Notes
Introduction
1 University of Michigan, “Fuel Efficiency of Vehicles on the Road: Little Progress since the 1920s,” May 5, 2009, https://news.umich.edu/fuel-efficiency-of-vehicles-on-the-road-little-progress-since-the-1920s/.
2 Richard Snow, I Invented the Modern Age: The Rise of Henry Ford (Thorndike, ME: Simon & Schuster, 2014).
3 Henry Ford and Samuel Crowther, My Life and Work (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1922).
4 A&E Television Networks, “Ford Motor Company Unveils the Model T,” edited by History.com editors, November 13, 2009, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ford-motor-company-unveils-the-model-t.
5 Ford and Crowther. My Life and Work.
6 Ford and Crowther.
7 Snow, I Invented the Modern Age.
8 Snow.
9 Angela Rawlings, “Why Iceland Held a Glacier Funeral,” Reykjavík Grapevine, August 30, 2019, https://grapevine.is/news/2019/08/30/why-iceland-held-a-glacier-funeral/.
10 Government of Iceland, Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources, “Climate Change,” June 28, 2021, https://www.government.is/topics/environment-climate-and-nature-protection/climate-change/.
11 Environment Agency of Iceland, National Inventory Report, Iceland 2020, United Nations Framework on Climate Change, 2020, https://unfccc.int/documents/225487.
12 Paul Hawken, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown, 1999).
13 Hawken, Natural Capitalism.
14 Hawken.
15 Matthew J. Eckelman and Jodi D. Sherman, “Estimated Global Disease Burden From US Health Care Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” American Journal of Public Health 108, Suppl 2 (2108): S120-22. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303846.
16 Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan, “U.S. Environmental Footprint Factsheet,” September 1, 2020, http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/us-environmental-footprint-factsheet.
17 Bill Gates, “No Masks or Capes, but These Heroes Are Saving the World,” Gates Notes, September 1, 2020, https://www.gatesnotes.com/About-Bill-Gates/These-Heroes-Are-Saving-the-World.
18 Zied Guedri and Xavier Hollandts, “Beyond Dichotomy: The Curvilinear Impact of Employee Ownership on Firm Performance,” Corporate Governance: An International Review, 16, no. 5 (2008): 460-74.
Chapter 1
1. Patrick Alan Kent, A History of the Pyrrhic War (Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge, 2020).
2. Kent, History.
3. Dana Nuccitell, “Climate Change Could Cost U.S. Economy Billions,” Yale Climate Connections, April 29, 2019, https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/04/climate-change-could-cost-u-s-economy-billions/.
4. Nuccitell, “Climate Change.”
5. Nuccitell.
6. Plastics Industry Association, Size & Impact Report (Washington, DC: Plastics Industry Association, 2020).
7. Plastics Industry Association, Size & Impact Report.
8. Ottmar Edenhofer, Ramón Pichs Madruga, Youba Sokona, Susanne Kadner, Jan Cristoph Minx, Steffen Brunner, et al., Technical Summary: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
9. Edenhofer et al., Technical Summary.
10. Thomas Czigler, Sebastian Reiter, Patrick Schulze, and Ken Somers, “Laying the Foundation for Zero-Carbon Cement,” McKinsey & Company, May 14, 2020, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/chemicals/our-insights/laying-the-foundation-for-zero-carbon-cement.
11. Czigler et al., “Laying the Foundation.”
12. PBS NewsHour, “This Cement Alternative Absorbs CO2 Like a Sponge,” pbs.org, April 13, 2015, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/cement-alternative-absorbs-carbon-dioxide-like-sponge.
13. Alejandro Lanuza Garcia, Ashik Thithira Achaiah, John Bello, and Thomas Donovan, Ferrock: A Life Cycle Comparison to Ordinary Portland Cement, University of Southern California, 2017.
14. “Build Abroad, Ferrock: A Stronger, Greener Alternative to Concrete?” Build Abroad, Accessed October 1, 2021, https://www.buildabroad.org/2016/09/27/Ferrock/.
15. Environmental Protection Agency, “Tribal ecoAmbassadors 2011-2012 Program,” 2011, https://archive.epa.gov/ecoambassadors/web/pdf/2011-2012-tribal-ecoambassadors-report.pdf.
16. EPA, “Tribal ecoAmbassadors.”
17. EPA.
18. Czigler et al., “Laying the Foundation.”
19. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
20. Christine Bader and Wesley Longhofer, “Opinion: This Long-Standing Tenet of American Capitalism Must Change—Now,” Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, September 24, 2020, https://ensia.com/voices/business-captialism-social-responsibility-profit-milton-friedman-environment-economic-inequality/.
Chapter 2
1. Ellen MacArthur Foundation, A New Textiles Economy, January 12, 2017, https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/2axvc7eob8zx-za4ule/@/preview/1?o.
2. Julie Beth Zimmerman, “Minimizing Unintended Consequences,” Walter J. Weber, Jr. Distinguished Lecture in Environmental and Energy Sustainability, 2014. Available on YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzH5JEYH9-k.
3. Zimmerman, “Minimizing.”
4. Zimmerman.
5. Union of Concerned Scientists, Environmental Impacts of Solar Power (Washington, DC: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2013).
6. Union of Concerned Scientists, Environmental Impacts.
7. US Environmental Protection Agency, “Information about the Green Chemistry Challenge,” last updated October 13, 2021, https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-green-chemistry-challenge.
8. Jeff Sonnenfeld and Daniel Esty, “An Earth Day CEO Summit Shows How Dramatically Corporate Values Have Changed,” Fortune, April 22, 2020, https://fortune.com/2020/04/22/earth-day-sustainability-ceo-summit/.
9. U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. “Key Lessons for Preventing Inadvertent Mixing During Chemical Unloading Operations,” October 21, 2016, https://www.csb.gov/assets/1/20/mgpi_case_study.pdf?15915.
Chapter 3
1. Martin J. Mulvihill, Evan S. Beach, Julie B. Zimmerman, and Paul T. Anastas, “Green Chemistry and Green Engineering: A Framework for Sustainable Technology Development,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 26 (2011): 271-93, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-032009-095500.
2. Edward R. Monteith, Pieter Mampuys, Louise Summerton, James H. Clark, Bert U.W. Maes, and Con Robert McElroy, “Why We Might Be Misusing Process Mass Intensity (PMI) and a Methodology to Apply It Effectively as a Discovery Level Metric,” Green Chemistry 21, no. 1 (2019): 123-35.
3. Cornell University College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell Turfgrass Program, “Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) Explained,” n.d., https://turf.cals.cornell.edu/pests-and-weeds/environmental-impact-quotient-eiq-explained/.
4. US House of Representatives Committee on Science and Technology, “Hearing on: ‘E-Waste R&D Act,’” testimony of Paul T. Anastas and Julie B. Zimmerman, February 9, 2009, https://republicans-science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/021109Anastas.pdf.
5. US House of Representatives, “Hearing.”
6. US House of Representatives.
7. Environmental Protection Agency, “National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling,” last updated July 14, 2021, https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials.
8. Paul T. Anastas and Julie B. Zimmerman, “Design through the 12 Principles of Green Engineering,” Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 5 (2003): 94A-101A, https://doi.org/10.1021/es032373g.
9. Concepcion Jimenez-Gonzalez, Celia S. Ponder, Quirinus B. Broxterman, and Julie B. Manley, “Using the Right Green Yardstick: Why Process Mass Intensity Is Used in the Pharmaceutical Industry to Drive More Sustainable Processes,” Organic Process Research & Development 15, no. 4 (May 12, 2011): 912-17. https://doi.org/10.1021/op200097d.
10. Jimenez-Gonzalez et al., “Using the Right Green Yardstick.”
11. Kristi Budzinski, Megan Blewis, Philip Dahlin, Daniel D’Aquila, Julia Esparza, Jack Gavin, Sa V. Ho, Clarice Hutchens, et al., “Introduction of a Process Mass Intensity Metric for Biologics,” New Biotechnology 49 (March 25, 2019): 37-42, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2018.07.005.
12. Lisa Jarvis, “Life after Zocor,” Chemical & Engineering News, August 24, 2006, https://cen.acs.org/articles/84/i34/Life-Zocor.html.
13. Jarvis, “Life after Zocor.”
14. American Chemical Society, Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2012 Greener Synthetic Pathways Award, “An Efficient Biocatalytic Process to Manufacture Simvastatin,” https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2012-greener-synthetic-pathways-award.
15. Julie Zimmerman, “Big Issues: What Is Water Worth?” Yale Insights, April 9, 2019, https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/big-issues-what-is-water-worth.
16. Zimmerman, “Big Issues.”
17. Christoph Bode and Stephan Wagner, “Structural Drivers of Upstream Supply Chain Complexity and the Frequency of Supply Chain Disruptions,” Journal of Operations Management 36 (2015): 215-28.
18. OECD, Central European Free Trade Agreement, “Trade in Intermediate Goods and International Supply Chains in CEFTA,” 2013, https://www.oecd.org/south-east-europe/programme/CEFTA%20IP6_Trade%20in%20Intermediate_Web%20and%20Print.pdf.
19. Paul Anastas and David Hammond, Inherent Safety at Chemical Sites: Reducing Vulnerability to Accidents and Terrorism through Green Chemistry (New York, NY: Elsevier, 2015).
20. Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, “Exposure and Hazard Information for Five PBT Chemicals,” February 8, 2019, https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=OPPT&dirEntryID=342954.
21. Mulvihill et al., “Green Chemistry and Green Engineering.”
22. Mollie Rappe, “Fertilizer of the Future,” NC State University, March 30, 3030, https://cals.ncsu.edu/news/fertilizer-of-the-future/.
23. United Nations, “The 17 Goals,” https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
Chapter 4
1. Eric D. Williams, Robert U. Ayres, and Miriam Heller, “The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices,” Environmental Science & Technology, 36, no. 24 (2002): 5504-5510.
Chapter 5
1. UNICEF, “7 Fast Facts about Toilets,” November 19, 2018, https://www.unicef.org/stories/7-fast-facts-about-toilets#.
2. United Nations, “Global Issues: Water,” n.d., https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/water#:~:text=Contaminated%20water%20and%20a%20lack,people%20still%20practised%20open%20defecation.
3. Gates Foundation, “Global Growth and Opportunity,” 2021, https://www.gatesfoundation.org/our-work/programs/global-growth-and-opportunity/water-sanitation-and-hygiene.
4. American Chemical Society, “Green Chemistry Technologies Honored by EPA,” June 7, 2019, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2019/june/green-chemistry-technologies-honored-by-epa.html.
5. Ellen MacArthur Foundation, The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics, January 16, 2016, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics.
6. Ellen MacArthur Foundation, New Plastics.
7. Ellen MacArthur Foundation.
8. Leanne M. Gilbertson, Julie B. Zimmerman, Desiree L. Plata, James E. Hutchison, and Paul T. Anastas, “Designing Nanomaterials to Maximize Performance and Minimize Undesirable Implications Guided by the Principles of Green Chemistry,” Chemistry Society Reviews (May 15, 2015): 5758-77.
9. Paul T. Anastas and Julie B. Zimmerman, 2003. “Design through the 12 Principles of Green Engineering,” Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 5 (2003): 94A-101A. https://doi.org/10.1021/es032373g.
10. Paul Hawken, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1999).
Chapter 6
1. Roya Jamarani, Hanno C. Erythropel, James A. Nicell, and Richard L. Leask, “How Green Is Your Plasticizer?” Polymers 10, no.8 (August 2018): 834, https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym10080834.
2. Océane Albert, Thomas C. Nardelli, Barbara F. Hales, and Bernard Robaire, “Identifying Greener and Safer Plasticizers: A 4-Step Approach,” Toxicological Sciences 161, no. 2 (February 2018): 266-75, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfx156.
3. Albert et al., “Identifying.”
4. Matthew J. Eckelman and Jodi Sherman, “Environmental Impacts of the U.S. Health Care System and Effects on Public Health,” PloS ONE 11, no. 6 (2016): e0157014. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157014.
5. Eckelman and Sherman, “Environmental Impacts.”
6. Andrea J. MacNeill, Harriet Hopf, Aman Khanuja, Saed Alizamir, Melissa Bilec, Matthew J. Eckelman, Lyndon Hernandez, Forbes McGain, Kari Simonsen, Cassandra Thiel, Steven Young, Robert Lagasse, and Jodi D. Sherman, “Transforming the Medical Device Industry: Roadmap to a Circular Economy,” Health Affairs 39, no. 12 (2020): 2088-97; Martin Hensher and Forbes McGain, “Health Care Sustainability Metrics: Building a Safer, Low-Carbon Health System,” Health Affairs 39, no 12 (2020): 2080-87; Lisa WM Leung, Banu Evranos, Alexander Grimster, Anthony Li, Mark Norman, Abhay Bajpai, Zia Zuberi, Manav Sohal, and Mark M. Gallagher, “Remanufactured Circular Mapping Catheters: Safety, Effectiveness and Cost,” Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology 56, no. 2 (2019): 205-11.
7. Andrea J. MacNeill, Harriet Hopf, Aman Khanuja, Saed Alizamir, Melissa Bilec, Matthew J. Eckelman, Lyndon Hernandez, et al., “Transforming the Medical Device Industry: Road Map to a Circular Economy,” Health Affairs 39, no. 12 (December 2020): 2088-97.
8. MacNeill et al., “Transforming.”
9. MacNeill et al.
10. Paint & Coatings Industry, “Anticorrosion Coating Industry Transitioning to Sustainable Development: Legislation, Intellectual Property and Industry Analysis,” March 9, 2017, https://www.pcimag.com/articles/103192-anticorrosion-coating-industry-transitioning-to-sustainable-development.
Chapter 7
1. Qingshi Tu, Matthew Eckelman, and Julie Zimmerman, “Meta-Analysis and Inventory Harmonization of Life Cycle Assessment Studies for Algal Biofuels,” Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 17 (July 17, 2017): 9419-32, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01049.
2. American Chemical Society, “Toward a More Economical Process for Making Biodiesel Fuel from Algae,” news release, June 18, 2012, https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/newsreleases/2012/june/toward-a-more-economical-process-for-making-biodiesel-fuel-from-algae.html.
3. Leigh Krietsch Boerner, “Industrial Ammonia Production Emits More CO2 Than Any Other Chemical-Making Reaction. Chemists Want to Change That,” Chemistry and Engineering News, June 15, 2019, https://cen.acs.org/environment/green-chemistry/Industrial-ammonia-production-emits-CO2/97/i24.
4. United Nations, “UN, Partners Warn 108 Million People Face Severe Food Insecurity Worldwide,” UN News, March 31, 2017, https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/03/554472-un-partners-warn-108-million-people-face-severe-food-insecurity-worldwide.
5. United Nations, “UN Food Agency Urges Companies and Organizations to Join Global Food Waste Initiative,” UN News, https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/06/413052-un-food-agency-urges-companies-and-organizations-join-global-food-waste.
6. Perry L. McCarty, Jaeho Bae,and Jeonghwan Kim, “Domestic Wastewater Treatment as a Net Energy Producer—Can This Be Achieved?” Environmental Science & Technolology 45, no. 17 (2011): 7100-06.
7. Stefan C.H.J. Turk, Wigard P. Kloosterman, Dennis K. Ninaber, Karin P.A.M. Kolen, Julia Knutova, Erwin Suir, Martin Schürmann, Petronella C. Raemakers-Franken, Monika Müller, Stefaan M. A. de Wilde-man, Leonie M. Raamsdonk, Ruud van der Pol, Liang Wu, Margarida F. Temudo, Rob A. M. van der Hoeven, Michiel Akeroyd, Roland E. van der Stoel, Henk J. Noorman, Roel A. L. Bovenberg, and Axel C. Trefzer, “Metabolic Engineering toward Sustainable Production of Nylon-6,” ACS Synthetic Biology 5, no. 1 (2016): 65-73.
8. Simon Neumann, Lisa-Cathrin Leitner, Holger Schmalz, Seema Agarwal, and Andreas Greiner, “Unlocking the Processability and Recyclability of Biobased Poly (limonene carbonate),” Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 16 (April 7, 2020): 6442-48.
9. Neumann et al., “Unlocking.”
Chapter 8
1. “IBM Study: Purpose and Provenance Drive Bigger Profits for Consumer Goods in 2020,” PRNewswire, January 10, 2020, https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-01-10-IBM-Study-Purpose-and-Provenance-Drive-Bigger-Profits-for-Consumer-Goods-In-2020.
2. Jeff Sonnenfeld and Daniel Esty, “An Earth Day CEO Summit Shows How Dramatically Corporate Values Have Changed,” Fortune, April 22, 2020, https://fortune.com/2020/04/22/earth-day-sustainability-ceo-summit/.
3. Time, “25. Thin-Film Solar Panels,” Best Inventions of 2008, http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852747_1854195_1854153,00.html.
Example Scorecards
1. Andrea Larson and Jeff York, “Coastwide Labs: Product and Strategy Redesign in Commercial Cleaning Products,” 2008, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1278410.
2. Derek Reiber and Mike Russo, “Coastwide Labs: Clean and Green” (University of Oregon Publishing, n.d.).