Index
A
Acetic acid production chain, 246
Acetobacter aceti, 141
Acetobacter suboxydans, 140
Acetobacter xylinum, 141
Acetyl coenzyme A, 138
Acid-base chemistry, 40
Acid detergent fiber (ADF), 48
Acid-insoluble lignin (ADL), 48
Activated carbon adsorption method, 207
Adsorbents, early, 202
Adsorption method, advantages, 202
Affinity membrane separation technology, 209
Agaricus bisporus, 85
Aginomoto, 228
Agricultural biomass, 225
Agricultural wastes source, 225
Alcohol Cellulose Technology, 46
Alcohol waste utilization, 245
Algae, 25
Alkaline fracture, 41
aryl-alkyl/alkyl-alkyl carbon-carbon bonds, 42
nonphenolic β-aryl ether bonds, 42
Alkali resistance strains, 77
1-Allyl-3-methyl imidazole, 46
Ammonium sulfate, 228
Anthocyanins, 213
Arabinogalactan, 72
β-(1-4)-Arabinogalactan, 72
α-Arabinosidase, 71
Armillariella tabescens EJLY2098, 84
Artificial carbon, 4
Artificial intelligence techniques, 241
Artificial synthesis of ribosomes, 115
Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO), 72
Ascomycetes, 78
Aspergillus aculeatus, 84
Aspergillus fumigatus, 84
β-mannosidase, 69
Aspergillus sulphureus, 84
B
Bacillus subtilis, 210
Bacillus thuringiensis, 184
Bacterial artificial chromosome vector, 105
1,4-β-d-Glucan cellobiohydrolase enzymes, 66
Bifidobacterium bifidus, 142
Bio-based polygeneration products
vs. traditional platform chemicals
economic comparison, 260–262
Biocatalyst inactivation, 204
Biochemical conversion technologies, 5
overview of, 7
prospectus, in biomass industry, 8
role and status of, 5–7
system of, integration of, 8
Biochemical engineering, 1
Biochemical product
2,3-butanediol posttreatment, 211–213
Biochemical production process
downstream processes, 197
upstream process, 197
production, 144
Bioflocculant, 200
Biogeochemical cycles, 237
Biological module construction, 115
Biological product isolation, and purification technologies
adsorption, 202
ion exchange, 201
membrane filtration, 201
precipitation, 200
solvent extraction, 201
Biological reaction integration
hydrolysis and fermentation integration, 239
Biological refinery, product profile, 255
Biomass See also various entries starting as Biomass
application of, 17
biochemical conversion, chemical pretreatment mechanism of, 40
alkali hydrogen peroxide integrated pretreatment, 54
biological pretreatment mechanism, 50–51
cell fractionation techniques for, 52
combined laccase pretreatment, 55
components fractionation technologies, before conversion, 53
electricity catalyzing integrated pretreatment, 54
ethanol integrated pretreatment, 54
glycerin combination pretreatment, 54
high energy radiation treatment, 48
hot water treatment, 45
mass transfer process of chemicals, 40
mechanical carding combination pretreatment, 55
mechanical comminution, 47
microwave treatment, 49
organic solvents treatment, 45–46
ozone treatment, 47
steam explosion
and ionic liquid pretreatment, 53
pretreatment for, 51–52
superfine separation technology, 52–53
wet ultrafine separation technology, 53
supercritical processing, 49–50
tissue fractionation techniques for, 52
ultrafine grinding, 47
wet oxidation treatment, 47
biochemical conversion platform of, 7
biochemical conversion technologies, 14
fermentation unit operation, 16
posttreatment unit
operation, 16
operation of, 16
pretreatment unit
operation of, 14–15
process engineering and integration, 17–18
saccharification unit operation, 15–16
sugar platform of, 16
biochemical fractionation conversion pretreatment technology, 56–57
conversion methods, 2
biochemical conversion technologies, 5
chemical conversion technologies, 3–5
physical conversion technologies, 2–3
degradation mechanism of
carbohydrates under acids or alkaline treatments, 43–45
removal order of lignin under, acid-alkali treatment, 40–43
industry, 8
integrated lignocellulose pretreatment technologies, 56
lignocellulosic, See Lignocellulosic biomass
modularization of, biomass application technologies, 17
natural biochemical conversion process
of biomass resources, 35–36
death process of, 36
implications for, artificial biochemical conversion process, 37
origin of, 2
platform compounds, 17
scheme of, platform compounds, 18
single pretreatment technology, 56
solvent transfer process in, different kinds of, 41
straw, See Straw, biomass
Biomass and transformation
sugar platform, 138
Biomass artificial degradation, development of, 38
integrated pretreatment for
multiproducts, 39–40
single product, 39
single pretreatment technology for, single product, 38–39
Biomass biochemical invertase platform, 65
cutinase production, 81
enzyme production, 75
hemicellulase production, 77
preparation of cellulase production, 75
fermentation medium, 75
liquid fermentation method, 76
producing strains, 75
solid state fermentation, 76
submerged fermentation, 77
preparation of lignin-degrading enzyme, 78
fermentation process introduction, 79
fermenting the substrate, 78
laccase, 78
lignin peroxidase, 78
liquid fermentation, 79
producing strains, 78
solid-state fermentation, 79–80
set up of, 75
Biomass biochemical transformation
necessary of polygeneration, 221–222
operation units of posttreatment, 199–202
advantages of single posttreatment, 202
biological product isolation and purification technologies, 200–202
cells breaking technology, 200
fermentation broth pretreatment, 200
limitations of single posttreatment, 202
solid-liquid separation of fermentation broth, 200
particularity vs. conventional chemical synthesis, 214
polygeneration, economic analysis, 257–262
posttreatment principles, 199
posttreatments integration, 202–210
integrated bioreaction-separation process, 203–208
integrated separation-separation processes, 208–210
posttreatment, technical and economic analysis of, 213–215
products particularity, 213
Biomass conversion bioprocess, 166
Biomass conversion methods, 2
biochemical conversion technologies, 5
chemical conversion technologies, 3
acid-based chemical pretreatment, 4
carbonation of, 4
combustion of, 4
gasification of, 4
platform of biomass, 7
in pulp and paper industry, 3
thermal decomposition technology, 4
chemicals obtained by, 160
physical conversion technologies, 2
biomass artificial sheets, 3
construction materials, 2
hybrid composite, 3
laminated composite, 3
lignocellulosic composites, 2
nontimber lignocellulosic materials, 3
woody biomasses, 3
prospects of, 8
Biomass degradation, 65, See also Degradation
Biomass exploitation process
existing problems, 221
Biomass materials, characteristics of, 11
complexity of, 11
Biomass polygeneration
economic importance, 257–258
technology, 222
Biomass recalcitrance, 22
analysis of, 25
application of, 22
integral material for building industry, 22
in life and production, 22
straw biomass, 22
biochemical conversion, proposal, 24
bio-based chemicals, 24
bio-based energy, 24
bio-based materials, 24
cost of conversion, 24
cognation on, 25
definition of, 24–25
formation path of, second recalcitrance, 35
meaning of, 24
research, 34–35
Biomass-recycling economy, 247
Biomass straw conversion, 190
Biomaterials complexity
technology demands by, 12–14
Bioproducts industry technology development, 240
Bioreactor, 204
with separation factor, 239
Biorefinery
defined by, 101
microbial cell factories as core of, 102
technologies, 102
Biosensors, 181
Biotransformation, 172
[BMIM]Cl (1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride), 53
Bundle sheath, 34
C
Cadoxen, 45
Candida brassicae, 167
degradation
in acid treatment process, 44
acid hydrolysis, 44
acidic oxidative decomposition reaction, 44
hemicellulose, reaction process, 44
reaction process of, cellulose, 45
in alkaline process, 43
acetyl group-off reaction, 43
alkaline hydrolysis of, cellulose, 43
hexenuronic acid (HexA), 44
peeling reaction, 43
response and retention of xylanase, 44
terminal reaction, 43
Carbon pool, 138
Carboxylic acid, 86
Castanopsis fissa, 47
Catechol, 43
Caulobacter crescentus, 144
Cell genome modification, 112
Cell lysates, 170
Cell metabolic network, 109
Cellose, 67
Cellotriose, 66
Cell processing, 114
Cell refining, 102–104
basic strategy of, 105
cellular metabolic engineering strategies, 113
metabolic engineering of, 108
metagenomics of, 104
systems biology technology, 111–114
cofactors, 74
cost and corresponding effects, strategy to reduce, 94
Cellulase production, economic analysis of, 91
cellulose and production costs, relation
enzyme recovery, 92
fermentation conditions, 91
low production from producing strains, 91
process indicators and production costs, relation, 92
enzyme activity and production costs, 93
fermentation yield and cost, 92
filtration method and the production cost, 93
production costs and fermentation period, 92
cellulose (or conversion) enzyme economic costs, policy to reduce, 94
crystallinity, 146
dilute acid hydrolysis, 148
enzyme hydrolysis, 148
enzymolysis, 214
ethanol enzymatic hydrolysis, 185
ethanol fermentation demonstration project, 186–187
exonuclease (exoglucanases), 66
hydrolysis
enzymes, 69
possible ways of, 67
straw, 103
lignocellulosic, 138
solid state enzymolysis, 223, See also Solid-state fermentation
sulfuric acid hydrolysis, 147
Ceriporia lacerata, 50
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, 50
Chemical compositions, 103
Chemical materials production, 102
Chemical modification enzymes, 81
chemically modification, 81
cellulases, 82
laccase, 82
Chitosan flocculation method, 211
Chlorinated solvents, 232
Chloro-1-butyl-methylimidazole, 46
Chromophores, 213
Circular economy
characteristics, 248–249
concept, 248
new consumption view, 249
new economic concept, 249
new production concept, 249
new values concept, 249
and polygeneration, 247–252
and biomass resources polygeneration, 251–252
concepts and technical characteristics, 248–251
3R principle, 250
principle of recycle, 250
principle of reduction, 250
principle of reuse, 250
vs. traditional economy, 251
Citraconic anhydride, 82
Citric acid production, 102
strains, 141
Clean energy, 224
Cleaner production and polygeneration, 224–226
biomass resource, 225–226
concept and connotation of cleaner production, 224–225
Clean producing process, 225
Clean products, 225
Clean pulping, 222
Cloning and expression
cellulase gene, 84
mannanase gene, 84
xylanase genes, 84
Cloning methods, 84
specific primer amplification method, 84
synthetic method, 84
Clostridium cellulolyticum, 176
Clostridium cellulovorans, 86
Clostridium phytofermentans, 178
Clostridium thermoraccholyticum, 178
Clostriolium themoacidophilus, 141
Coculture fermentation, 178–179
CO2 emission, 253
Collenchymas, 27
Combination fermentation, 189
Congo red, 86
Consolidated biomass processing (CBP), 175–178
Consumption emissions, 232
Coprinus cinereus, 73
Coriolus versicolor, 147
Corn ecological engineering
design structure, 247
Corn embryo utilization chain, 245
Corn ethanol ecological engineering design
structural chain design, 245–246
structural net design, 246
structural unit design, 243–245
Corn germ utilization, 243
Cornstalk, 13
Corn straw into furfural preparation
biomass utilization, 255
Corynebacterium glutamicum, 102
CO2 stripping, 185
Coupled reaction and separation, in membrane system, 207
Coupled solid-phase enzymolysis, 207
CO2 utilization, 243
Crude vinegar, 4
Crystalline cellulosef, 67
Cuticle layer, 28
Cyanobacteria, 25
Cyathus stercolerus, 50
D
Debranching enzyme, 70
Degradation
biomass, 65
carbohydrates, See Carbohydrates
cellulose and hemicelluloses, 16
development of biomass artificial, 38
microbial, vascular plants, lignifications as barriers of, 26
Degree of lignifications, 13
Delignification
during acid treatment, 42
during alkaline treatment, 40
β-d-(1, 3) Endoglucanase, 69
Designment of multienzyme complex, 88
Detoxification process, 154–155
biological detoxification, 155
chemical detoxification, 155
physical detoxification, 155
Deuteromycetes, 78
Diarylbenzenes, 43
Disposable nonrenewable fossil fuels, 247
Dissolved oxygen (DO), 245
Distiller waste utilization, design of, 244
DNA extraction rate, 105
DNA sequencing technology, 116
DNA synthesis technology, 116
E
Eco-industry, and polygeneration, 227–246
biochemical engineering and industrial ecology, 227–228
eco-industrial and process integration, 238–242
biological reaction
and its integration, 239
and separation process integration, 239–240
bioreaction and modeling
integration control, 240–242
integrated biological separation process, 240
industrial ecology research methods, 233–238
industrial ecology theory, 228–233
technology paradigm, 242–246
corn ethanol
ecological engineering design, 243–246
production profile, 242
Ecological biochemical engineering, 227
Ecological destruction, 225
Ecological engineering, 242
Ecological restructure theory, 231–233
closed substance cycle systems, 232
consumption contamination prevention, 232
energy decarbonization, 233
products and services dematerialization, 232
wastes recycling, 231–232
Ecological restructuring, See Ecological restructure theory
Ecosystems, 230
Elasticity coefficient, 110
Electricity catalyzing integrated pretreatment, 54
Embden-Meverhef-Parnus pathway
reaction steps, 139
Embden-Meverhef-Parnus (EMP) pathway, 139
Embryophyta, 26
Endocellulase, 148
Endomannanase, 72
Endonucleases, 69
Endoxylanase genes, 84
derived from Penicillium, 84
Energy decarbonization strategy, 233
Energy integration technology, 227
Energy-saving technology, 224
Engineering application, of straw component fractionation, 103
Enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation of biomass
mixing enhancement, 191
particularity, 190
stirring power, 191–192
at different solid loadings, 192–194
Enzyme activity, 25
Enzyme directed evolution, 86
Enzyme engineering, 83
gene cloning, 83–85
Enzyme reactor, 89
introduction of, 90
Enzymes conversion platform for biomass, 87
enzyme synergy, 87
fiber bodies, 88
multicomponent enzyme system, 87
Enzyme separation purification, 239
Enzymolysis-fermentation-separation coupled technique, 214
Enzymolysis of sugars
feedback inhibition effect, 214
Epidermal cell and stoma, 28
Epidermal hair, 29
Equation of Nagata Shinji, 191
Esters, 11
fermentation, 141
adsorption tower, 189
processes, 207
producing bacteria, 144
production from lignocellulose
two-step fermentation, 166
production system, with dispersion, coupling, and parallel, 169
separation capital cost, 193
treatment cause hemicellulose lost, 54
Ethylene, schematic, main products of, 261
Exoglycosidase, 70
Exoxylanase, 69
Extensive concept, 225
Extracellular phenol oxidase-laccase (laccase, LaC), 72
F
Fabospora fragilis, 168
Faqorpora qragilis, 168
Fast and efficient component separation, 226
Feedback inhibition effect, 113
Fermentation broth, 169
Fermentation circulating devices, 214
Fermentation industry, 137
raw materials of sugar
molasses, 156
sugarbeet, 156
sugarcane, 156
sugar grass, 156
Fermentation-pervaporation membrane technology
advantages, 205–206
Fermentation yield, 92
Ferulic acid enzyme, 68
Ferulic acid esterase, 71
Feruloyl esterase, 68
Fiber cells, 53
First class eco-industrial systems, 230
Flavonoids, 213
Flocculant, 200
Flue gas desulfurization, 225
Food chain, 227
Fractionation technologies, 58
Free enzyme-catalyzed reactions, 89
Fructose diphosphate, 139
Fuel ethanol, production costs comparison, 161
Fumaric acid, 38
Fungal cellulase, 148
Fungal cellulases, 66
Furfural, 255
Fusarium oxysporum, 176
Fusion enzyme, 87
construction strategy, 87
G
Galactomannoza, 69
Galactose-glucomannan (GCM), 72
α-d-Galactosidase, 71
Gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentation, 222
features, 183–184
Gel ion exchange resins, 202
Gene cloning, 83–85
Genetic engineering technology, 115
Genome sequencing technology, 116
Genomic DNA library, 83
Gentiobiose, 68
GH74 family, 72
Gibberella fujikuroi, 77
Global ecosystem, economic subsystem, 236
GLOX, See Gyoxaloxidase (GLOX)
β-Glucanase, 69
β-Glucosaccharase, 67
Glucose
catabolism, 138–141
Embden-Meverhef-Parnus (EMP) pathway, 139
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphate gluconate (ED) pathway, 140
ketone phosphate enzyme (PK) pathway, 140–141
pentose phosphate cycle (HMP pathway), 140
tricarboxylic acid cycle, 139–140
inhibition effect, 169
preparation, 145–148
cellulose, hydrolysis of, 147–148
lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatment of, 145–147
primary metabolites, 141–142
acetic acid, 141
citric acid, 141
ethanol, 141
lactic acid, 142
production, from starch, 157
secondary metabolites, 143
antibiotics, 143
hormones, 143
pigments, 143
toxins, 143
totipotency, 138–143
Glucose oxidase (gucose-l-oxidase), 72
Glucose-6-phosphate acid, 140
Glucose-6-phosphorylation dehydrogenase, 209
Glucoside hydrolase (GH), 85
Glucuronic acid, 70
Glutamic acid production, 102
Glyceraldehyde, 49
Glycolytic pathway, 139
Glycosidic bond, 152
Green tissue bundles, 29
Gum fermentation, vanillin, effect of, 154
Gum resin, 12
Gyoxaloxidase (GLOX), 72
H
Heme peroxidase, 73
for different biomass feedstocks, 71–72
degradation products of, 15
Heterogenous lactic acid fermentation, 142
Hexenuronic acid (HexA), 44
Hexose phosphate ketone enzyme, 140
High-duty ethanol fermentation, and separation coupling technology, 223
High-solids biomass conversion process
economic analysis, 190–194
High-tech biotechnology, 238
Homologous lactic acid fermentation, 142
Hydrogen fuel, as ideal energy carrier, 233
Hydroxycinnamic acid, 70
I
Ideal industrial systems model, 231
Industrial biological refining technology, 254
Industrial biotechnology community theory, 233
Industrial ecology community, 233
Industrial ecology parks, 233
Industrial ecology research
dematerialization and decarbonization, 229
eco-industrial parks, 229
eco-redesign, 229
life cycle planning, 229
material and energy flow studies, 229
technological change and environment, 229
Industrial ecology research methods
life cycle assessment, See Life cycle assessment (LCA)
materials and energy flows analysis, 236–238
Industrial fermentation, 239
Industrial-scale counter current extraction devices, 212
Industrial symbiosis, 233
Industrial system ecosystem
three evolutionary theories, 230
Information alternative, 232
Inhibitor and solve, pathway mechanism, 152–155
Inhibitor mechanism, 152–154
Inorganic polymer flocculant, 200
Input-output analysis (IOA), 238
In situ product removal (ISPR), 203
Integrated bioreaction-membrane separation technology
coupled in different devices, 205–206
membrane separation, 205
pervaporation, 205
coupled in same devices, 206–207
Integrated bioreaction-separation process, See also Integrated separation-separation process
characteristics, 203
gas stripping technique, 207
membrane separation technology, 204–207
overview, 203–204
precipitation technology, 208
Integrated separation-separation process
affinity membrane separation technology, 209
aqueous two-phase affinity partitioning technology, 209
expanded bed adsorption technology, 210
Intensive concept, 225
International Energy Agency (IEA), 241
Isoelectric point precipitation, 200
K
Keratin, 25
2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphate gluconate (ED) pathway, 140
Ketone phosphate enzyme (PK) pathway, 140–141
Kiss principle, 199
Klebsiella pneumoniae, 173
Kluyveromyces qrayilis, 168
Knockout competition pathway, 113
L
Laccase (LaC), 73
Lacquer, 12
Lactabacillus brevi, 142
Lactic dehydrogenase, 142
Lactobacillus bifidus, 142
Lactobacillus brevie, 140
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, 142
Lactobacillus delhruckii, 142
Lactobacillus lycopersici, 142
Lactobacillus manitopoeum, 140
α-l-Arabinofuranosidase, 67
Leuconostoc dextranicum, 142
Leuconostoc mesenteulides, 140
Leuconostos mesentewides, 142
Levulinic acid preparation
biomass utilization way, 256
Life cycle assessment (LCA), 234–235
impact assessment, 235
inventory analysis, 235
life evaluation process, 234
overview, 234
purpose determination, 234
scope, 234
technical framework, 234
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), 235
Lignification, 26
removal during acid-alkali treatment, 43
Lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC), 55
chemical composition, 254
combination bioconversion, 172–175
gene engineering, role of, 174–175
strain screening, role of, 173
enzymolysis, 223
feedstock, 36
fermentation, 211
industrial application, 159
Lignocellulosic biomass
atmospheric aqueous glycerol autocatalytic pretreatment (AAGAOP), 146
chemical pretreatment, 146
ozone pretreatment, 146
radiation pretreatment, 146
utilization
difficulties of, 181–183
cellulosic hydrolyzate pretreatment enhancement, 181–182
lignin degradation process strengthening, 182–183
Liquid biofuels, fermentation processes, 207
Liquid fermentation, 79
solid cellulose hydrolysis coupled, 185
technology, 179
Low carbon economy, 252–253
bio-based products polygeneration, relation with, 254
biological refining, relation with, 253–254
Low molecular weight phenolic compounds, 153
M
Maize stem, cross-section, 31
Maleic acid, 38
Mannanase, 69
β-Mannanase gene, 84
Mannheimia succiniciproducens, 114
Manninotriose, 69
Mannobiose, 69
from Aspergillus niger, 69
Marijuana clean degumming, 222
Mass balance method, 237
Membrane bioreactor, 206
Membrane filtration
microfiltration (MF), 201
nanofiltration (NF), 201
reverse osmosis (RO), 201
ultrafiltration (UF), 201
Membrane proteins, 153
Metabolic consumption, 230
Metabolic control analysis, 110
factors affecting success of, 112
principles and methods of, 109
theory, contents of, 108
Metabolic flux analysis, 110
Metabolic flux and intermediate products analysis, 110
Metabolic network theory, 110
Metagenomic library, 105
animal gastrointestinal, construction and screening process, 106
screening based on sequence, 107
screening factors, of transformation efficiency, 107
Metagenomics technique, 107
Metaxylem, 32
4-O-Methyl-glucuronic acid, 70
Microbial cell factories, 102
Microbial cells transformation, 102
Microcapsules immobilized cell, 240
Microfiltration (MF), 201
Microwave treatment, 49
Minimal enzyme cocktail (MEC), 89
Minimal genome research, 116
Molasses composition, 158
Molding charcoal, 4
Molecular hire, 232
Monosaccharides, 66
Multicomponent enzyme system, 87
Multienzyme complex, designment of, 88
Multiple fermentation reactors, 183
Mycoplasma genome, 114
N
Nanofiltration (NF), 201
National renewable energy laboratory (NREL), 174
Natural biochemical conversion process of biomass, 35–37
implications for artificial biochemical conversion process, 37
natural death process, 36
resources, 35
Natural rubber, 12
Natural solid-state fermentation, 37
Neurospora crassa, 111
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 48
New biomass platform chemicals, 259–260
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria fermentation, 185
Nonpollution steam explosion technology, 187
Nonpollution straw steam explosion, 187
Nontimber lignocellulosic materials, 3
O
Oleoresins, 12
Oligosaccharides, 69
Omics-scale metabolic model, 112
Online separation vs. separation after fermentation, 215
Open ecological processes, 230
Optimization of CBH-EG-BG system, 88
Organic acids, 112
Organic solvent methods, 46
Organic solvent precipitation, 200
Oriental fermentation method, 168
Ozone treatment, 47
P
Pachysolen tannophilus, 170
Packed bed chromatography, 210
Parenchyma tissue layers, 29
Pectinase fermentation, 185
Penicillin production, 102
Penicillium funiculosum, 84
Pentose-utilizing bacteria, 138
Petrochemical industry, 103
usage of straw, 103
Pharerochacte chrysosprium, 147
Phenol oxidase, 72
6-Phosphate glucose, 139
Phosphate ketone enzyme, 140
Phosphorylation, 140
Phthalic anhydride, 82
Physical properties, 103
Pichia stipitis, 175
Pinch technology, 241
Plant biomass, See also Biomass
in architecture, 23
in daily life, 24
in production, 23
Plant cell wall, 28
Plant mature tissues
basic organization systems, 33
bundle sheath, 34
extraxylary fiber, 34
fiber, 34
parenchyma, 33
sclerenchyma, 33
wood fibers, 34
cell wall, 28
crosscutting map of, maize stem, 31
dermal tissue system, 27
cuticular membrane, 27
epidermal cell and stoma, 28
epidermal hair, 29
epidermis, 27
guard cells, 28
parenchymal cells, of corn stalk pith, 34
plant cell wall cuticle, 27
rip cutting of, vascular tissue and surrounding sheath, 31
tracheid, 33
vascular tissue and surrounding sheath, crosscutting of, 32
vascular tissue system, 29
cavity, 33
companion cell, 33
crosscutting map of, wheat stem, 30
gramineous plants, 29
metaphloem, 32
metaxylem, 32
phloem, 32
primary phloem, 33
primary xylem, 32
protophloem, 32
protoxylem, 32
sieve tube, 33
tracheid, 32
vascular bundles, 30
vascular system, 30
vessel, 32
xylem, 30
Pleurotus ostreaus, 50
Polygeneration bonding techniques
breakthrough of, 222–224
component separation technologies platform, 222
nonpollution steam explosion, 222
polysaccharide fermentation
coupled with membrane recycling enzymolysis platform, 223–224
straw solid state enzymolysis coupled with liquid state fermentation platform, 223
water and energy saving solid pure fermentation platform, 222
Pressure pulsation cycle, 183
Process integration, at different levels, 241
Programmed cell death (PCD), 36
Protein, 11
Proteomics tools, 109
Protophloem, 32
Protoxylem, 32
Pseudomonas aeruginasa, 140
Purified terephthalic (PTA), 243
Pycnoporus cinnarbarinus, 50
Pyrolysis, 45
Pyruvate decarboxylase, 142
Pyruvic acid, 139
R
γ-Radiation (ionizing radiation), 48
Raw biomass materials
characters of, 220
Reactors, 183, See also Bioreactor
enzyme, 89
multiple fermentation, 183
solid-state simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, 188
Recalcitrance, 24, See also Biomass recalcitrance
secondary, 35
Resource productivity, 232
Resources-products-consumption-renewable resource, 251
Resources-products-pollution emissions, 248
Reverse metabolic engineering, 112
Reverse osmosis (RO), 201
Reynolds number, 191
Rip cutting of vascular tissue, and surrounding sheath, 31
RITA (Recipient Immersion Temporaire Automatique) batch immersion systems, 80
Rotary evaporator method, 155
Rumin qacterium, 175
S
Saccharification
fermentation process, 171
traditionally, 15
Saccharification-fermentation-ethanol separation processes, 185
overexpression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in, 114
Sclerotic cells, 34
Secondary recalcitrance, 35
formation path of, 35
Semiopen ecological processes, 230
Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), 190
Separation technology, factors affecting, 204
Sequential action hypothesis, 67
Simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF), 170–172
advantages and breakthrough, 171–175
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), 166–171
chracterazations, 167–170
factors affecting, 170
inhibition factors, 170–171
Single cell protein, 38
culture tests, 244
production, 244
Single-component material flow, 230
Site-directed mutagenesis, of enzyme molecule, 85
endocellulase, 85
exoglucan cellobiohydrolase, 86
β-d-glucosidase, 86
Skeletonization, 26
Social desired products, 228
Solid-liquid separation, 200
Solid loading, 193
advantages, 179–190
application and development prospect, 188–190
new type clean technology, 183–185
fermentation coupling ethanol separation, 185
gas double-dynamic solid-state fermentation, 183–185
straw solid state hydrolysis, 185
reactor, 183
traditional technology, 180–183
comparative study, 180–181
Solid-state simultaneous saccharification and fermentation reactors, 188
Solvent transfer process, 41
Spruce wood hydrolysis
inhibitors, 153
Standardization of biological modules, 115
Starch, 103
raw materials in traditional fermentation industry, 103
Steam distillation, 211
Steam explosion, 53
reactors, 187
Stoma, 28
Straw
acetylation, 257
separation process of components, 257
biomass, 13
chemical composition, 220
component separation technology, 220
eco-industry, 226
transform, 220
Straw xanthan gum
stratified multistage transformation
by steam explosion technology, 256
Substance conversion, 232
Succinic acid, 114
Sugar, 103
raw materials in traditional fermentation industry, 103
Sugar grass
ethanol production
multieffect distillation, 161
through flocculation, 161
Sugar platform, as carbon source, 137
Sugar platform compounds
characteristics analysis, 156–157
economic analysis, 159–161
fixed assets cost, 161
labor cost, 161
pretreatment cost, 161
raw materials cost, 160
fermentability analysis, 158–159
Sugar platform materials
sources and history, 156
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), 49
Sustainable development concept, 225
Sustainable industrial development strategy, 227
Swollenin proteins, 74
Synergetic degradation model, 149
Synergetic treatment, 149
Synergy model, 66
research, goal of, 115
vs. traditional biology, 115
Syrup production, maize starch usage, 158
Systems biology technology, 111–114
strain modification process, 113
study components of biological systems, 112
T
Tamarindus xyloglucan, 70
Temperature oscillatory operation, 222
Thermal decomposition technology, 4
Thermal-tolerant yeast, 168
Thermoanaer-obacter tengcongensis, 86
Thermophilic anaerobic bacteria strains, 173
Thermophilic bacterium strain, 81
producing cutinase, 81
Thermophilic micromonospora, 168
Thermostatic water bath, 91
Third-class eco-industrial system, 230
Three wastes, 253
Tissue-based system, 27
Trametes hirsuta, 80
Trametes sp. I-62, 78
Transcriptomics tools, 109
Transforming ability, 102
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 139–140
Trichoderma koningii, 75
Trichoderma pseudokon-ingii, 75
β-xylosidase from, 69
Trichoderma viride, 75
U
Ultrafiltration (UF), 201
membrane bioreactor, 90
Ultrafine grinding technology, 47
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 224
V
Vanilla acid, 153
Vanillin 4-hydroxy benzoic acid
as inhibitor of fermentation, 153
Vascular bundles, 30
Vascular plant, 25
adapted to terrestrial environment, 26
evolution from, thalloid plants, 26
structural feature of, 26
Vascular tissue system, 29
cavity, 33
companion cell, 33
crosscutting map of, wheat stem, 30
gramineous plants, 29
metaphloem, 32
metaxylem, 32
phloem, 32
primary phloem, 33
primary xylem, 32
protophloem, 32
protoxylem, 32
sieve tube, 33
and surrounding sheath, cross-section, 32
tracheid, 32
vascular bundles, 30
vascular system, 30
vessel, 32
xylem, 30
Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), 243
W
Waste residues, 225
Waste resources, utilization, 246
Wax, 25
epicuticular, 27
Wet oxidation treatment, 47
White-rot fungus, 182
Wood-processing industry, 225
Woody biomasses, 3
X
in broad-leaved wood, 72
in coniferous wood, 71
endoglycosyltransferase, 70
hydrolysis, 72
Xylanand galactomannan, 71
characterized by, 68
encoding genes, 84
β-Xylan glucosidase, 67
Xylitol dehydrogenase, 174
gene, 144
Xylobiose, 68
Xyloglucan, 70
Xyloglucanase, 70
Xylo-oligosaccharide, 68
Xylose, 70
function, 149
inhibition effect, 170
metabolic pathways, 145
preparation, See Xylose preparation
structure, 143
transformation into xylulose, 144
Xylose dehydrogenase (XDH) pathway, 144
Xylosein, 144
Xylose isomerase, 174
genes, 144
acid hydrolysis, 150
corncob as raw material, 151
concentration, 151
crystallization, 151
decolorization, 151
drying, 152
hydrolysis, 151
impurity, 151
neutralization, 151
pretreatment, 151
deacidification, 150
industrial process, 150–152
industry overview, 149–150
ion exchange process, 151
raw materials
chemical composition of, 150
Xylulose kinase, 129
Z
Zymomonas moqilis, 168
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