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by Olivier Bouchet
Wireless Optical Telecommunications
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
Acronyms
Introduction
Chapter 1: Light
Chapter 2: History of Optical Telecommunications
2.1. Some definitions
2.1.1. Communicate
2.1.2. Telecommunication
2.1.3. Optical telecommunication
2.1.4. Radio frequency or Hertzian waves
2.2. The prehistory of telecommunications
2.3. The optical aerial telegraph
2.4. The code
2.5. The optical telegraph
2.5.1. The heliograph or solar telegraph
2.5.2. The night and day optical telegraph
2.6. Alexander Graham Bell’s photophone
Chapter 3: The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication
3.1. Basic principles
3.1.1. Operating principle
3.1.1.1. Block diagram
3.1.2. The optical propagation
3.1.2.1. Line of sight propagation – LOS
3.1.2.2. Wide line of sight– WLOS
3.1.2.3. Diffusion propagation (DIF) and controlled diffusion
3.1.3. Elements of electromagnetics
3.1.3.1. Maxwell’s equations in an unspecified medium
3.1.3.2. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in an isotropic medium
3.1.3.3. Energy associated to a wave
3.1.3.4. Propagation of a wave in a non-homogeneous medium
3.1.3.5. Coherent and incoherent waves
3.1.3.6. Relations between electromagnetism and geometrical optics
3.1.3.7. The electromagnetic spectrum
3.1.3.8. Units and scales
3.1.3.9. Examples of sources in the visible and near visible light
3.1.3.10. Conclusion
3.1.4. Models for data exchange
3.1.4.1. The OSI model
3.1.4.2. The DoD model
3.2. Wireless optical communication
3.2.1. Outdoor wireless optical communication
3.2.1.1. Earth-satellite wireless optical communication
3.2.1.2. Intersatellite wireless optical communication
3.2.1.3. Free-space optic
3.2.2. Indoor wireless optical communication
3.2.2.1. The remote controller
3.2.2.2. The visible light communication
3.2.2.3. The IrDA solutions
3.2.2.4. The indoor wireless optical network (WON)
3.2.3. The institutional and technical ecosystem
Chapter 4: Propagation Model
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Baseband equivalent model
4.2.1. Radio propagation model
4.2.2. Model of free-space optical propagation
4.2.3. The signal-to-noise ratio
4.3. Diffuse propagation link budget in a confined environment
4.3.1. Intersymbol interference
4.3.2. Reflection models
4.3.2.1. Specular reflection
4.3.2.2. Diffuse reflection
4.3.2.3. Lambert’s model
4.3.2.4. Phong’s model
4.3.3. Modeling
Chapter 5: Propagation in the Atmosphere
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The atmosphere
5.2.1. The atmospheric gaseous composition
5.2.2. Aerosols
5.3. The propagation of light in the atmosphere
5.3.1. Molecular absorption
5.3.2. Molecular scattering
5.3.3. Aerosol absorption
5.3.4. Aerosol scattering
5.4. Models
5.4.1. Kruse and Kim models
5.4.2. Bataille’s model
5.4.2.1. Molecular extinction
5.4.2.2. Aerosol extinction
5.4.3. Al Naboulsi’s model
5.4.4. Rain attenuation
5.4.5. Snow attenuation
5.4.6. Scintillation
5.5. Experimental set-up
5.6. Experimental results
5.6.1. Comparaison with Kruse and Kim model (850 nm)
5.6.2. Comparaison with Al Naboulsi’s model
5.7. Fog, haze and mist
5.8. The runway visual range (RVR)
5.8.1. The visibility
5.8.2. Measuring instruments
5.8.2.1. The transmissometer
5.8.2.2. The scatterometer
5.9. Calculating process of an FSO link availability
5.10. Conclusion
Chapter 6: Indoor Optic Link Budget
6.1. Emission and reception parameters
6.1.1. Transmission device: parameters
6.1.2. Reception device
6.2. Link budget for line of sight communication
6.2.1. Geometrical attenuation
6.2.2. Optical margin
6.2.3. Coverage
6.2.4. Reciprocity and not reciprocity of the channel
6.3. Link budget for communication with retroreflectors
6.3.1. Principle of operation
6.3.2. Optical budget
6.4. Examples of optical budget and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
6.4.1. Examples of optical budget
6.4.2. Examples of SNR and BER
Chapter 7: Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation
7.1. Immunity
7.1.1. International references
7.1.2. Type of laser classes
7.1.3. Method for calculation
7.2. The confidentiality of communication
7.2.1. Physical confidentiality
7.2.2. Numerical solution
7.2.2.1. Cryptography
7.2.2.2. Public and secret key cryptography
7.2.2.3. Quantum cryptography
7.2.2.4. Quantum telecommunications in free space
7.2.2.5. Non-encrypted connections in confined space
7.3. Energy
7.4. Legislation
7.4.1. Organization of regulation activities
7.4.2. Regulation of wireless optical equipment
Chapter 8: Optics and Optronics
8.1. Overview
8.2. Optronics: transmitters and receivers
8.2.1. Overviews on materials and structures
8.2.2. Light sources
8.2.2.1. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and spontaneous emission
8.2.2.2. White LEDs or visible light communication (VLC) LED
8.2.2.3. The semiconductor laser structure
8.2.2.4. Synthesis
8.2.3. Optronics receivers
8.2.3.1. Photovoltaic cells
8.2.3.2. PIN photodiode
8.2.3.3. Avalanche photodiode
8.2.3.4. Metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) structure
8.3. Optics
8.3.1. Transmitter optical device
8.3.2. Receiver optical device
8.3.3. Optical filtering
8.3.3.1. Spatial filter or diaphragm
8.3.3.2. Wavelength filters or attenuators
8.3.4. Summary
Chapter 9: Data Processing
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Modulation
9.2.1. On-off keying (OOK) modulation
9.2.2. The pulse position modulation
9.2.3. The orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
9.2.4. The diversity: MIMO
9.2.5. Summary
9.3. The coding
9.3.1. Principle and definitions
9.3.1.1. Principle
9.3.1.2. Definitions
9.3.1.2.1. Coding efficiency
9.3.1.2.2. Correction power and code detection
9.3.2. Example of coding
9.3.2.1. Basic codes
9.3.2.1.1. The parity check
9.3.2.1.2. The cyclic redundancy check
9.3.2.2. Block codes
9.3.2.2.1. BCH codes
9.3.2.2.2. RS codes
9.3.2.3. Convolutional codes
9.3.3. Summary
Chapter 10: Data Transmission
10.1. Introduction
10.1.1. Definition
10.1.2. The access methods
10.1.2.1. Time division multiple access
10.1.2.2. Frequency division multiple access
10.1.2.3. Code division multiple access
10.1.2.4. Carrier sense multiple access
10.1.2.5. Wavelength division multiple access
10.1.2.6. Space division multiple access
10.1.3. Quality of service parameters
10.2. Point-to-point link
10.2.1. The remote control
10.2.2. Infrared Data Association
10.2.3. Visible light communication consortium
10.3. Point-to-multipoint data link
10.3.1. IEEE 802.11 IR
10.3.2. ICSA – STB50 (IEEE 802.3 – Ethernet)
10.3.3. IEEE 802.15.3
10.3.4. IEEE 802.15.7
10.3.5. Optical wireless media access control
10.4. Summary
Chapter 11: Installation and System Engineering
11.1. Free-space optic system engineering and installation
11.1.1. Principle of operation
11.1.2. Characteristics
11.1.2.1. Principal parameters
11.1.2.1.1. Range
11.1.2.1.2. Safety
11.1.2.1.3. Data rate and type of recommended application
11.1.2.2. Secondary parameters
11.1.2.3. Examples of FSO systems
11.1.3. Implementation recommendations
11.1.4. Optic link budget
11.1.4.1. Geometrical attenuation concept
11.1.4.2. Link margin concept
11.1.5. FSO link availability
11.1.5.1. Characteristics
11.1.5.2. Results
11.1.6. Summary
11.2. Wireless optical system installation engineering in limited space
11.2.1. Habitat structure
11.2.2. Statistical analysis and coverage area
11.2.3. Optical link budget
11.2.4. Optimization of indoor wireless optical system
Chapter 12: Conclusion
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Geometrical Optics, Photometry and Energy Elements
A1.1. Geometrical optics elements
A1.1.1. Refractive index
A1.1.2. Fermat’s principle
A1.1.3. Snell–Descartes’ laws
A1.1.4. Definitions: sources, image, andfocal point
A1.2. Photometry elements
A1.2.1. Steradian
A1.2.2. Solid angle
A1.2.3. Light intensity
A1.2.4. Luminous flux
A1.2.5. Illumination
A1.2.6. Luminance
A1.2.7. Conversion of visual photometry into energetic photometry
A1.2.8. Bouguer’s relation
A1.2.9. Energy flux or radiated power P
A1.2.10. Source intensity I
A1.2.11. Luminance of a source L
A1.2.12. Illumination of a receiving surface E
A1.2.13. Geometrical extent G
A1.3. Equivalence between visual and energetic photometry
Appendix 2: The Decibel Unit (dB)
Bibliography
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Equations
Index
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