Index
Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, and t indicate tables.
A
Absorption 127–128
of nanomaterials 191
TCES materials and 130
thermal properties for 387t
essential aspects of 121t
merits of 123
operation modes for 117t
essential aspects of 121t
HTM and 102
HTM and 111–112
water with 112
Active solar energy 229t
Adsorption 127–128
nanotechnology in TES and 174
TCES materials and 130
thermal properties for 387t
AFM See Atomic force microscopy
AHU See Air handling unit
Air handling unit (AHU) 334
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) 73
Analytical/numerical modeling and simulation, for TES systems 247–256
ANN See Artificial neural network
BTES and 150–151
COP for 149
cost analysis for 352–355
design specifications of 353t
economic analysis of 355t
expense of 355
installation cost of 353
limitations of 149
Area units 369t
Artificial neural network (ANN) 311
soft control method and 315
ASHRAE 348
ATES See Aquifer thermal energy storage
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 171t
ATR See Attenuated total reflection
Attenuated total reflection (ATR) 171t
Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTR) 171t
B
Batteries 28–30
bio-batteries 36
comparison of technologies 31t
electrochemical energy storage and 28
electrolytes in 29
schematic for 30f
lead-acid 31t
characteristics of 45t
depth of discharge for 42f
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
schematic for 29f
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
nickel-based 31t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
redox flow 29
types of 28
energy efficiency of 30
Zn-air 28
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
Bio-batteries 36
LCTs and 205t
sources 8
theoretical and technical potential and availability of 9t
Biomethane 16t
expense of 355
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 5
BSim 257t
BTES See Borehole thermal energy storage
BTM See Building thermal mass
Buffer storage, economic feasibility of 399t
Building fabric storage, as low energy thermal storage 204
Building load prediction 317–319
Building thermal mass (BTM) 317
load shifting and 323t
night setup control and 319
peak load and 319–320
green 228
low energy thermal storage for 362–364
performance assessment of 89–94
medium and high temperature thermal storage in 37–38
STES and 73–75
TES in 59
whole building simulation program 256
Bulk modulus, for high temperature STES 80f
C
CAES See Compressed air energy storage
Calcium sulfate 132t
Capric acid 96
Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) 5
catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 17t
exergy and 289–290
geothermal energy storage and 218
LCTs and 204
SeTES and 352–353
value-added management for 18t
Carbon emissions 3
energy management and 13
climate change and 13
energy efficiency and 12
with STES 69
with TCES materials 130
TermoDeck and 75
Carbon-free TES 359–362
Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 17t
CD See Circular dichroism
Ceilings, STES in 74
CES See Cryogenic energy storage
CHCP See Cooling, heating, and power plant
Chemical storage 127
classification of 128f
in nanomaterials 167f
value-added management for 17t
essential aspects of 121t
merits of 123
operation modes for 117t
energy consumption by 3
NaS battery in 28
WMEC and 5
CHP thermal storage 223–227
Circular dichroism (CD) 171t
Classical control method, PID and 313
CLC See Chemical looping combustion
Climate change 13
Closed loop system, for BTES 150–151
CO2 See Carbon dioxide emissions
reserves of 2f
for solar hydrogen production 35
units and conversion factors for 367t
Coal bed methane, value-added management for 16t
for ATES 149
Complex problems 325
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
Compressive strength, with STES 69
status of 214t
exergy and 281
law of 21
Conservation of mass, exergy and 281
Constant-proportion control 322–324
Container materials, for high temperature salts 395t
Control law 314
for HVAC 314f
Control systems, of TES systems 311–326
comparison of 316t
Conversion factors, units and 367-373
area units 369t
density units 370t
dynamic viscosity units 372t
for heat contents 367t
high pressure units 371t
kinematic viscosity units 372t
length units 369t
low pressure units 371t
mass flow units 371t
mass units 370t
multiples and submultiples of 368t
speed units 371t
torque units 372t
volumetric gas flow units 370t
volumetric liquid flow units 370t
installations with 402t
performance tests for 348
COP See Coefficient of performance
Crude oil, units and conversion factors for 367t
Cryogenic energy storage (CES) 37
schematic for 37f
CSP See Concentrating solar power
CTES, eutectics and 121t
CWS-NT See Chemische Wärmespeicherung— Niedertemperatur
Cycling capacity, depth of discharge and 42f
Cylindrical geometry, for TES systems 262t
D
DC See Direct current
Deforming grid method, for LTES modeling and simulation 248
Density units 370t
Desalination systems, TES and 62
renewable energy by 3
Developing countries, energy consumption by 3
electrostatic energy storage and 31
for SMES 33
Direct impregnation method, for LTES PCM 87
for peak load 320
DLS See Dynamic light scattering
DMA See Dimethyl adipate
Double-layered LTES PCM 96
DTA See Differential thermal analysis
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) 171t
Dynamic viscosity units 372t
E
EACE See Ecologically allowable CO2 emissions
Earth heat exchange (EHEX) 217
Earth-coupled heat pump (ECHP) 217
Earth-coupled water source heat pump (ECWSHP) 217
Earth-to-air thermal storage 155–156
EC See Ethyl trans-cinnamate
ECHP See Earth-coupled heat pump
ECWSHP See Earth-coupled water source heat pump
EDLCs See Electrochemical double-layer capacitors
EES See Electrical energy storage
EHEX See Earth heat exchange
Elastic potential energy, CAES and 26
Electric heating system, STES with 75
Electric Power Research Institute 289–290
consumption of, from developed country buildings 11
peak load for 21
characteristics of 45t
energy storage and 41
metal reserves for 43t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
technical evaluation and comparison of technologies 45t
types of 22t
Electrochemical CO2 conversion, value-added management for 17t
Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) 22t
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
Electrochemical energy storage See Batteries
Electrolytes, in flow batteries 29
Electrostatic energy storage 31–33
Embedded coil elements, with STES 75
EMPA 135
materials 86–89
MPCM 95
color coatings and 101
comfort cooling and 108
phase change characteristics of 109
common forms of 286t
production of 1–3
TES systems and 281–290
Energy backup, TES and 58
energy security and 12
GTEC and 5–7
need for 11–18
TES and 62
by China 3
by developing countries 3
with external melt-ice thermal storage 122
by India 3
low energy thermal storage and 203
OECD and 3
from developed country buildings 11
TermoDeck and 74
CSP and 212t
for high temperature STES 79f
with STES 68f
carbon footprint and 12
of CES 37
criteria ranking for 231f
energy storage and 38–39
of LTES 85
need for 11–18
of PHS 25
renewable energy and 13
of VRB 30
carbon emissions and 13
need for 11–18
with PHS 26
with SeTES 145
value-added 13
Energy piles thermal storage 156
with TES 59
energy conservation and 12
energy storage and 22
exergy and 289
Energy sources 1–3
in TES system controller 312
by biological medium 36
capacity of 38
of ITES 85
of PCM-TES 85
by chemical medium 28–30
control and monitoring of 39
durability of 41
EES and 41
by electrical medium 31–33
energy efficiency and 38–39
energy security and 22
with glucose 36
by hydrogen medium 34–35
life expectancy of 39
by magnetic medium 33
by mechanical medium 23–28
off-peak load and 22
operational constraints for 41
for renewable energy 21
response time and 38
self-sufficiency of 40
significance of 21–22
with STS solid storage materials 66
technical evaluation and comparison of technologies 38–41
thermal 36–38
types of 22–23
Energy vectors, management of 13
EnergyPlus 257t
with LTES 121
for MPCM 101
with salt hydrates 121
PCM and 250
Entropy generation number 287
bio-batteries and 36
climate change and 13
CSP and 212t
LTES and 121
nanomaterials and 191
STES and 69
TCES materials and 130
TermoDeck and 75
Environmental SEM (ESEM) 171t
Equation-based semi-analytical (ESA) 320–321
ESEM See Environmental SEM
ESim 257t
ESP-r 257t
CTES and 121t
Exchanged/evolved gas measurement 281t
balance of 288f
definitions for 284t
energy efficiency and 286
environment and 288–290
PCM and 291t
for performance assessment of TES systems 286–288
quality concepts for 285–286
TES systems and 281–290
thermoeconomic optimization and 332
forms of 289t
multiobjective optimization and 337
TES system optimization and 334
Exponential change reset strategy 322
External energy storage systems See Flow batteries
merits of 122
F
Fabric, LTES and 94
PCM and 97–100
Fatty acid esters 297t
LTES and 118
PCM and 297t
thermal properties of 386t
Feed forward controllers 312
peak load and 321
Fertilizers 17t
Finned surface models 263t
Fission energy 9
Fixed grid method 248
FLC See Fuzzy logic control
Floor slabs, STES in 74
electrochemical energy storage and 28
electrolytes in 29
redox 29
schematic for 30f
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) 171t
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
types of 24
CAES and 27
energy consumption predictions for 7–8
increased use of 2–3
low energy thermal storage and 204f
for solar hydrogen production 35
TES and 62
value-added energy management for 16t
with high temperature STES 80f
with STES 69
as low energy thermal storage 204
Front tracking scheme, for LTES modeling and simulation 248
Fuel cells 229t
resources, theoretical and technical potential and availability of 9t
Fuzzy logic control (FLC) 311
PID and 315
soft control method and 315
G
GA See Genetic algorithm
Gain scheduling 313
GCHPs See Ground coupled heat pumps
Genetic algorithm (GA) 337
Geo-exchange (GHEX) 217
Geothermal energy 229t
high grade 216–217
low grade 216–217
storage of 216–222
lithology and heat transfer with 218t
Geothermal heat transfer fluids 18t
GHEX See Geo-exchange
GHG See Greenhouse gases
Gigajoules (GJ) 7
GJ See Gigajoules
low energy building design and 362–364
STES and 76
Glucose 36
Green buildings 228
Greenhouse gases (GHG) See also Carbon dioxide emissions
CAES and 27
from developed country buildings 11
exergy and 289
LCTs and 204
LTES and 349
SeTES and 145
solar energy and 211
sustainable TES and 203
integrated approaches to 219t
LCTs and 205t
Ground source heat pump (GSHP) 217
component specifications and characteristics for 220t
GTEC See Global total energy consumption
H
HDPE See High-density polyethylene
Heat storage capacity 129f
Heat transfer fluid (HTF) 287
CSP and 212t
for high temperature TES 303t
PCM and 287
active LTES and 102
ITES and 111–112
LTES and 84–85
for rock thermal storage 157
control methodologies for 314f
low energy building design and 362–364
LTES and 83
Heuristic control 322
Hexadecane 108
High grade geothermal energy 216–217
High pressure units 371t
High temperature liquids, state of development for 399t
High temperature salts, container materials for 395t
High temperature solids, state of development for 399t
High temperature TES 303t
High temperature thermal storage 37–38
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) 88
Hollow core floor slab, for STES 74
HTF See Heat transfer fluid
HTM See Heat transfer medium
Hybrid control method 315
Hybrid method, for LTES modeling and simulation 248
Hybrid nanocomposite (HyNC) 188
preparation and thermophysical characterization of 190f
Hybrid TES 223
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
sources 8
theoretical and technical potential and availability of 9t
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
HyNC See Hybrid nanocomposite
I
HTM and 111–112
operating cycle of 334
peak load and 317
refrigerants in 334
salvage value for 336
schematic of 335f
systems design for 238–239
test results on 350t
water with 112
IEA See International Energy Agency
India, energy consumption by 3
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) 171t
Instantaneous power 38–39
Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW) 131
Integrated energy storage systems, electrochemical energy storage and 28
International Energy Agency (IEA) 5
IR See Infrared spectroscopy
Iron carbonate 132t
Iron hydroxide 132t
ITES See Ice-thermal energy storage
K
Kinematic viscosity units 372t
KNO3 See Potassium nitrate
L
with LTES 121
for MPCM 101
with salt hydrates 121
for metal alloys 381t
for MPCM 108
for NEPCM 177
for PCM 280t
LCTs and 211–212
nanomaterials in 174–189
analytical/numerical modeling and simulation for 247–256
performance assessment of 89–94
chemical properties for 86
essential aspects of 121t
merits of 123
operation modes for 117t
economic aspects of 86
environment and 121
merits of 122
fabric and 94
fatty acids and 118
GHG and 349
heat storage capacity for 129f
HTM and 84–85
HVAC and 83
merits of 122
kinetic properties for 86
latent heat of enthalpy with 121
encapsulation of 86–89
limitations of 122
merits of 118–122
properties of 86
published data on 393t
paraffins for 118–122
direct impregnation method for 87
double-layered 96
fabric and 97–100
manufacturers of 93t
TES and 97
phase transformation with 121
physics of 83–85
state of development for 399t
cost analysis for 349–352
design for 238–241
economic analyses of 351t
economic feasibility of 349–352
limitations of 123
merits of 122–123
TES and 83
thermal conductivity with 121
thermal load for 89
thermal storage and 122
thermophysical properties for 86
types of 85
Lauric acid 96
Law of conservation of energy 21
LCTs See Low carbon technologies
LCZ See Lower convective zone
Lead-acid batteries 31t
characteristics of 45t
depth of discharge for 42f
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
Leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) 227–232
Length units 369t
LHS See Latent heat storage materials
Li-ion See Lithium-ion batteries
Linear change reset method 322
for solar power plants 363t
for STES 66
thermal properties of 375–395
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
BTM and 323t
classification of 324f
for peak load 319–320
Long-term sensible thermal storage 68–69
Long-term TES, systems design for 241–242
for buildings 362–364
fossil fuels and 204f
sustainable TES and 203–227
Low grade geothermal energy 216–217
Low pressure units 371t
Low temperature thermal storage 37
LTES See Latent thermal energy storage
Lyapunov's stability theory 314
M
Magnesium chloride (MgCl) 73
Magnesium sulfate 132t
Mass flow units 371t
Mass spectroscopy (MS) 171t
Mass units 370t
Material efficiency criteria, ranking for 231f
MC See Methyl cinnamate
Medium temperature thermal storage 37–38
Metal reserves, for EES 43t
Methane 16t
Methanol 17t
Methyl cinnamate (MC) 189
MgCl See Magnesium chloride
Microencapsulated PCM (MPCM) 95
color coatings and 101
comfort cooling and 108
latent heat of enthalpy for 101
latent heat of fusion for 108
phase change characteristics of 109
peak load and 325
MPCM See Microencapsulated PCM
MS See Mass spectroscopy
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 177
N
Na2CO3 See Sodium carbonate
NaCl See Sodium chloride
latent heat of fusion for 177
preparation and characterization of 184t
Nanofluids, thermal conductivity for 283f
Nanomaterials 163–202
absorption of 191
adsorption of 174
classification of 165f
dimensionality classification of 168f
environment and 191
Gleiter's classification schema for 167f
global production of 165t
impact of 164t
in LHS 174–189
mainstream synthesizing methods for 169t
manufacturing strategies for 166f
merits of 189–191
in PCM 174–189
evaluation of thermal storage properties 175–189
thermal conductivity for 180t
physicochemical characteristics of 175t
preparation and characterization of 163–167
safety with 191
thermal conductivity for 187t
thermal storage of 189
NaOH See Sodium hydroxide
NaS See Sodium sulfur batteries
reserves of 2f
for solar hydrogen production 35
units and conversion factors for 367t
value-added management for 16t
NbTi See Niobiumtitane
NCZ See Nonconvective zone
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) 171t
NEPCM See Nanoencapsulated PCM
Net zero emissions 3
NH4NO3 See Ammonium nitrate
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
Nickel-based batteries 31t
Niobiumtitane (NbTi) 33
NMR See Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear energy 9
reserves of 2f
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 171t
Nuclear power, CAES and 27
Nuclear power plants, decommissioning of 9
O
units and conversion factors for 367t
value-added management for 16t
On/Off control See Classical control method
Open loop system, for ATES 146
Open-loop controllers 312
Optimal control 325
algorithm classification for 331t
phases of 329t
problem classification for 330t
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 22
bio-batteries and 36
hydrogen-based fuel cells and 34
P
P116 97
for PCM 264t
for TES systems 264t
Packing factor, with STES 69
for LTES 118–122
PCM and 297t
Particle swarm optimization 325
Passive solar energy 229t
Payback period, multiobjective optimization and 337
PCM See Phase change materials
PCM-TES See Phase change materials thermal energy storage
Peak load (peak demand) 311
BTM and 319–320
discharging control for 320
for electrical energy 21
feedback control and 321
load shifting for 319–320
management of 318f
minimization of 319
MPC and 325
PHS for 25
PID and 321
sustainable TES and 211
TermoDeck and 74
TES and 59
systems 317
wind-thermal-cold energy storage and 222
PEG See Polyethylene glycol
reserves of 2f
Petroleum products, units and conversion factors for 367t
Phase change materials (PCM) 60, 61 See also Chilled water-PCM cool TES; Microencapsulated PCM; Nanoencapsulated PCM
cylindrical geometry for 262t
exergy and 291t
fatty acid esters and 297t
fatty acids and 297t
finned surface models for 263t
HTF and 287
inorganic substances for 379t
latent heat of fusion for 280t
direct impregnation method for 87
double-layered 96
fabric and 97–100
manufacturers of 93t
TES and 97
mathematical models for 252t
analysis of 261–266
nanomaterials in 174–189
evaluation of thermal storage properties 175–189
thermal conductivity for 180t
latent heat of fusion for 177
preparation and characterization of 184t
organic substances for 382t
packed bed models for 264t
paraffins and 297t
parameters for 399t
peak load and 317
physical factors in 249t
porous and fibrous material models for 265t
rectangular geometry for 260t
for residential applications 377t
salt hydrates and 297t
analysis of 261–266
slurry models for 265t
for solar power plants 363t
spherical geometry for 262t
state of development for 399t
thermal conductivity for 280
Phase change materials thermal energy storage (PCM-TES) 85
PHS See Pumped hydro energy storage
Piller's POWERBRIDGE 24
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 96
growth of 8
Porous and fibrous material models 265t
for TES systems 265t
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 73
Power supply, for TES systems 316
Power-transfer chain 38–39
Pressurized water system 243
from developed country buildings 11
TermoDeck and 74
Priority-based control strategy 322
Proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) 311
classical control method and 313
FLC and 315
peak load and 321
PSB See Polysulphide bromide batteries
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
Q
R
RADCOOL 257t
Raman scattering (RS) 171t
Rectangular geometry, for TES systems 260t
Redox flow batteries 29
in GSHP 220t
value-added management for 18t
from bio-batteries 36
challenges of 230t
by developed countries 3
energy efficiency and 13
energy storage for 21
long-term STES and 68–69
SeTES and 145
short-term sensible thermal storage and 67
strengths of 230t
value-added management for 17t
versatile types of 229t
Response time, energy storage and 38
Rock mines, for CAES 27
Roof pond thermal storage 157–158
RS See Raman scattering
S
SA See Semi-analytical
high temperature, container materials for 395t
for solar pond/lake STES 73
Salt caverns, for CAES 27
latent heat of enthalpy with 121
PCM and 297t
Salvage value, for ITES 336
SAXS See Small-angle X-ray scattering
SBS See Styrene-butadiene-styrene
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 171t
Sea water thermal storage 156–157
Seasonal thermal energy storage (SeTES) 145–162
BTES and 150–151
COP for 149
cost analysis for 352–355
design specifications of 353t
economic analysis of 355t
expense of 355
installation cost of 353
limitations of 149
expense of 355
CO2 and 352–353
comparison of storage concepts 155t
cost analysis for 352–355
earth-to-air thermal storage 155–156
energy management with 145
energy piles thermal storage 156
GHG and 145
investment costs for 356f
major project reviews 159t
renewable energy and 145
roof pond thermal storage 157–158
sea water thermal storage 156–157
state of development for 399t
technologies for 145–158
Second law of efficiency of thermal system 286
Second law of thermodynamics, exergy and 281
bio-batteries and 36
by flywheels 25
with STES 69
solid storage materials 66
by supercapacitors 33
SEM See Scanning electron microscope
Semi-analytical (SA) 320–321
buildings and 73–75
with electric heating system 75
embedded coil elements with 75
energy density with 68f
glazing and 76
heat storage capacity for 129f
liquid storage materials for 66
long-term 68–69
materials for 65–66
properties of 69
published data on 392t
technical specifications of 80t
parameters for 399t
selection of materials and methodology 66–69
short-term 67
solid storage materials for 65–66
state of development for 399t
systems design for 237–238
technologies 69–77
thermal conductivity of 359
Sensor, in TES system controller 312
SERS See Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
SeTES See Seasonal thermal energy storage
Short-term sensible thermal storage 67
economic feasibility of 399t
Short-term TES, systems design for 242
Short-term thermal storage in piping systems, systems design for 242–243
Silicon oxide 132t
SIP See Structurally insulated panel
for PCM 265t
for TES systems 265t
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 171t
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) 73
Sodium chloride (NaCl) 73
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 135–136
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
schematic for 29f
Soft control method 315
active 229t
GHG and 211
passive solar energy 229t
reserves of 2f
short-term sensible thermal storage and 67
Solar houses, in Turkey 301t
CAES and 27
status of 214t
theoretical and technical potential and availability of 9t
high temperature thermal storage in 37–38
storage media for 363t
Solar thermal facilities, installations with 401t
for solar power plants 363t
for STES 65–66
thermal properties of 375–395
classification of 128f
water and 128
Speed units 371t
for PCM 262t
for TES systems 262t
Step change reset strategy 322
STES See Sensible thermal energy storage
STM See Scanning tunneling microscopy
for energy 38
of ITES 85
of PCM-TES 85
for heat 129f
for STES 69
Storage-priority control 324
Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) 88
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
Supercooling, for LTES 86
PCM 88
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) 171t
Sustainable buildings 228
Sustainable development, exergy and 283
CHP thermal storage 223–227
geothermal energy storage 216–222
GHG and 203
hybrid TES 223
LCTs 204–216
LEED and 227–232
low energy thermal storage and 203–227
performance indicators for 228t
wind-thermal-cold energy storage 222–223
examples of 241–244
for ITES 238–239
for long-term TES 241–242
for LTES 238–241
for pressurized water system 243
for short-term TES 242
for short-term thermal storage in piping systems 242–243
for STES 237–238
for TES 237–245
for waste heat recovery 244
T
TA See Thermal analysis
TCA See Thermochemical accumulator
TCES See Thermochemical energy storage
TCU See Thermal containment unit
TEM See Transmission electron microscopy
Temperature conversion formulas 372t
TermoDeck 74
TERS See Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
TES See Thermal energy storage
TGA See Thermogravimetric analysis
for high temperature STES 79f
for nanofluids 283f
for nanomaterials 187t
for nanotechnology PCM 180t
for PCM 280
for TCES materials 130
for UTES 155
aspects of 58–59
in buildings 59
cost analysis for 349–355
economic and societal prospects for 347–357
economic feasibility of 349–355
energy redistribution with 59
GHG and 279
LTES and 83
PCM and 97
nanomaterials and 163–202
absorption of 191
adsorption and 174
classification of 165f
dimensionality classification of 168f
environment and 191
Gleiter's classification schema for 167f
global production of 165t
impact of 164t
in latent heat storage materials 174–189
mainstream synthesizing methods for 169t
manufacturing strategies for 166f
merits of 189–191
physicochemical characteristics of 175t
preparation and characterization of 163–167
safety with 191
thermal conductivity for 187t
thermal storage of 189
need for 59
parametric and cost comparison of 399-400
state of development for 399t
suitable material couples for 390t
exergy efficiencies and 334
analytical/numerical modeling and simulation for 247–256
applications of 359–366
case studies of 292t
characteristics and comparison of 302t
commissioning of 347–349
control and optimization of 311–346
cost of two-tank system 400t
cylindrical geometry for 262t
design rules of thumb for 397-398
energy and 281–290
exergy and 281–290
finned surface models for 263t
futuristic development of 364–365
installations with 401-404
packed bed models for 264t
peak load and 317
porous and fibrous material models for 265t
power supply for 316
rectangular geometry for 260t
research studies on 297t
slurry models for 265t
societal implications of 356–357
spherical geometry for 262t
thermoeconomic optimization for 330–336
systems design for 237–245
technologies for 57–64
types of 60–62
for high temperature STES 79f
with STES 69
Thermal load 59
for LTES 89
for buildings 362–364
fossil fuels and 204f
sustainable TES and 203–227
LTES and 122
of nanomaterials 189
Thermoacoustimetry 281t
heat storage capacity for 129f
materials 128–130
absorption and 130
adsorption and 130
carbon footprint with 130
environment and 130
thermal conductivity for 130
phenomena of 127–128
principles of 128–130
state of development for 399t
systems 130–142
Thermoeconomic optimization, for TES systems 330–336
Thermoelectrometry 281t
Thermomagnetometry 281t
Thermomanometry 281t
Thermomechanometry 281t
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) 171t
Torque units 372t
Transducers, for energy storage 22
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 171t
Trireforming 17t
Trombe walls 100
Turkey, solar houses in 301t
TWy See Terawatt-years
U
UCG See Underground coal gasification
UCV See Upper convective zone
Underground coal gasification (UCG), value-added management for 16t
BTES and 150–151
COP for 149
cost analysis for 352–355
design specifications of 353t
economic analysis of 355t
expense of 355
installation cost of 353
limitations of 149
expense of 355
energy piles thermal storage 156
state of development for 399t
thermal conductivity of 155
Uninterruptible power supply, flywheels for 24
United States, WMEC and 5
Units, conversion factors and 367-373
area units 369t
density units 370t
dynamic viscosity units 372t
for heat contents 367t
high pressure units 371t
kinematic viscosity units 372t
length units 369t
low pressure units 371t
mass flow units 371t
mass units 370t
multiples and submultiples of 368t
speed units 371t
torque units 372t
volumetric gas flow units 370t
volumetric liquid flow units 370t
Uranium 2f
Urea 73
UTES See Underground thermal energy storage
V
Value-added energy management 13
for CO2 18t
for fossil fuels 16t
for renewable energy 17t
energy efficiency of 30
Volume units 369t
Volumetric gas flow units 370t
Volumetric liquid flow units 370t
VRB See Vanadium redox battery
W
WA See Weighted-averaging
Waste heat recovery, systems design for 244
Water See also Aquifer thermal energy storage
essential aspects of 121t
merits of 123
operation modes for 117t
ECWSHP 217
with ITES 112
pressurized water system 243
sea water thermal storage 156–157
sorption storage and 128
Weighted-averaging (WA) 320–321
Weighted-sum approach, for TES system optimization 329
Whole building simulation program 256
reserves of 2f
CAES and 27
LCTs and 205t
theoretical and technical potential and availability of 9t
X
X-ray diffraction (XRD) 171t
Z
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
Zn-air batteries 28
characteristics of 45t
operation and maintenance costs of 43t
ZnBr See Zinc bromine battery
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