Index
50-foot dimension 148
acceptance testing 59
access: aisles 239–242; apron (also forestage) 169, 180, 197; arena stages 187; concert platforms 191; control rooms 281–282; followspot rooms 288; mix position 285; open stages 187; orchestra pits 172–173; pass doors 171; proscenium stages 149; site 98; thrust stages 185
accessibility (for persons with disabilities): accessible routes 237, 243–244; auditorium to stage 170–171; building regulations 116–117, 119–123; control rooms 281; followspot rooms 288; means of egress 237, 244; orchestra pits 172; restrooms 303; wheelchair spaces 234–236
acoustical consultants (also called acousticians): project roles 41–42, 50, 51–53, 59; and theater design 91, 166, 191, 228; use of models 96; use of precedents 249
acoustics: final testing 59; project roles 41–42; see also sound
active sightlines 269
administration: construction 56–59; design-bid-build 65
affiliated programs 99
agency construction manager (ACM) 69–71
AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) 117
AIA (American Institute of Architects) 43, 57, 61, 65–66
air supply, orchestra pits 179
aisle accessways 238
aisle stairs 213–215, 219, 239
aisles: capacity 239; catchment areas 239–240; center 210, 241; crossaisles 216, 217, 219, 241–242, 252; dead-end 242; longitudinal (also called parallel aisle) 241; minimum width 240, 241; radial 241; ramped 212–213; seating layout 239–242; stair (also called stepped aisle) 213–215, 219, 239
Albert Ivar Theatre, Goodman Theatre, Chicago 156
all-gender restrooms 303
amenities: coat check 302–303; exhibits 307; food and drink 302, 306, 310; restrooms 303; retail 307; site 99
American Airlines Theatre (formerly Selwyn), New York 296
American Institute of Architects (AIA) 43, 57, 61, 65–66
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 118–120
American Society of Theatre Consultants (ASTC) 40
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 119, 121–123; 1991 ADAAG 122; 2010 Standards 122–123; accessible routes 237, 243–244; wheelchair spaces 235–236
Angus Bowmer Theatre, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Ashland, Oregon 15, 186
Anne and Ellen Fife Theatre, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 165, 166
anterooms, concert and recital halls 191
architects: construction management 66, 68–69; design 34, 35, 51, 53; design firm liability 123; design-bid-build 62–63, 65–66; executive 34, 35, 51, 53; of record 34; role of 30, 33–36
Architectural Barriers Act (ABA) 120, 121
architecture: character and vocabulary 111–114; iconic buildings 102
area see floor area
Arena Stage, Washington, DC: Fichandler Theatre 11, 188, 214, 215, 264, 265; Kreeger Theatre 186
arena theaters 9–10, 24–28, 228
arrival-point-of sight see sight point
art galleries 307
arts management consultants 42
Aspendos, Pamphylia (modern Turkey) 263
audience: cohesion 252, 274; encirclement 183, 200, 261–266; engagement 198, 269; isolation 229, 269; role as co-creators 266–267, 269; sovereignty 250–251
audience seating see seating
audience sightlines see sightlines
Auditorio Kursaal, San Sebastian, Spain 213–217, 227, 229
auditorium design see theater design
Auditorium Theater, Chicago 225–227, 257, 260, 277
auditoriums: fixed chairs 230–234; side lighting 181; stage access 170–171
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) 117
back overhangs (of chairs) 234
back pitches (of chairs) 232–233
back-of-house 308; circulation 308–310; performer support 312–316; production 309, 316–319; stage support 310–312
balconies 218–221, 228; lighting at fronts 293–294; placement of 274–275; seating 218–227; sightlines with 221–229; sightlines without 212–216, 227–228
balcony overhangs 218, 219, 221, 223, 225
bar service see drink service
bare costs 128
Baroque opera 172
Bass Hall, Fort Worth, Texas 162, 164, 195, 225, 226, 229
bathrooms see restrooms
Bayreuth Festspielhaus, Bayreuth, Germany 225, 229, 258, 260, 266, 273, 277
Benaroya Hall, S. Mark Taper Foundation Auditorium, Seattle, Washington 190, 191
Berliner Philharmonie, Berlin 22, 264, 265
bespoke equipment 59
Bessie Schönberg Theatre, New York Live Arts (formerly Dance Theatre Workshop), New York 157, 158
betterments 132
bidding 48; alternates 133; chasing the market 133–134; costs 128; as project phase 54–56
big proscenium theaters 28
BIM (Building Information Modeling) 96
black box (theaters) 13
Blackfriars Theatre, London 253
BOH see back-of-house
bonds 128
Boston Opera House (formerly B. F. Keith Memorial Theatre and Savoy Theatre), Boston 296
bridging design-build 68
Broadway: in multipurpose theaters 24; orchestra pits 171, 175; playhouse form 221–223; as precedents 152–153; seat counts 154; theaters (in New York) 153–155; touring productions 153, 309
brownfield sites 97
budgets 80, 124; construction costs 127–129; cost components 124–127; cost factors 135–136; owner’s costs 129–132; process of 132–135
builders: bidding 56; construction administration 56–59; as project role 30; see also project delivery methods
building area see floor area
building codes 116–118; see also building regulations
building efficiency ratios 82, 88
building exteriors 50, 295–296
Building Information Modeling (BIM) 96
building regulations 116–117; 50-foot dimension 48; accessibility 116–117, 119–123; accessible routes 237, 243–244; aisle ramps 212; codes 116–118; gender-specific restrooms 303; standards 116, 118–119, 122; wheelchair spaces 235–236
building site see site
buildings see theaters
Burris-Meyer and Cole Formulas 144
cable troughs 169
cantilevered balconies 257–261
capital (project) costs 99, 124–126, 129–132, 135
catchment areas (aisles) 239–240, 242
chair envelopes 233
character, design phase 111–114
Cherry Logan Emerson Concert Hall, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 223, 224
Chicago Shakespeare Theatre, Chicago 183, 185
chorus: risers 192; seating 189
cinema, influence on theater design 250
circulation: accessible 237, 243–244; back-of-house 308–310; proscenium stages 144, 149; public spaces 297–298; wheelchair spaces 235
Civic Opera House, Chicago 160–163
Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, College Park, Maryland: Dance Theatre 23, 214; Kay Theatre 16, 165, 222, 223, 271
cluster (theater design) 261–269
codes: 50-foot dimension 148; adoption 117; aisle ramps 212; buildings 116–118; egress 216; fire 118; life safety 118; see also building regulations
column-support balconies 257
common dressing rooms 314
common paths, exits 244
community meeting spaces 6
compliance see Americans with Disabilities Act; building regulations
concert hall shapers 195
concert halls 18–22; audience sightlines 223–224, 228; flexible 194; platform entrances 191; platform extensions 191; platform lifts 192; platform risers see chorus risers; orchestra risers; platforms 188–194; shoebox 22, 255–256, 267, 279; vineyard 22, 249, 264, 265, 276
Concertgebouw, Amsterdam 254
concessions 302
constant rise (sightline) formula 202, 204–205
constructability reviews 70
construction: costs 125–129, 136; as project phase 48; traprooms 150–151; see also project delivery methods
construction administration 56–59
construction management 66, 68–73
construction managers: as advisor or agent (also called agency construction manager) 69–71; at risk (CMR) 71–72; role of 68–73
consultants: acoustical 41–42; (see also acoustician); arts management 42; code 37, 38; cost 42; needs assessment 76; theater (also called theater design consultant, theater planning consultant) 39–41; types of 36–38
continental seating 215–216, 219
contingency, costs 128, 129, 131
contracts, construction manager at risk 72
control rooms 280–284; location 281–282; sightlines 283–284
Copenhagen Opera House, Copenhagen 161
Corral de Comedias, Almagro, Spain 255
corrales de comedias 14
corridors, proscenium stages 149
cost consultants 42
costs: components of 124–127; construction 125–129, 136; construction management 70; construction manager at risk 72; contingencies 128, 129, 131; design phases 47–49; design-bid-build 64–67; design-build 67–68; estimates 42, 70, 127, 128, 133; life cycle 134–135; operating 134–135; opportunity to save 47, 49; owner’s 125–126, 129–132; project (also called capital cost) 99, 124, 125–126, 129–132, 135; relation to program 78; site 99; transposition 135–136; see also budgets
costume, wardrobe department 314–315
costume shops 318
courtyard theaters 14
covered (orchestra) pits 174
crew rooms 311
crowd management 301
culture, theater buildings 5–6
custom equipment 59
dance: audience sightlines 200, 202, 228; ballet theaters 22; modern dance theaters 23, 158; precedents 155–159
databases, needs assessment 77–78
dead-end aisles 242
degree of encirclement 183; see also encirclement
delays, schedules 58
delivery see project delivery methods
demountable sound mix position 286
design: arena stages 187–188; building massing 102–106; character and vocabulary 111–114; concert halls 188–194; constraints 47–48; and cost 47, 132–134; design development 47–48, 51–53; fees 130–131; from inside out 50, 106–110; integrating systems 114–115; iterative nature of 44, 47, 50; massing 102–106; open stages 187; orchestra pits 172–173; order and variation in 279; from outside in 50; performance spaces 91–96; phases 44–49; pre-design 47, 49–50; process of 90–91; proscenium stages 139–142, 194–197; recital halls 188–192; and risk 46; schematic design 50–51; site planning 96–102; stages 248; thrust stages 183–185; use of models 96, 102; use of precedents 151–166, 248–251; see also theater design
design architects 34, 35, 51, 53
design contingency 128
design development 47–48, 51–53
design firm liability 123
design teams: design-bid-build 62–63; occupancy phase 59–60; as project role 35–42; risks 46
dimensions see size
documents: construction administration 56–59; contracts 48, 53–54; needs assessment 77–78; programming 89; space lists 81, 84–87
Dolby Theatre (formerly Kodak Theatre), Hollywood, California 27, 222–223, 245, 271
domed ceilings 276
donor rooms 305
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles 161
drama, sightlines for 200, 202, 228
drama and musical theater 9–16
dramatic space 4
drawings: project phases 51, 53–54
egress codes 216; see also means of egress
electrical engineers 36, 50–51, 63, 66
electrics shops 319
elemental estimate 127
encirclement 183, 184, 200, 261–266
endstage theaters 12
engineers: civil 36; electrical 50–51, 63, 66; fire protection 66; geotechnical 37; mechanical (HVAC) 36, 37, 50–51, 66; plumbing 36, 50–51, 66; role of 36; structural 36–37
entrances: apron (also forestage) 169, 175, 180, 197; arena stages 187; concert platforms 191; employee 310; main 244; open stages 187; pass doors 171; proscenium stages 149; public 296, 304; stage door 313; segregation 218; thrust stages 185
environment psychology 277–278
Epidaurus, Greece 262
equipment 41; costs 130; design phase 114; final testing 59; proscenium stages for music 196–197; storage spaces 312
ESTA (Entertainment Services and Technology Association) 119
executive architects 34–35, 51
exhibits 307
exits 236–237; 244–245; see also means of egress
extended proscenium ceilings 276–277
fabrication shops 317
family assist restrooms 303
field reports 57
final testing 59
fire codes 118
fire protection engineers 36, 66
fire safety curtains 148
first row to stage relationship 210–212
fitness for use 135
fittings, costs 130
fixtures, costs 130
flexible concert halls 194
floor area: gross 84, 85; net 81–83, 85, 298–299; net assignable 81–83, 85; ratios 82
floors see stage floors
fly lofts 145
focus point see sight point
FOH see front-of-house
footprint of stage: Broadway theaters 155; proscenium stages 142–145
Forbes Center for the Performing Arts, Recital Hall, Harrisonburg, Virginia 189, 213–214, 217, 227
Ford’s Theater, Washington, DC 257, 259, 271
forestage entrances 175, 180–181, 197
forestage zone 167; aprons 167–171; orchestra pits 171–180; as concert platform 195–197; rigging 182; the ‘throat’ 180–181
Four Seasons Centre, Toronto 160, 163
front fill loudspeakers 169
front-of-house 295; circulation 297–298; first impressions 295–297; function rooms 304–305; greenrooms 305; lighting 290–294; lobby 298–301; other amenities 306–307; support spaces 301–303
functional planning 50, 106–110
functionalist school: auditoriums 249–250; fallacy of 198
galleries (exhibits) 307
gender-specific restrooms 303
general contractors 62–63, 66–67
geographic location see site
Georgian Theatre Royal, Richmond, England 254
geotechnical engineers 37
Gershwin Theatre (formerly Uris), New York 152–154
Gladys Mullenix Black Theatre, Vukovich Center, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 165, 221, 222
Globe Theatre, London 14, 253–254, 265
GMP (guaranteed maximum price) 72
Greek theaters 5, 22, 218, 266
greenfield sites 97
greenrooms: front-of-house 305; performers’ lounge 315–316
gridirons: forestage 182; stage 145, 146, 149
Gross Theatre, Horace Mann School, New York 165
Grosse Musikvereinssaal, Vienna 254
guaranteed maximum price (GMP) 72
guide columns 178
handrails 245
hard (proscenium) openings 141–142
height: Broadway theaters 155; proscenium stages 141, 145–148
Helen Hayes Theatre (formerly Little Theatre), New York 152–155
Helzberg Concert Hall, Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, Kansas City, Missouri 19, 217, 265
historic context: buildings 5; functionalist school 249–250; relationalist school 250–251
holding contracts 72
Hotel de Bourogne, Paris 253
HVAC: acoustic requirements 42, 59, 88; orchestra pit 171, 172; stagehouse 54, 114
HVAC engineers 36–37, 50–51, 66
hypothetical sightlines 199–200
IBC (International Building Code) 117, 119, 148, 212
ICC (International Code Council) 117
iconic buildings 102
illustrations see drawings
infrastructure: site 97; theater equipment 41
inner (auditorium) walls 275
Institute of Theatre Consultants 39–40
insurance 128; liability crisis 66
integrated project delivery (IPD) 73–74
interiors: design development 51; functional planning 106; iconic buildings 102
International Building Code (IBC) 117, 119, 148, 212
International Code Council (ICC) 117
interviews, needs assessment 77
IPD (integrated project delivery) 73–74
isacoustic rise: approximation of 215, 229; aisle stair 215; continental seating 215–216; formula 202–207; ramped aisles 213
iterative nature of design 44, 47, 50
Jarson-Kaplan Theater, Aronoff Center for the Arts, Cincinnati, Ohio 221–222, 228
Joyce Theater, New York 157–158
Julianne Argyros Stage, South Coast Rep, Costa Mesa, California 155–156
Kennedy Center Opera House, Washington, DC 161
Kilbourn Recital Hall, Eastman School of Music, Rochester, New York 214
Kresge Auditorium, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 273
land see site
landscape architects 36
landscape context 98
large dressing rooms 314
laundry 315
Laura Turner Concert Hall, Schermerhorn Symphony Center, Nashville, Tennessee 18, 256, 257, 279
layouts see seating; sightlines; theaters
legislation see Americans with Disabilities Act; building regulations
life safety codes 118
lift and wagons, sound mix position 286–288
lighting: auditorium 290–293; balcony fronts 293–294; control rooms 280–284; followspot rooms 288–290; forestage zone 181; front-of-house 290–294; side positions 181, 290, 293
Lincoln Center, New York 6; Claire Tow Theater 306; David H. Koch Theater (formerly New York State Theater) 157, 159; Metropolitan Opera House 161; Vivian Beaumont Theater 15, 153
litigation 123
live entertainment buildings 24–28
live performance, auditorium design for 247–248
loading, proscenium stages 149
loading docks 311
lobby: functions 297–298; size 298–301
location see site
location, geographic see site
longitudinal aisles 241
loudspeakers 182
Lyceum Theatre, New York 257, 260, 271
Lyric Theatre (formerly Ford Center, Hilton, and Foxwoods), New York 155, 175, 296
Majestic Theatre, Boston 257
makeup 315
Malmö Opera (formerly Malmö Stadsteater), Malmö, Sweden 269, 270, 273
managers see project roles
Marion Oliver McCaw Hall, Seattle, Washington 270
Martel Theater, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 165
McColl Family Theatre, Imaginon, Charlotte, North Carolina 222–223, 227–228
Mead Theatre, Schuster Center, Dayton, Ohio 193, 196–197
means of egress: accessible 237, 244; common path of travel 244; exit access 237; exit discharge 237; exits 236–237, 244–245; remoteness of exits 244; travel distance 245
mechanical engineers (HVAC) 36–37, 50–51, 66
mechanical system noise 42
Medoff Theatre, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 165
Million Dollar Theatre, Los Angeles 257
modeling: Building Information Modeling 96; design 96, 102; environmental psychology 277
Modernism (movement) 250, 273, 276
modified thrust stages 187
Moores Opera House, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 223–224
Morsani Hall, Straz Center (formerly Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center), Tampa, Florida 193, 196–197
multiform theaters 24
multiple prime contracts 66–67
multipurpose halls 162–166, 223, 225–227
multiuse: buildings 24, 28; precedents 162, 164; proscenium theaters 194–195
museums 307
music: acoustic music theaters 17–22; musical theaters 9–16; proscenium stages 194–197
musician noise exposure 174
musician’s rooms 314
Myerson Symphony Center, Dallas, Texas 301
narratives 89
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 118–119
Nationaltheatre, Munich 163
net to gross multiplier 82
New Amsterdam Theatre, New York 221–222, 257, 271
New World Center, Miami Beach, Florida 192
New York City Center, New York 159
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 118–119
noise, musician noise exposure 174; see also sound
noise isolation 42
nonassignable area 83
non-public spaces see back-of-house
observation: needs assessment 77; relationist school 250; windows 283–284, 289
occupancy, as project phase 59–60
offices 312
O’Keefe Centre (now Sony Centre), Toronto 273–275
Ooppera, Helsinki, Finland 163
open (orchestra) pits 174
open stage theaters 15, 186, 187
opening width see width
opera: audience sightlines 200, 223–224; orchestra pits 172
Opéra Bastille, Paris 163
opera houses 22; stages 160–163
operators, as project role 31–32
orchestra (symphony): forestage zone 195–197; multipurpose halls 162–166, 194–195; risers 191–192
orchestra pit lifts 168, 191–192, 196
order and variation, design 279
Ordway Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 162, 164
Oslo Opera House, Oslo, Norway 21, 91, 161, 224
outer (auditorium) walls 275
overheads 128
Overture Center, Madison, Wisconsin 32, 37–38, 54–55, 78–79, 305; Overture Hall 25, 225–226, 274; Playhouse 183, 185
owners: costs 125–126, 129–132; occupancy phase 59–60; project delivery methods 65–66, 71, 74; as project role 29, 31–33
owner’s rep 33
paint shops 318
parallel aisles 241
parallel budgeting 133
Paris Opéra (Palais Garnier), Paris 160, 257–258, 273, 276
parking: importance of 296–297; site characteristics 98
parterres 217
pass doors 171
performance, as shared act 266–267, 269
performance spaces: design phase 91–96; see also theaters; stages
performance times, circulation 297
performance types: acoustic music 17–22; ballet 22; drama and musical theaters 9–16; modern dance 23; opera 22; popular entertainment 24
performers: circulation 309; live performance 248; lounges 315–316; support spaces 312–316
permanent sound mix position 286
‘Phantom ready’ 24
Philharmonic Hall, Szczecin, Poland 256–257, 279
physical location see site
physical space see space
physical therapy rooms 315
pit covers 176
pit rails 180
place: sense of 102–106; ceiling forms 276–277; theater design 277–279
planning: functional planning 106–110; project roles 40
platform (concert) entrances 191
platform (wheelchair) lifts 243
platform (concert) risers see chorus: risers; orchestra: risers
platforms, concert and recital halls 188–194
playhouses 221–223; see also Broadway
plumbing engineers 36, 50–51, 66
Polonsky Shakespeare Center, Theatre for a New Audience, Brooklyn, New York 254
popular live entertainment 24–28
postmortems 60
post-occupancy 60
precedents: auditorium design 248–251; proscenium stages 151–166
pre-design: needs assessment 75–78, 81; process of 75–76; programming 78, 81–89; project parameters 78–81; as project phase 49–50
pre-schematic see pre-design
preservationist movement 250
production spaces 309, 316–319
production video 175
profit (budgeting) 128
program (buildings) 7, 49, 75, 78, 81–89
program managers 33
programming: costs 136; pre-design 78, 81–89
project budgets see budgets
project costs 99, 124–126, 129–132, 135
project delivery methods 61; construction management 68–73; design-bid-build 62–67; design-build 67–68; integrated project delivery 73–74
project executives 32
project feasibility see pre-design
project managers 33
project phases 43–44; bidding 48, 54–56; construction 48; construction administration 56–59; contract documents 48, 53–54; design development 51–53; design phases 44–49; final testing 59; occupancy 59–60; pre-design 49–50; schematic design 50–51
project roles 29; architects 30, 33–35, 37; builders 30; building committees 32–33; consultants 36–38, 39–42; design teams 35–42; design-bid-build 62–63; division of labor 30–31; engineers 36; operators 31, 32; owners 29, 31–33; program managers 33; project executives 32; project managers 33; users 31–32
projection shops 319
property shops 317
proscenium stages: audience sightlines 200; circulation 144–145, 149; design 139–142, 194–197; footprint 155; height 141, 145–148, 155; for music 194–197; precedents 151–166; stage footprint 142–145; traprooms 150–151; see also forestage zone
proscenium theaters 15–16; extended proscenium ceilings 276–277; multiuse 24, 194–195; popular live entertainment 24–28
proscenium walls 15, 142, 169, 183
proscenium zone see forestage zone
proximity (theater design) 251–261
Prudential Hall, New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark, New Jersey 223, 225–226
psychology, environment 277–278
public reception rooms 304
public spaces see front-of-house
Public Theater, New York 306
punch lists 57
Quadracci Powerhouse Theater, Milwaukee Repertory Theater, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 222–223, 227, 228–229
qualities of auditorium design 251; cluster 261–269; place 277–279; proximity 251–261; scale 269–277
qualities of theater buildings 5–7
quality: costs 136; pre-design 78–80
questionnaires, needs assessment 77
quick change rooms 311
racial segregation 218, 249, 268–269
radial aisles 241
railings: audience seating 245–246; at balcony fronts 201–202, 246; guards 245–246; handrails 245; lighting 293–294; at orchestra pit 176, 180; parterre 275–276
Realism (movement) 139, 250, 265–266
reception rooms 304
recital halls: audience sightlines 228; platform entrances 191; platforms 188–194; seat counts 17; see also concert halls
reflective surfaces 181
regulations see Americans with Disabilities Act; building regulations
Rehabilitation Act 121
rehearsal rooms 316
reimbursable expenses 131
religion, theater buildings 6
remoteness, exits 244
Renaissance (movement) 22, 249, 253, 261–262, 265
requests for information 56–57
restrooms: all-gender 303; family assist 303; offstage 311; performers 313–314; public 303, 305
retail space 307
retiring rooms 305
rigging 182
ripple seats 267
risers, choral 192
risks: construction management 69, 71–72; design 46; design-bid-build 62, 64; design-build 67; integrated project delivery 73
roles see project roles
Roman theater at Aspendos, Pamphylia 263
room acoustics 42
room schedules 89
Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, England 187, 188
Royal National Opera House (now Palace Theatre), London 257
Royal National Theatre, London 6, 267; Dorfman Theatre (formerly Cottlesloe) 254
Royal Opera House (Covent Garden), London 160, 163
Ruth Caplin Theatre, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 12, 185, 214–215, 265
safety: railings 246; see also fire codes
scale (theater design) 269–277
scenery 309
scenery docks 311
scenery shops 317
scenographic space 4
schedules: construction management 70; delays 58; design-bid-build 64–65; pre-design 80; project phases 54
Schermerhorn Symphony Center, Nashville, Tennessee see Laura Turner Concert Hall
seat counts 8, 9; audience sightlines 227–229; Broadway 154; orchestras 197; proscenium theaters 140; proximity 252
seating 230; accessible routes 243–244; aisle accessways 238; aisles 239–242; balconies 218–227; balcony overhang 218, 219, 221, 223, 225; box 267–269, 271; box tiers 257, 269; chair back pitch 232; chair envelopes 233; chair stagger 208–210; chair width 232; chorus 189; continental 215–216, 219; density 235, 239, 252–253; exits 237, 244–245; fixed chairs 230–234; forestage zone 180; gallery 253–257; orchestra level 85, 234; parterre 217; railings 245–246; row spacing 238–239; on side walls 271–273; social and racial segregation 218, 249, 268, 269; terrace 217; wagons 168, 178–180, 286–288; wheelchair spaces 234–236; see also sightlines
seating slopes 207–208, 211–212, 227–229, 232–233
Segerstrom Concert Hall, Costa Mesa, California 6
segregation, racial 218, 249, 268, 269
self-performing (CMR) 72
service spaces 303
services (buildings) 7, 298; see also amenities
sets 309
shoebox concert halls 22, 255–256, 267, 279
shops: costume 307, 318; electrics 319; fabrication 317; paint 318; projection 319; property 317; scenery 317; sound 319
Shubert Theatre, New Haven, Connecticut 268, 269, 271, 276
side wall architecture 271–274
sight points 202, 204–207, 216, 218
sightlines: active 269; balconies 218–221; constant rise 202, 204–205; from control rooms 283–284; criteria 198, 200–202; crossaisles 211, 216; for dance 200, 202, 228; definitions 199–200; for drama 200, 202, 228; first row vision 207–208; from followspot rooms 289, 289; formulas 202–207; frontal 250, 265; head clearance 207–210; isacoustic rise 202–207; for musicals 197; oblique 219–221; for opera 200, 223–224; orchestra pits 174–175, 197; seating slopes 227–229; second row vision 208–210; setting criteria for 200–202; side seating 269; at sound mix 285–286; stage to first row 210–212; transition devices 216–217; venues with balconies 221–227; venues without balconies 212–216; from wheelchair spaces 235, 236
Signature Center, New York, Alice Griffin Theatre 155, 156
single occupancy dressing rooms 313
site: context 98; costs 80, 127, 136; greenfield and brownfield 97; land acquisition 130; planning 96–102; size 96–97
size: 50-foot dimension 148; Broadway theaters 154–155; control rooms 281; fixed chairs 232; followspot rooms 288–289; lobby 298–301; mix position 285; precedents 151–166; program spaces 81–85; recital halls 189; site 96–97; stage footprints 142–145; stage height 141, 145–148; thrust stages 185; traprooms 150; wheelchair spaces 234–235; see also floor area
ski slope boxes 269
slope see seating slopes
small dressing rooms 313
social issues: buildings 5–6; segregation 218, 249, 268–269
soft (proscenium) openings 141–142
sound: acoustics 41–42, 59; control rooms 280–284; forestage rigging 182; front fill loudspeakers 169; musician noise exposure 174
sound mix: lift and wagons 286–288; location 284–285; sightlines 285–286
sound shops 319
space: costs 127; design 50–51; design phase 91–96; dramatic 4; live performance 247; proscenium stages 142; theater buildings 4; see also floor area; size
spectator/spectator look 266–267
spectators: live performance 248; see also audience
sponsor rooms 305
square foot estimate 127
stage doors 313
stage floors: as scenic elements 185, 187, 211, 228; sightlines to 175, 197, 202, 211
stage footprint see footprint of stage
stage scenery 309
stage to first row relationship 210–212
stage towers 146
Stage42 (Shubert Little Theatre), New York 213–216, 228
stages see individually named types under theater; acting area 144; alley 10–12; arena 187–188; circulation and work area 144–145, 149; design 248; entrances 149, 175, 180, 181, 185, 197; footprint 142–145, 155; galleries 257, 274–275; height 141, 145–148, 155; modified thrust 187; open 15, 186, 187; opera houses 160–163; proscenium see proscenium stages; scenery area 144, 317; thrust 183–185, 228; traverse 11–12; width 140, 169, 196; wings 142, 158
Standards Development Organizations 119
standing sightlines 236
star dressing rooms 313
stepped aisles 213–215, 219, 239
Steppenwolf Upstairs Theater, Chicago 12
structural area 83
structure (buildings) 7
Studzinski Recital Hall, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine 17, 189
submittals 57
Sumner Theatre, Melourne Theatre Company, Melbourne, Australia 273
supplemental instructions 57–58
Suzanne Roberts Theatre, Philadelphia Theatre Company, Philadelphia 156
Swan Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-on-Avon, England 185
Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia 6, 50
Symphony Hall, Boston 254–255, 279
Synetic Theater, Arlington, Virginia 296
Teatro alla Scala, Milan, Italy 160, 163, 273
Teatro Argentina, Rome 257, 258
Teatro Colon, Buenos Aires, Argentina 257, 259, 276
Teatro Falcone, Genoa, Italy 257, 273
Teatro Farnese, Parma, Italy 261–263, 273
Teatro Formagliari, Bologna, Italy 257
Teatro San Cassiano, Venice, Italy 257
technical elements 280; control rooms 280–284; followspot rooms 288–290; front-of-house lighting 290–294; sound mix position 284–288
Tempe Center for the Arts, Studio, Tempe, Arizona 14
tendering see bidding
terraces 217
testing: costs 131; as project phase 59
theater: acoustic music 17–22; alley 10–12; area definitions 81–82; arena 9–10, 24–28, 187–188, 228; ballet 22; drama 9–16; endstage 10, 12; flexible 13–15, 194; modern dance 23; multiform 24; multipurpose halls 162–166, 223, 225–227; musical 9–16; open stage 10, 15, 186, 187; opera 22; popular live entertainment 24–28; proscenium 10, 15, 16, 24–28, 194–195, 276–277; qualities of 5–7; thrust 10–11, 15; traverse 10–12
theater design 247; and aftermath of Second World War 250; cluster, quality of 261–269; functionalist school 249–250; influence of cinema 250; influence of Modernism 250, 273, 276; nature of live performance 247–248; place, quality of 277–279; precedents 248–251; proximity, quality of 251–261; relationist school 250–251; scale, quality of 269–277; side wall architecture 271–274
theater design consultants 39–40
theater equipment see equipment
theater in the round (arena form) 9–11, 24–28, 187–188, 228
theater planning see planning
theater planning consultants 39–40
theaters: as building type 3–7; as heterotopias 4, 5; meanings ascribed to 5–7; regional 155–156; types of 8–10
thrust stages: audience sightlines 228; design 183–185; see also open stage theaters
time, Turner Cost Index 135
time of day, circulation demands 297–298
toilets see restrooms
Tony Kiser Theatre, Second Stage, New York 12
tours, needs assessment 77
Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh, Scotland 12
tuning 59
Turner Cost Index 135
turnkey solutions 67
unit cost estimate 128
unitized (orchestra) enclosures 195
University of Southern Indiana, Teaching Theater, Evansville, Indiana 186
urban renewal 6
variation and order, design 279
vertical circulation 149
vertical sightlines 199, 201–207
vibration control 42
vineyard concert halls 22, 249, 264, 265, 276
vocabulary, design phase 111–114
volume, musician noise exposure 174; see also sound
walk-throughs 60
Walter Kerr Theatre, New York 222
War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco 160, 163
wayfinding 297
Well’s Theatre, Norfolk, Virginia 268, 271
Werner Centennial Hall, Westminster School, Simsbury, Connecticut 165
wheelchair lifts see platform lifts
wheelchair seating layout 234–236; see also accessibility
Whitney Theater, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 296
width: aisles 240–241; fixed chairs 232; horizontal sightlines 200, 201; proscenium stages 140, 169, 196
wig and makeup rooms 315
wings, proscenium stages 142
Winspear Opera House, Dallas, Texas 160, 163, 203
Wolfe Center for the Arts, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 91–95; character and vocabulary 111–114; equipment 114–115; functional planning 108–110; sense of place 102–106; site 99–102
workshops: back-of-house spaces 311–312; needs assessment 77
Young Vic Theatre, London 306