (2003).
13. Doig (2006), p. 275.
14. Howard and Korver (2008).
15. Arieley (2012).
16. Arieley (2012), p. C1.
17. Case and Smith, to appear.
18. The basic matrix task involved a sheet of paper containing a series of 20 different matrices with participants told to find in each of the matrices two numbers that add up to 10. They have five minutes to solve as many of the matrices as possible. They get paid based on how many they solve correctly. Most solved four in five minutes. To induce cheating, they introduced a “shredder” condition where subjects counted their correct answers on their own then put their work sheets through a back room shredder. Then they told the experimenter how many matrices they correctly solved and got paid accordingly. In this condition participants claimed to have solved an average of six in five minutes, two more than in the control condition. This overall increase did not come from a few people who claimed to solve a lot more matrices, but from lots of people who cheated just a little.
19. The English language has a whole vocabulary illustrating the practice of deception. Words and phrases used include bluff, beguile, gloss over, downplay, puff up, leave in the dark, hoodwink, whitewash, sweet-talk, exaggerate, string along, take for a ride, propagandize, and snow (Howard and Kover, 2008, p. 17).
20. Lying is so central in the lives of people who speak English that there are a huge number of words used to describe it. We fib, embroider, doctor, duke, fend, dress up, cover up, overstate, understate, misinform, misguide, stretch the truth, varnish, inflate, embellish, garnish, warp, spin, gild the lily, fake, con, perjure, dissemble, distort, and tell boldfaced lies (Howard and Korver, 2008, p. 13).
21. Words in English for stealing include mooching, filching, pinching, snitching, encroaching, copping, hustling, scrounging, sneaking, cribbing, and lifting.
22. Howard and Korver, 2008.
23. Arieley, 2012.
24. Howard and Korver (2008).
25. Howard and Korver (2008).
26. Mutebi (2008).
27. Johnson (2012); Tabish and Jah (2012); Ashforth and Anand (2003).
28. Hazony (2012).
29. For the Prophet Muhammad’s Last sermon, see http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/prophet/lastsermon.html.
30. Tugend (2012), p. B5.
31. The price whistle-blowers pay for divulging their secrets, New York Times, September 22, 2012, B1, 5.
32. Smith (2005).
33. James and Smith (2007).
34. For Kant, ethics that are pure are based on a principle of “good will,” meaning to act out of a sense of moral obligation or duty because it is morally the right thing to do with no fear of punishment for disobedience and no hope for reward for obeying. The good will is good without qualification, full of specific commandments like “keep promises” and always under any circumstances “tell the truth.” These ideas make Kantian conscience much like the strict Lutheran he was (Kuntz, 2003, p. 169). Kant was greatly influenced by organized religion, seeking to create a moral religion in tune with human beings living and interacting with one another in society.
35. Johnson (2012).
36. Case and Smith, in press.
37. Bright, Alzola, Stansbury and Stavros (2011).
38. Lama (2011).
39. Gosine (2011).
40. Johnson (2012).
41. Johnson (2012).
42. Held (2006).
43. Wigand’s dramatic life story was portrayed in the highly regarded 1999 film, The Insider, with Russell Crowe portraying Wigand.
44. Johnson (2012).
45. Case and Smith, in press.
46. Cox, La Caze and Levine (2011).
47. Kim, Fisher and McCalman (2009).
48. Jackall (1988), (2010), p. 6.
49. Case (2012).
50. Teluskin (2003).
51. Karl Weick and his associates developed the concept ofmindfulness as a concept for organization attention and ability to deal with complexity, ambiguity, and high risk (Weick, K. E., Obstfeld, D. and Suttcliffe, K. M., 1999).
52. In the case of the anti-theist, there was expressed surprise at the Judeo-Christian Influence on all his values.
53. Sample commandment, Islamic female student (Spring 2012).
54. The personal application portion of this exercise utilizes the ideas of universality, reciprocity, and usefulness from Howard and Korver (2008).
55. Based on group size and time available, the group could be up to four people.
56. Case and Smith (2012), p. 41.
57. Mutebi (2008).
58. Howard and Korver (2008), p. 17.
59. Daft and Marcic, 2001; Messick and Bazerman, 1996.
60. James and Smith (2007).
61. James and Smith (2007).
62. Howard and Korver (2008), p. 23.
63. Case and Smith, in press.
64. Howard and Korver (2008), p. 13.
65. Howard and Korver (2008), p. 21.
Chapter 11
1. Popper (1985).
2. Global Compact (2000, July).
3. United Nations Convention against Corruption.
4. European Union, Plenary session, Justice and Home Affairs, August 15, 2011.
5. Rendtorff (2010), chap. 6.
6. Budima (2006), p. 410.
7. Vargas-Hernandez (2010), chap. 8.
8. Carvajal (1999).
9. Jing and Graham (2008).
10. Hofstede (1991).
11. Waldman (1974).
12. Dion (2010).
13. Cragg (1998).
14. Dion (2010).
15. Anechiarico and Jacobs (1996).
16. Jain (2001).
17. Vargas, Hernàndez (2010), p. 133.
18. Rendtorff (2010); Wankel (2010).
19. Rendtorff (2010).
20. Wankel (2010).
21. Wankel (2010), chap. 2.
22. Vargas-Hernandez (2010).
23. Pfeffer and Fong (2004).
24. Luthar and Karri (2005).
25. At least—but not limited to—Chapters 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, 18, 20 of the book Organizational Immunity to Corruption, Agata Stachowicz-Stanusch (2010).
26. Mc Cabe, Butterfield and Treviño (2006).
27. Tang (2008).
28. Shin and Harman (2009).
29. Bertalanffy (1951).
30. Giudici, Varriale, Floris and Dessì (2011), chap 7.
31. Students in the group: Francesco Caria, Patrizia Casula, Lisa Deidda, Illary Mei, and Emanulea Pilloni.
32. Students in the group: Michele Cherenti, Laura Coda, Stefania Farris, Roberta Serra, and Marta Zanda.
33. Rendtorff (2010).
34. Students in the group: Silvia Atzu, Andrea Marcello, Marco Mereu, and Claudio Andrea Saiu.
35. Students in the group: Marta Cruccas, and Ester Napolitano.
36. Students in the group: Lorenzo Asuni, Federica Farris, Simone Moccia and Livia Ruiu.
37. This is the motto created by the founder of Scouting Robert Baden Powell.
38. Students in the group: Maria Antonietta Addari, Nicola Cossu, Francesca Curci, Eva Musa and Paola Porcu.
39. Proserpio and Gioia (2007).