NOTES

Introduction

1. James Gleick, The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood (Pantheon, 2011), 8.

2. Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (Random House, 1970), 355.

3. Bertram M. Gross, The Managing of Organizations (The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964).

4. Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Google Dominates Thanks to an Unrivaled View of the Web,” New York Times, December 14, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/technology/how-google-dominates.html; and https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.

5. Information from figures in Dylan Tweney, “Here Comes the Zettabyte Age,” Wired, April 30, 2010, https://www.wired.com/2010/04/here-comes-the-zettabyte-age/; and UNCTAD, Digital Economy Report 2021, August 2021, 17, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/der2021_en.pdf.

6. Author’s calculations.

7. Rani Molla, “Tech Companies Tried to Help Us Spend Less Time on Our Phones. It Didn’t Work,” Vox, January 6, 2020, https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/1/6/21048116/tech-companies-time-well-spent-mobile-phone-usage-data.

8. Andrew Perrin and Sara Atske, “About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Say They Are ‘Almost Constantly’ Online,” Pew Research Center, March 26, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/26/about-three-in-ten-u-s-adults-say-they-are-almost-constantly-online/.

9. Jeffrey Gottfried, “Americans’ News Fatigue Isn’t Going Away—About Two-Thirds Still Feel Worn Out,” Pew Research Center, February 26, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/02/26/almost-seven-in-ten-americans-have-news-fatigue-more-among-republicans/.

10. Carl Sagan, “The Burden of Skeptisicm,” Skeptical Inquirer 12, Fall 1987, https://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/sagan-skeptism.pdf.

11. Iain McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World (Yale University Press, 2012).

Chapter 1

1. Yuval Noah Harari, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (Random House, 2018), ix.

2. Andrew Sih, “Optimal Behavior: Can Foragers Balance Two Conflicting Demands?” Science 210 (4473), 1041–1043, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.210.4473.1041.

3. Peter Pirolli and Stuart Card, “Information Foraging in Information Access Environments,” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems—CHI ’95, May 1995, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1145/223904.223911.

4. OECD, Obesity Update 2017, https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Obesity-Update-2017.pdf.

5. Herminia Ibarra, Working Identity (Harvard Business Review Press, 2004), 96.

6. Original source unknown; taken from Brené Brown, Braving the Wilderness: The Quest for True Belonging and the Courage to Stand Alone (Random House, 2017), 40.

7. Tim Ferriss (host), “Jacqueline Novogratz on Building Acumen, How to (Actually) Change the World, Speaking Your Truth, and the Incredible Power of ‘Dumb’ Questions (#512),” The Tim Ferriss Show, May 3, 2021, https://tim.blog/2021/05/04/jacqueline-novogratz/; and “Interview: Building a World Based on Dignity,” Leaders 44, no. 3 (July, August, September 2021), 110–112, http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2021.3_Jul/ROB/LEADERS-Jacqueline-Novogratz-Acumen.html.

8. “Jacqueline Novogratz - Gettysburg College Commencement 2012,” YouTube, Gettysburg College channel, 7:29, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSAxFpfodZ8.

9. Jonathan M. Spector, Rosemary S. Harrison, and Mark C. Fishman, “Fundamental Science Behind Today’s Important Medicines,” Science Translational Medicine 10, no. 438, https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1787.

10. Alyson Shontell, “A Hot-Shot Magazine Editor and a Tijuana Teenager Met Online and Made $5 Million Building Drones,” Business Insider, December 13, 2014, https://www.businessinsider.com/how-3d-robotics-founders-chris-anderson-and-jordi-munoz-met-2014-12.

11. Regan Morris, “The Mexican Immigrant Who Set up a Global Drone Firm,” BBC, February 23, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-31356080.

12. Patrick Collison, “Bookshelf,” Patrick Collison (website), https://patrickcollison.com/bookshelf.

13. Robert Greene (@robertgreene), “The future belongs to those who learn more skills and combine them in creative ways.” Twitter, August 15, 2018, https://twitter.com/robertgreene/status/1029444554783698946.

14. Ashlee Vance, “This Tech Bubble Is Different,” Bloomberg Businessweek, April 14, 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-04-14/this-tech-bubble-is-different.

15. Cayla Sharp and Angelica Pan, “Jeff Hammerbacher—From Data Science to Biomedicine,” Gradient Dissident, https://wandb.ai/wandb_fc/gradient-dissent/reports/Jeff-Hammerbacher-From-data-science-to-biomedicine--Vmlldzo4NjQzMzk.

16. Marshall McLuhan, The Medium Is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects (Gingko Press, 2001), 70.

17. Alain de Botton, “How to Stop News from Ruining Our Lives,” CNN, March 7, 2014, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/07/opinion/news-ruins-lives-opinion/index.html.

18. Thomas Baekdel (@baekdal), “I will try to write a more detailed article about this, but the more you look at this, the more you realize that the way we do news today is seriously harmful to people’s mental health.” Twitter, September 29, 2021, https://twitter.com/baekdal/status/1443098699501084674.

19. Chris Dancy, Don’t Unplug: How Technology Saved My Life and Can Save Yours (St. Martin’s Press, 2018), 155–172, 243.

20. Lydia Moynihan, “Goldman CEO Defends DJ’ing Habit, Admits Barry Manilow a ‘Guilty Pleasure’,” New York Post, December 3, 2021, https://nypost.com/2021/12/03/goldman-ceo-defends-djing-habit-admits-barry-manilow-a-guilty-pleasure/.

Chapter 2

1. M. McLuhan, Counterblast (McClelland and Stewart, 1969), 132.

2. Ross Dawson, host, “Jerry Michalski on Collecting, Connecting, and Curating Two Decades Worth of Information (Ep5),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), https://thrivingonoverload.com/jerry-michalski-on-collecting-connecting-and-curating-two-decades-worth-of-information-ep5/.

3. Max Chafkin, “The Oracle of Silicon Valley,” Inc., May 1, 2010, https://www.inc.com/magazine/20100501/the-oracle-of-silicon-valley.html.

4. Tim O’Reilly, WTF: What’s the Future and Why It’s Up to Us (Harper Business, October 2017), 3.

5. Ross Dawson, host, “Tim O’Reilly on Noticing Things Other People Don’t Notice, the Value of Soft Focus, Framing Open Source and Web 2.0, and Patience in Building Narratives (Ep1),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), December 13, 2021, https://thrivingonoverload.com/tim-oreilly-noticing-soft-focus-open-source-web-2-0/.

6. O’Reilly, Thriving on Overload.

7. O’Reilly, WTF, 35.

8. Ross Dawson, Developing Knowledge-Based Client Relationships, 2nd ed. (Butterworth Heinemann, 2005), 16.

9. Herbert A. Simon, Models of My Life (MIT Press Academic, 1996), 5.

10. Simon, Models of My Life, 55–56.

11. Anders Ericsson, Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise (HarperOne, 2016), loc. 1941 of 6116, Kindle.

12. Ericsson, Peak, loc. 1215 of 6116, Kindle.

13. See Logan Fiorella and Richard E. Mayer, “Spontaneous Spatial Strategy Use in Learning from Scientific Text,” Contemporary Educational Psychology 49, April 2017: 66–79; and Chei-Chang Chiou, “The Effect of Concept Mapping on Students’ Learning Achievements and Interests,” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 45, no. 4 (2008).

14. The terms “data visualization” and “information visualization” are often used interchangeably. The latter tends to refer to more sophisticated representations, often explicitly supporting decisions.

15. Ross Dawson (host), “Gary Swart on Achieving Balance, Prioritization Factors, Filtering by Relationships, and Using Frameworks (Ep15),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), https://thrivingonoverload.com/gary-swart-achieving-balance-prioritization-factors-filtering-relationships-using-frameworks-ep15/.

16. Elon Musk, “Ask Me Anything (AMA),” Reddit, January 5, 2015, https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2rgsan/i_am_elon_musk_ceocto_of_a_rocket_company_ama/.

17. Emma Sinclair, “The First Female Grads of Harvard Business School Led the Way for All of Us,” The Telegraph, May 17, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20130315040551/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-business/9925405/The-first-female-grads-of-Harvard-Business-School-led-the-way-for-all-of-us.html.

18. Barbara Minto, The Minto Pyramid Principle: Logic in Thinking and Writing (Minto International, 1996), 9.

19. George A. Miller, “The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information,” Psychological Review 63 (1956), 91–97.

20. William G. Chase and Herbert A. Simon, “Perception in Chess,” Cognitive Psychology 4, no. 1 (January 1973), 55–81.

21. Douglas Hofstadter, Gödel Escher Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid (Basic Books, 1979).

22. Thomas Lask, “Publishing: A Heavy Price for a Heavy Book,” New York Times, October 5, 1979, Section C, p. 30, https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/05/archives/publishing-a-heavy-price-for-a-heavy-book.html.

23. Tony Buzan with Barry Buzan, The Mind Map Book: Radiant Thinking; The Major Development in Human Thought, rev. ed. (BBC Books, 1995).

24. Albert-László Barabási, Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life (Plume, 2003).

25. The Human Connectome Project is one of the primary projects in this space. The underlying thinking has been well expressed by one of the project’s founders in Olaf Sporns, Networks of the Brain (MIT Press, 2010).

26. Carla A. Shatz, “The Developing Brain,” Scientific American 267, no. 3, Special Issue: Mind and Brain (September 1992), 60–67, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24939213.

27. George Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1990).

28. David Weinberger, Everything Is Miscellaneous: The Power of the New Digital Disorder (Henry Holt & Company, 2007).

29. Tim Berners-Lee, Information Management: A Proposal, March 1989, May 1990, http://cds.cern.ch/record/369245/files/dd-89-001.pdf.

30. See John Hagel III, John Seely Brown, and Lang Davison, “The New Organization Model: Learning at Scale,” Harvard Business Review, March 11, 2009; and John Hagel III and John Seely Brown, “Great Businesses Scale Their Learning, Not Just Their Operations,” Harvard Business Review, June 7, 2017.

31. Lawrence M. Fisher, “The Prophet of Unintended Consequences,” Strategy+Business, no. 40, August 26, 2005, https://www.strategy-business.com/article/05308.

32. “Timeline of Instagram,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Instagram.

33. Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon (Little Brown, 2013), 82; diagram structure retrieved from https://jobs-us-east.amazon.com/en/landing_pages/about-amazon.

34. Brenda Barbosa, “Billionaire Richard Branson Does This at Every Meeting. Here’s Why You Should Do It Too,” Inc., June 9, 2017, https://www.inc.com/brenda-barbosa/the-habit-billionaire-richard-branson-swears-by-and-how-you-can-cultivate-it-to.html.

35. Rudolf Stichweh, “Luhmann, Niklas (1927–98),” International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., 2015: 382–389, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.61080-2.

36. Staffan Müller-Wille and Isabelle Charmantier, “Natural History and Information Overload: The Case of Linnaeus,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43, no. 1, (March 2012), 4–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.10.021.

37. R. U. Sirius, “The Psychedelic Inspiration for Hypercard,” Mondo 2000, http://www.mondo2000.com/2018/06/18/the-inspiration-for-hypercard/.

38. Brad Feld, “Roam: My New Favorite Software Product,” Brad Feld (blog), November 2, 2020, https://feld.com/archives/2020/11/roam-my-new-favorite-software-product/.

39. John F. Nestojko, Dung C. Bui, Nate Kornell, and Elizabeth Ligon Bjork, “Expecting to Teach Enhances Learning and Organization of Knowledge in Free Recall of Text Passages,” Memory & Cognition 42, May 21, 2014, 1038–1048, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-014-0416-z.

40. Warren Buffett, Whitney Tilson (ed.), “Three Lectures by Warren Buffett to Notre Dame Faculty, MBA Students and Undergraduate Students,” Spring 1991,23, http://www.tilsonfunds.com/BuffettNotreDame.pdf.

41. Paul Graham, “The Age of the Essay,” Paul Graham (blog), http://www.paulgraham.com/essay.html.

42. Jessica Stillman, “The Return of Writing,” Inc., December 7, 2012, https://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/the-return-of-writing.html.

43. This oft-quoted phrase was apparently originally stated by Danish politician Karl Kristian Steincke. See “It’s Difficult to Make Predictions, Especially About the Future,” Quote Investigator, October 20, 2013, https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/10/20/no-predict/.

44. Catalin V. Buhusi, Sorinel A. Oprisan, and Mona Buhusi, “Biological and Cognitive Frameworks for a Mental Timeline,” Frontiers in Neuroscience, June 11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00377.

45. Ross Dawson, “Further Explanation and Answers to 6 Questions on the Newspaper Extinction Timeline After One Million Views,” Ross Dawson (blog), November 18, 2010, https://rossdawson.com/further_explana/.

46. 24:7 “Ross Dawson,” Australian Financial Review BOSS magazine, December 2013.

47. Ross Dawson, “Review of the Newspaper Extinction Timeline: What We Got Wrong and the Future of News from Here,” Ross Dawson (blog), December 15, 2017, https://rossdawson.com/review-newspaper-extinction-timeline-got-wrong-future-news/.

48. Personal conversation.

49. Paul J.H. Schoemaker, George S. Day, and Scott A. Snyder, “Integrating Organizational Networks, Weak Signals, Strategic Radars and Scenario Planning,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 80, no. 4: 815–824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.10.020.

50. All my public visual frameworks are available at https://rossdawson.com/frameworks.

51. High-resolution color version available at https://rossdawson.com/frameworks/humans-in-the-future-of-work/.

52. Ross Dawson, “Future of Media Strategic Framework,” Ross Dawson, June 8, 2006, https://rossdawson.com/frameworks/future-of-media-framework/.

Chapter 3

1. Sagan, “The Burden of Skepticism.”

2. Jimmy Soni and Rob Goodman, “A Man in a Hurry: Claude Shannon’s New York Years” IEEE Spectrum, July 12, 2017, https://spectrum.ieee.org/a-man-in-a-hurry-claude-shannons-new-york-years.

3. Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder (Random House, 2012), 126.

4. Brad Feld, “Signal vs. Noise,” Brad Feld (blog), February 27, 2011, https://feld.com/archives/2011/02/signal-vs-noise/.

5. These oft-quoted (though not necessarily accurate) figures originate from Tor Nørretranders, The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size (Penguin Book, 1999).

6. Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception (Chatto & Windus, 1954), 6.

7. Elif Isbell, Courtney Stevens, Eric Pakulak, Amanda Hampton Wray, Theodore A. Bell, and Helen J. Neville, “Neuroplasticity of Selective Attention,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 2017, 114 (35), 9247–9254, https://doi.org10.1073/pnas.1707241114.

8. From the screenplay by Marguerite Duras for the classic film Hiroshima, Mon Amour, Alain Resnais, dir., 1959.

9. Karl-Erik Sveiby, “Transfer of Knowledge and the Information Processing Profession,” European Management Journal, August 1996, 14 (4), 379–388, https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-2373(96)00025-4.

10. Elroy Boers, Mohammad H. Afzali, Nicola Newton, and Patricia Conrod, “Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence,” JAMA Pediatrics, 2019, 173 (9), 853–859, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1759.

11. Tiger Webb, “ ‘Doomscrolling’ and ‘Rona’ Top Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year Picks,” ABC News, November 30, 2020, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-30/macquarie-dictionary-word-of-the-year-doomscrolling-rona/12928010.

12. Cass R. Sunstein and Richard Thaler, “The Two Friends Who Changed How We Think About How We Think,” New Yorker, December 7, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-two-friends-who-changed-how-we-think-about-how-we-think.

13. Daniel Kahnemann, Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 28.

14. Cade Metz, “Silicon Valley’s Safe Space,” New York Times, February 13, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/13/technology/slate-star-codex-rationalists.html.

15. Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner, Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction (Crown, 2010), 171.

16. John Kounios and Mark Beeman, The Eureka Factor: AHA Moments, Creative Insight, and the Brain (Random House, 2015), 41–42.

17. Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Bed of Procrustes: Philosophical and Practical Aphorisms (Random House, 2010), 21.

18. Peter Kelley, “After Much Media Attention, UW Information School’s ‘Calling BS’ Class Begins,” UW News, March 28, 2017, https://www.washington.edu/news/2017/03/28/after-much-media-attention-uw-information-schools-calling-bs-class-begins/.

19. Carl T. Bergstrom and Jevin D. West, Calling Bullshit: The Art of Scepticism in a Data-Driven World (Allen Lane, 2020).

20. Retrieved from http://retractiondatabase.org/.

21. I can find no verified source for these oft-quoted words; however, the attitude and thinking that underlies this sentiment can be found in Gregory Bateson, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity (E.P Dutton, 1979), 65–88.

22. Ross Dawson, “List of the World’s Top Female Futurists,” RossDawson.com, https://rossdawson.com/list-of-the-worlds-top-female-futurists/.

23. Homero Gil de Zúñiga, Brian Weeks, and Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu, “Effects of the News-Finds-Me Perception in Communication: Social Media Use Implications for News Seeking and Learning About Politics,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 22, no. 3 (May 1, 2017), 105–123, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12185.

24. Ross Dawson, host, “Tim O’Reilly on Noticing Things Other People Don’t Notice, the Value of Soft Focus, Framing Open Source and Web 2.0, and Patience in Building Narratives (Ep1),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), December 13, 2021, https://thrivingonoverload.com/tim-oreilly-noticing-soft-focus-open-source-web-2-0/.

25. Elisa Shearer, “More Than Eight-in-Ten Americans Get News from Digital Devices,” Pew Research Center, January 12, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/12/more-than-eight-in-ten-americans-get-news-from-digital-devices/.

26. Shane Parrish (host), “Josh Wolfe: Inventing the Future,” The Knowledge Project (podcast), Ep.50, https://fs.blog/knowledge-podcast/josh-wolfe/.

27. Ross Dawson (host), “R ‘Ray’ Wang on Constant Curation, Learning from Private Networks, Finding Temporal Patterns, and Seeing the Impact of Trends (Ep11),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), https://thrivingonoverload.com/ray-wang-constant-curation-learning-private-networks-temporal-patterns-seeing-impact-trends-ep11/.

28. Fred Wilson, “Prioritizing Content Consumption,” AVC, February 20, 2018, https://avc.com/2018/02/prioritizing-content-consumption/.

29. Scott Rosenberg, Say Everything: How Blogging Began, What It’s Becoming, and Why It Matters (Three Rivers Press, 2010), 50.

30. Eric Nuzum, “The Story of the First Podcast Feed,” Podnews, January 20, 2021, https://podnews.net/article/first-podcast-feed-history.

31. Ross Dawson (host), “Robert Scoble on How to Find the Latest News, How to Use Twitter for Insight, Finding the 20 People You Need to Follow, and the Value of Conversations (Ep6),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), https://thrivingonoverload.com/robert-scoble-on-how-to-find-the-latest-news-how-to-use-twitter-for-insight-finding-the-20-people-you-need-to-follow-and-the-value-of-conversations-ep6/.

32. Ross Dawson (host), “Harold Jarche on Personal Knowledge Mastery, the Seek, Sense, and Share Framework; Networked Learning, and Finding Different Perspectives (Ep9),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), https://thrivingonoverload.com/harold-jarche-personal-knowledge-mastery-seek-sense-share-framework-networked-learning/.

33. Ross Dawson (host), “Marshall Kirkpatrick on Source Selection, Connecting Ideas, Diverse Thinking, and Enabling Serendipity (Ep14),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), https://thrivingonoverload.com/marshall-kirkpatrick-source-selection-connecting-ideas-diverse-thinking-enabling-serendipity-ep14/.

34. Ross Dawson (host), “Leslie Shannon on Finding Nuggets, Storytelling for Synthesis, the Five Fs of Sensemaking, and Visual Filing (Ep7),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), https://thrivingonoverload.com/leslie-shannon-storytelling-synthesis-sensemaking-ep7/.

35. Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura, “What’s Next for Humanity: Automation, New Morality and a ‘Global Useless Class’,” New York Times, March 29, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/world/europe/yuval-noah-harari-future-tech.html.

36. Amy Mitchell, Mark Jurkowitz, J. Baxter Oliphant, and Elisa Shearer, “Americans Who Mainly Get Their News on Social Media,” Pew Research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2020/07/30/americans-who-mainly-get-their-news-on-social-media-are-less-engaged-less-knowledgeable/.

37. David Ingram, “Emoji Reactions Were a Cute Addition to Facebook. They Became a Headache,” NBC News, October 28, 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/emoji-reactions-cute-addition-facebook-became-headache-rcna3747.

38. Charlie Warzel, “Meet the Man Whose Site Mark Zuckerberg Reads Every Day,” CNBC, March 22, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/22/meet-the-man-whose-site-mark-zuckerberg-reads-every-day.html.

39. Noah Brier, “The Monday Media Diet with Taylor Lorenz,” Why Is This Interesting? (substack), February 17, 2020, https://whyisthisinteresting.substack.com/p/why-is-this-interesting-the-monday-e36.

40. Susanne Dietrich, Ingo Hertrich, and Hermann Ackermann, “Training of Ultra-Fast Speech Comprehension Induces Functional Reorganization of the Central-Visual System in Late-Blind Humans,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (October 23, 2013), 701, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00701.

41. Jim Milliot, “Print Books Had a Huge Sales Year in 2021,” Publishers Weekly, January 6, 2022, https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/financial-reporting/article/88225-print-book-sales-rose-8-9-in-2021.html.

42. David M. Sanbonmatsu, David L. Strayer, Nathan Medeiros-Ward, and Jason M. Watson “Who Multi-Tasks and Why? Multi-Tasking Ability, Perceived Multi-Tasking Ability, Impulsivity, and Sensation Seeking” PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054402.

43. Tim Ferriss (host), “Maria Popova on Writing, Workflow, and Workarounds (#39),” The Tim Ferriss Show (podcast), https://tim.blog/2014/10/21/brain-pickings/.

44. Shane Parrish (host), “Marc Andreessen: Interview with an Icon,” The Knowledge Project (podcast), Episode #129, https://fs.blog/knowledge-podcast/marc-andreessen/.

45. Shane Parrish (host), “When to Trust Your Gut: Michael Mauboussin on Intuition, Technology, and Making Better Decisions,” The Knowledge Project (podcast), Episode #1, https://fs.blog/knowledge-podcast/michael-mauboussin/.

46. Richard Saul Wurman, Information Anxiety (Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1989), 5.

47. Richard Koch and Greg Lockwood, Superconnect: How the Best Connections in Business and Life Are the Ones You Least Expect (Abacus, 2010).

48. Alex Williams, “On the Tip of Creative Tongues,” New York Times, October 2, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/04/fashion/04curate.html.

49. Ross Dawson, Living Networks: Leading Your Company, Customers, and Partners in the Hyper-Connected Economy (Financial Times/ Prentice Hall, 2002), v.

50. Ross Dawson, “If You Help Bring the Networks to Life . . . You Will Create Success for Yourself,” Ross Dawson (blog), August 4, 2021, https://rossdawson.com/if-you-help-bring-the-networks-to-life-you-will-create-success-for-yourself/.

51. Cal Newport, Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World (Grand Central Publishing, 2016), 246.

Chapter 4

1. Oliver Burkeman, Four Thousand Weeks: Time Management for Mortals (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021), 61.

2. Trevor Wheelwright, “Cell Phone Behavior in 2021: How Obsessed Are We?” Reviews.org, April 21, 2021, https://www.reviews.org/mobile/cell-phone-addiction/.

3. See Eyal Ophir, Clifford Nass, and Anthony D. Wagner, “Cognitive Control in Media Multitaskers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 37 (2009): 15583–87, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903620106; and David M. Sanbonmatsu, David L. Strayer, Nathan Medeiros-Ward, and Jason M. Watson, “Who Multi-Tasks and Why? Multi-Tasking Ability, Perceived Multi-Tasking Ability, Impulsivity, and Sensation Seeking,” PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054402.

4. Tim Ferriss (host), “Dr. Martine Rothblatt—A Masterclass on Asking Better Questions and Peering into the Future (#487),” The Tim Ferriss Show (podcast), December 16, 2020, https://tim.blog/2020/12/16/martine-rothblatt/.

5. Famous Speed Readers, Iris, May 7, 2008, https://irisreading.com/famous-speed-readers/.

6. Famous Speed Readers, Iris.

7. Nir Eyal, Thriving on Overload; Marina Gorbis, The Tim Ferriss Show.

8. Alex Barker, “The Surprising ‘Superpower’ Billionaires Want That You May Already Have,” Entrepreneur, July 27, 2015, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/247434.

9. Marcus E. Raichle and Abraham Z. Snyder, “A Default Mode of Brain Function: A Brief History of an Evolving Idea,” NeuroImage 37, no. 4 (2007): 1083–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.041.

10. Jeff Weiner, “The Importance of Scheduling Nothing,” LinkedIn, April 14, 2013, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20130403215758-22330283-the-importance-of-scheduling-nothing/.

11. Tim Ferris (host), “Michael Lewis—Inside the Mind of the Iconic Writer (#427),” The Tim Ferris Show (podcast), May 14, 2020, https://tim.blog/2020/05/14/michael-lewis-transcript/.

12. Nick Douglas, “I’m Quantitative Futurist Amy Webb, and This Is How I Work,” Lifehacker, July 25, 2018, https://lifehacker.com/im-quantitative-futurist-amy-webb-and-this-is-how-i-wo-1826957435.

13. Jessica Wapner, “Vision and Breathing May Be the Secrets to Surviving 2020,” Scientific American, November 16, 2020, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/vision-and-breathing-may-be-the-secrets-to-surviving-2020/.

14. Ezra Wegbreit, Satoru Suzuki, Marcia Grabowecky, John Kounios, and Mark Beeman, “Visual Attention Modulates Insight Versus Analytic Solving of Verbal Problems,” Journal of Problem Solving, 4, no. 2 (2012), 94–115, https://doi.org/10.7771/1932-6246.1127.

15. John Ezard, “Serendipity Is Our Favourite Word,” The Guardian, September 19, 2000, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/sep/19/books.booksnews.

16. Ross Dawson, “Creating Enhanced Serendipity,” Ross Dawson (blog), https://rossdawson.com/creating_enhanc/.

17. Shane Parrish (host), “Sanjay Bakshi: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Learning,” The Knowledge Project (podcast), Ep. #3, https://fs.blog/knowledge-podcast/sanjay-bakshi/.

18. Rebecca A. Clay, “Green Is Good for You,” American Psychological Association 32, no. 4 (April 2001), https://www.apa.org/monitor/apr01/greengood.html.

19. Stephen Kaplan, “The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward an Integrative Framework,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15, no. 3 (1995), 169–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2.

20. Stephen Kaplan and Marc G. Berman, “Directed Attention as a Common Resource for Executive Functioning and Self-Regulation,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2010), 43–57, https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691609356784.

21. Tim Ferriss (host), “Seth Godin on How to Say ‘No,’ Market Like a Professional, and Win at Life (#343),” The Tim Ferriss Show (podcast), November 1, 2018, https://tim.blog/2018/11/01/seth-godin-this-is-marketing/.

22. Sriram Krishnan, “Daniel Ek,” The Observer Effect, October 4, 2020, https://www.theobservereffect.org/daniel.html.

23. Jacques Taillard, Pierre Philip, and Bernard Bioulac, “Morningness/Eveningness and the Need for Sleep,” Journal of Sleep Research 8, no. 4 (December 1999), 291–295, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.1999.00176.x.

24. Steve Pavlina, “Timeboxing,” Steve Pavlina (blog), October 18, 2004, https://stevepavlina.com/blog/2004/10/timeboxing/.

25. Nir Eyal, “Timeboxing: The Simple Productivity System You’re Not Using,” Nir Eyal (blog), https://www.nirandfar.com/timeboxing/.

26. Weiner, LinkedIn.

27. Andy Orin, “I’m Max Levchin, CEO of Affirm and Co-Founder of PayPal, and This Is How I Work,” Lifehacker, January 25, 2017, https://lifehacker.com/im-max-levchin-ceo-of-affirm-and-co-founder-of-paypal-1791439921.

28. Wheelright, “Cell Phone Behavior.”

29. Mark Abadi, “Disney CEO Bob Iger Wakes Up at 4:15 Every Morning and Enacts a Technology ‘Firewall’ Until After His Workout,” Business Insider, October 11, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/disney-bob-iger-morning-routine-2018-10.

30. Jen Doll, “Brian Stelter: What I Read,” The Wire, February 16, 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20150307050553/http://www.thewire.com/business/2012/02/brian-stelter-what-i-read/48774.

31. Originally reported in Akira Kasamatsu and Tomio Hirai, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 20, no. 4 (December 1966), 315–336, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1966.tb02646.x, though more recent studies have shown mixed results on habituation in practiced meditators, such as Elena Antonova, Paul Chadwick, and Veena Kumari, “More Meditation, Less Habituation? The Effect of Mindfulness Practice on the Acoustic Startle Reflex,” PLOS One 10 (7): e0133099, May 6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133099.

32. Victor Fic, “Zen and the Real World,” The Japan International Journal 1, no. 5 (October 1991), 18.

33. Catherine Clifford, “Hedge Fund Billionaire Ray Dalio: Meditation Is ‘the Single Most Important Reason’ for My Success,” CNBC, March 16, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/16/bridgewater-associates-ray-dalio-meditation-is-key-to-my-success.html.

34. Tim Ferriss (host), “Yuval Noah Harari on the Story of Sapiens, Forging the Skill of Awareness, and the Power of Disguised Books (#477),” The Tim Ferris Show (podcast), https://tim.blog/2020/10/27/yuval-noah-harari/.

35. Daniel Goleman, Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence (Harper, 2013), 4.

36. Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs (Little, Brown, 2011), 49.

37. James Clear, Atomic Habits: Tiny Changes, Remarkable Results (Century, 2018), 72.

38. Mark Williams and Danny Penman, Mindfulness: A Practical Guide to Finding Peace in a Frantic World (Piatkus, 2011).

Chapter 5

1. Garry Kasparov, How Life Imitates Chess: Making the Right Moves, from the Board to the Boardroom (Bloomsbury, 2008), 4.

2. Paul Rabinow, Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology (University of Chicago Press, 2011), 6–7.

3. Daniel Pink, A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future (Riverhead, 2006), 1.

4. Pink, Whole New Mind, 130.

5. Ed Douglas, “Darwin’s Natural Heir,” The Guardian, February 17, 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2001/feb/17/books.guardianreview57.

6. Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (Vintage, 1998), 294.

7. Robert G. Hagstrom, The Essential Buffett: Timeless Principles for the New Economy (Wiley, 200)1, 20.

8. The concept of mental models was first introduced in Kenneth Craik, The Nature of Explanation (Cambridge University Press, 1943) and has since been widely used in cognitive science. It was more recently popularized in the blockbuster by Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization (Doubleday, 1990).

9. Philosopher Michael Polanyi observed that “we can know more than we can tell” in Michael Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension (Doubleday, 1966).

10. Melissa Block, “How the Myers-Briggs Personality Test Began in a Mother’s Living Room Lab,” NPR, September 22, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/09/22/650019038/how-the-myers-briggs-personality-test-began-in-a-mothers-living-room-lab.

11. Murray R. Barrick, Michael K. Mount, and Timothy A. Judge, “Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next?,” International Journal of Selection and Assessment 9, no. 2 (March 2001), 9–30, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00160.

12. See Amirali Minbashian, Joanne Earl, Jim E.H. Bright,” Openness to Experience as a Predictor of Job Performance Trajectories,” Applied Psychology 62, no. 1, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00490.x; Christiane Nieß, Hannes Zacher, “Openness to Experience as a Predictor and Outcome of Upward Job Changes into Managerial and Professional Positions,” PLOS One, 10, no. 6, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131115; and Hao Zhao, Scott E. Seibert, and G.T. Lumpkin, “The Relationship of Personality to Entrepreneurial Intentions and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Journal of Management 36, no. 2, 381–404, https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309335187.

13. See Yannick Stephan, “Openness to Experience and Active Older Adults’ Life Satisfaction: A Trait and Facet-Level Analysis,” Personality and Individual Differences 47, no. 6 (October 2009), 637–641, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.025; and Paul R. Duberstein, Benjamin P. Chapman, Hilary A. Tindle, Kaycee M. Sink, Patricia Bamonti, John Robbins, Anthony F. Jerant, and Peter Franks, “Personality and Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease in Adults 72 Years of Age and Older: A 6-Year Follow-up,” Psychology and Aging 26, no. 2, 351–362, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021377.

14. Scott Barry Kaufman, Colin G. Deyoung, Jeremy R. Gray, Luis Jiménez, Jamie Brown, and Nicholas Mackintosh, “Implicit Learning as an Ability,” Cognition 116, no. 3 (September 2010), 321–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.05.011.

15. Shane Snow, “A New Way to Become More Open-Minded,” Harvard Business Review, November 20, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/11/a-new-way-to-become-more-open-minded.

16. Jesse Martin-Allan, Peter Leeson, and Lesley Sue Martin, “Intentional Personality Change Coaching: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study,” International Coaching Psychology Review 14, no. 2 (Autumn 2019).

17. T. Schwaba, M. Luhmann, J. J. A. Denissen, J. M. Chung, and W. Bleidorn, “Openness to Experience and Culture-Openness Transactions Across the Lifespan,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 115, no. 1, 118–136, https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000150.

18. See for example J. J. Jackson, P. L. Hill, B. R. Payne, B. W. Roberts, and E. A. L. Stine-Morrow, “Can an Old Dog Learn (and Want to Experience) New Tricks? Cognitive Training Increases Openness to Experience in Older Adults,” Psychology and Aging 27, no. 2, 286–292, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025918.

19. Mark T. Wagner, Michael C. Mithoefer, Ann T. Mithoefer, Rebecca K. MacAulay, Lisa Jerome, Berra Yazar-Klosinski, and Rick Doblin, “Therapeutic Effect of Increased Openness: Investigating Mechanism of Action in MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2017), 967–974, https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117711712; and Katherine A. MacLean, Matthew W. Johnson, and Roland R. Griffiths, “Mystical Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin Lead to Increases in the Personality Domain of Openness,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 11 (November 1, 2011), 1453–1461, https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111420188.

20. Erica Fink, “When Silicon Valley Takes LSD,” CNN Business, January 25, 2015, https://money.cnn.com/2015/01/25/technology/lsd-psychedelics-silicon-valley/.

21. Keith Johnstone, Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre (Eyre Methuen, 1981), 25.

22. Johnstone, Impro, 130.

23. Farhad Manjoo, “Dick Costolo Thinks It’s O.K. to Never Tweet,” New York Times, February 25, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/magazine/dick-costolo-thinks-its-ok-to-never-tweet.html.

24. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, “Strategy as Improvisational Theater,” MIT Sloan Management Review, Winter 2002, January 15, 2002, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/strategy-as-improvisational-theater/.

25. Jens Förster, Ronald S. Friedman, Eva B. Butterbach, and Kai Sassenberg, “Automatic Effects of Deviancy Cues on Creative Cognition,” European Journal of Social Psychology 35, no. 3 (May/June 2005), 345–359, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.253.

26. Yaacov Trope and Nira Liberman, “Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance,” Psychological Review 117, no. 2 (April 2010), 440–463, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963.

27. Karen W. Pryor, Richard Haag, and Joseph O’Reilly, “The Creative Porpoise: Training for Novel Behavior,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12, no. 4 (July 1969), 653–661, https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1969.12-653.

28. Allen Neuringer, “Reinforced Variability in Animals and People: Implications for Adaptive Action,” American Psychologist 59, no. 9 (2004), 891–906, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.9.891.

29. F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Crack-up,” Esquire, February 1936.

30. Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (Macmillan, 1871), 69.

31. Ella Miron-Spektor, Francesca Gino, and Linda Argote, “Paradoxical Frames and Creative Sparks: Enhancing Individual Creativity Through Conflict and Integration,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 116, no. 2 (2011), 229–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.03.006.

32. Ella Miron-Spektor, Amy Ingram, Joshua Keller, Wendy K. Smith, and Marianne W. Lewis, “Microfoundations of Organizational Paradox: The Problem Is How We Think about the Problem,” Academy of Management Journal 61, no. 1 (March 16, 2017), https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.0594.

33. Devi Shetty, “How Mother Teresa Touched My Heart Writes Dr Devi Shetty,” DNA, December 4, 2016, https://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment-how-mother-teresa-touched-my-heart-1428877.

34. Ari Alstedter, “The World’s Cheapest Hospital Has to Get Even Cheaper,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 26, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-03-26/the-world-s-cheapest-hospital-has-to-get-even-cheaper.

35. Albert Rothenberg, “Janusian Thinking and Nobel Prize Laureates,” American Journal of Psychiatry, February 1982, https://10.1176/ajp.139.1.122.

36. First part of the quote from George E. P. Box, “Science and Statistics,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 71, no. 356, 791–799, doi:10.1080/01621459.1976.10480949, second part from George E. P. Box, “Some Problems of Statistics and Everyday Life,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 74, no. (365), 1–4, doi:10.2307/2286713.

37. Apparently never said by Keynes though he frequently expressed similar sentiments. See “When the Facts Change, I Change My Mind. What Do You Do, Sir?” Quote Investigator, July 22, 2011, https://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/07/22/keynes-change-mind/.

38. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago Press, 1962).

39. Reported in Jason Fried, “Some Advice from Jeff Bezos,” Signal v Noise, August 27, 2018, https://m.signalvnoise.com/some-advice-from-jeff-bezos/.

40. “Jeff Bezos Shares His Management Style and Philosophy,” Geekwire channel, YouTube, 3:32, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7JMMy-yHSU.

41. Paul Graham, “Keep Your Identity Small,” Paul Graham (blog), http://www.paulgraham.com/identity.html.

42. Shane Parrish (host), “Ben Thompson: Thriving in a Digital World,” The Knowledge Project (podcast), Episode 40, https://fs.blog/knowledge-podcast/ben-thompson/.

43. Kat Eschner, “The Farmboy Who Invented Television,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 28, 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/farmboy-who-invented-television-while-plowing-180964607/.

44. Kounios and Beeman, The Eureka Factor, 65–71, 84–85.

45. See https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/17/2/314/316404?login=true and https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0361
923011002280.

46. Kounios and Beeman, The Eureka Factor, 84.

47. Kounios and Beeman, The Eureka Factor, 87.

48. Andrew W. Bailey and Eric Hungenberg, “Psychogeography of a Marathon Runner: An Exploratory EEG Approach,” Journal of Sport Behavior 42, no. 4 (December 2019), 415–440.

49. Douglas P. Lackey, “What Are the Modern Classics? The Baruch Poll of Great Philosophy in the Twentieth Century,” The Philosophical Forum XXX, no. 4 (December 1999), https://www.stephanwetzels.nl/wordpress/docs/Lackey-What-are-the-modern-classics.pdf.

50. Ross Dawson (host), “Cathy Hackl on Finding the Key Players to Listen to, Building Mental Maps, How to See Connections, and Becoming a Voice in Your Industry (Ep2),” Thriving on Overload (podcast), December 14, 2021, https://thrivingonoverload.com/cathy-hackl-finding-key-players-building-mental-maps-see-connection/.

51. Bret Stetka, “Spark Creativity with Thomas Edison’s Napping Technique,” Scientific American, December 9, 2021, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/thomas-edisons-naps-inspire-a-way-to-spark-your-own-creativity/.

52. Colleen M. Seifert, David E. Meyer, Natalie Davidson, Andrea L. Patalano, and Ilan Yaniv. “Demystification of cognitive insight: Opportunistic assimilation and the prepared-mind hypothesis.” In R. Sternberg, & J. Davidson (Eds.), The Nature of Insight (MIT Press, 1994), 65–124.

53. M. K. Wisehart, “Making Your Imagination Work for You,” The American Magazine, April 1921, https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/articles/making-your-imagination-work-you.

54. Kounios and Beeman, The Eureka Factor, 212–213.

55. Robert Coram, “John Boyd—USAF: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of Air Warfare,” Aviation History, http://www.aviation-history.com/airmen/boyd.htm.

56. Eric Ries, “Principles of Lean Startups, Presentation for Maples Investments,” Startup Lessons Learned, November 4, 2008, http://www.startuplessonslearned.com/2008/11/principles-of-lean-startups.html.

57. Annie Duke, Thinking in Bets: Making Smarter Decisions When You Don’t Have All the Facts (Portfolio, 2018), 2.

58. Duke, Thinking in Bets, 26.

59. Duke, Thinking in Bets, 112.

60. The concept was originally proposed in Charles G. Lord, Mark R. Lepper, and Elizabeth Preston, “Considering the Opposite: A Corrective Strategy for Social Judgment,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, no. 6 (1984), 1231, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1231; Larrick’s question was first shared in R. P. Larrick, “Debiasing,” in D. J. Koehler and N. Harvey (eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 323, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-19929-016 and https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1992-04093-001.

61. Brendan Mulvaney, “Red Team: Strengthening Through Challenge,” Marine Corps Gazette, July 2012, 63–66, https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/138/Docs/PL/PLU/Mulvaney.pdf.

62. Tim Ferriss (host), “Marc Andreessen—Lessons, Predictions, and Recommendations from an Icon (#163),” The Tim Ferriss Show (podcast), March 29, 2016, https://tim.blog/2016/05/29/marc-andreessen/.

63. Matt Bodnar (host), “Blindspots, Bias, Billionaires and Bridgewater with Dr. Adam Grant,” The Success Podcast, March 29, 2018, https://www.successpodcast.com/show-notes/2018/3/28/blindspots-bias-billionaires-and-bridgewater-with-dr-adam-grant.

64. Reed Hastings, “Reed Hastings on Netflix’s Biggest Mistake,” Forbes, September 11, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesdigitalcovers/2020/09/11/reed-hastings-no-rules-rules-book-excerpt-netflix-biggest-mistake/.

Chapter 6

1. “Announcing the 2016 Fuller Challenge Finalists,” Buckminster Fuller Institute, https://www.bfi.org/2016/08/19/announcing-the-2016-fuller-challenge-finalists/.

2. Elinor Mills, “Google’s Excellent Adventure,” CNN, June 28, 2005, https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-excellent-adventure/.

3. David Perell, “The Paradox of Abundance,” https://perell.com/note/the-paradox-of-abundance/.

4. Susan Greenfield, Mind Change: How Digital Technologies Are Leaving Their Mark on Our Brains (Random House, 2015), xiii.

5. Greenfield, Mind Change.

6. Martin Robbins, “Mind Change: Susan Greenfield Has a Big Idea, but What Is It?,” The Guardian, October 3, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-lay-scientist/2014/oct/03/mind-change-susan-greenfield-has-a-big-idea-but-what-is-it.

7. Aimee J. Ellington, “The Effects of Non-CAS Graphing Calculators on Student Achievement and Attitude Levels in Mathematics: A Meta-Analysis,” School Science and Mathematics 106, no. 1 (January 2006), 16–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2006.tb18067.x.

8. Bob Weinhold, “Epigenetics: The Science of Change,” Environmental Health Perspectives 114, no. 3 (2006), A160–7, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.114-a160.

9. Martin I. Lind and Foteini Spagopoulou, “Evolutionary Consequences of Epigenetic Inheritance,” Heredity 121 (2018), 205–209, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-018-0113-y.

10. Ramez Naam, The Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet (University Press of New England, 2013).

10. Russ Juskalian, “Interview with Clay Shirky, Part I,” Columbia Journalism Review, December 19, 2008, https://archives.cjr.org/overload/interview_with_clay_shirky_par.php.