List of Figures
Figure 1.1. Stele of the Lady Taperet (Louvre museum)
Figure 1.2. Device and Newton’s rings
Figure 1.3. Emission and absorption of a photon
Figure 1.4. The International Congress of Physics, Solvay in Brussels (1927)
Figure 2.1. Aeneas the Tactician device
Figure 2.2. Roman telegraph station (low-relief of the Trojan column in Roma)
Figure 2.3. Robert Hooke’s telegraph
Figure 2.4. The Chappe’s system used high points (towers, bell towers, etc.)
Figure 2.5. Mechanism developed by Chappe: three articulated arms
Figure 2.6. The Chappe’s telegraph [JOI 96]
Figure 2.7. Signals used in the final code of Chappe’s telegraph
Figure 2.8. The Chappe’s code [Libois, unpublished]
Figure 2.9. An English heliograph
Figure 2.10. Lesuerre’s heliograph
Figure 2.11. Mangin’s telegraph
Figure 2.12. Using the optical telegraph of Colonel Mangin
Figure 2.13. The photophone
Figure 2.14. Marconi radio equipment
Figure 3.1. Communication history
Figure 3.2. Modules of an optical wireless device
Figure 3.3. Line of sight
Figure 3.4. (a) Multisectoral, (b) angular diversity, and (c) imaging reception
Figure 3.5. Wide line of sight
Figure 3.6. Diffusion
Figure 3.7. Controlled diffusion
Figure 3.8. Representation of the real components of the electric and magnetic fields along the direction of propagation
Figure 3.9. Free-space propagation with reflection
Figure 3.10. Local approximation of a wave surface by a plane wave
Figure 3.11. Electromagnetic spectrum
Figure 3.12. Spectral band
Figure 3.13. Curve of brightness of solar radiation
Figure 3.14. The optical spectrum of a tungsten filament lamp
Figure 3.15. Spectrum of quasi-monochromatic source (v0)
Figure 3.16. OSI model example
Figure 3.17. TCP/IP model
Figure 3.18. Communication between SPOT-4 and Artemis with Silex laser system (Source: ESA)
Figure 3.19. Visplan (Source: JVC)
Figure 3.20. Wireless optic ecosystem
Figure 4.1. General form of narrowband signal
Figure 4.2. Photo electrical detection and wavelength
Figure 4.3. Equivalent baseband model
Figure 4.4. Example of optical disruptors
Figure 4.5. Multipath
Figure 4.6. Example of overlapping symbols
Figure 4.7. Example of impulse response in confined environment
Figure 4.8. Example of impulse response h(t) for two FOV values
Figure 4.9. Experimental reflection patterns of a rough cement surface (before and after white painting)
Figure 4.10. Reflection patterns for a varnished wood surface
Figure 4.11. Schematic view of the modified Monte Carlo model
Figure 4.12. Subdivision of a 3D cube into patches
Figure 5.1. Transmittance of the atmosphere due to molecular absorption
Figure 5.2. Specific attenuation (dB/km) due to the rain
Figure 5.3. Wet snow: attenuation in function of snowfall
Figure 5.4. Dry snow: attenuation in function of snowfall
Figure 5.5. Influence of a large turbulent cell (deviation)
Figure 5.6. Influence of a small turbulent cell (widening of the beam)
Figure 5.7. Heterogeneities (scintillations)
Figure 5.8. Variation of the attenuation due to scintillation
Figure 5.9. Synoptic view of the experimental set-up
Figure 5.10. Light beam of the transmissometer and laser
Figure 5.11. Measurements and comparison with Kruse’s model
Figure 5.12. Measurements and comparison with Kim’s model
Figure 5.13. Measurements and comparison against Al Naboulsi’s model (advection)
Figure 5.14. Measurements and comparison against Al Naboulsi’s model (convection)
Figure 5.15. Distribution in France of the number of days with fog per year
Figure 5.16. RVR variations observed on the site of La Turbie
Figure 5.17. Direct beam transmissometer
Figure 5.18. Reflected beam transmissometer
Figure 5.19. Emission part of a transmissometer installed on the site of La Turbie
Figure 5.20. Schematic representation of the visibility measurement by backscatter
Figure 5.21. Schematic representation of the measurement of forward scatter visibility
Figure 5.22. Example of a scatterometer implemented on a motorway area
Figure 5.23. Input data acquisition screen
Figure 5.24. Results presentation screen
Figure 5.25. Screen showing the wave front propagation
Figure 6.1. Distance as a function of the divergence
Figure 6.2. Schematization of the elements of calculation of the optical power
Figure 6.3. Emission diagram and half-power angle
Figure 6.4. Example of emission diagram
Figure 6.5. Example of emission (Tx) and reception (Rx) devices
Figure 6.6. Principle of retroreflexion
Figure 6.7. Diagram of radiation of the emitted and retroreflected beam
Figure 6.8. Emitter–receptor link
Figure 6.9. Profile of the impulse response for case 4 (LOS + DIF)
Figure 7.1. Schematic cross section of an eye
Figure 7.2. Low size and wide sources
Figure 7.3. Configuration of measurement
Figure 7.4. Allowed radiation intensity class 1 [WOL 08]
Figure 8.1. Diagram of an optical wireless transmitter
Figure 8.2. Diagram of an optical wireless receiver
Figure 8.3. Band diagram of a crystal of semiconductor material
Figure 8.4. LED spontaneous emission structures
Figure 8.5. Lambert’s law: (a) I(θ) = I(0).cosθ and (b) I(θ) = I(0).(cosθ)n
Figure 8.6. Multi-chip LED spectra
Figure 8.7. Phosphor-coated LED spectra
Figure 8.8. Laser structure: thin epitaxial layers, stripe and Fabry–Perot resonator
Figure 8.9. Fabry–Perot and DFB lasers
Figure 8.10. Photovoltaic cell
Figure 8.11. Responsivity versus wavelength
Figure 8.12. Optical emission
Figure 8.13. Cassegrain telescope
Figure 8.14. Example of optical transmitter
Figure 8.15. Example of aspherical lens (a) and Fresnel (b)
Figure 8.16. Fisheye lens [ALH 06]
Figure 8.17. Example of optical high-pass filtering
Figure 9.1. The different modulation techniques
Figure 9.2. The different input–output techniques
Figure 9.3. BER of an NRZ-OOK modulation associated with a BCH code (t = 1)
Figure 9.4. BER of an NRZ-OOK modulation associated with an RS code
Figure 9.5. Schematization of a convolutional encoder with performance Rc = k/n
Figure 9.6. Example of a schematic diagram of the convolutional encoder CC (7.5)
Figure 9.7. Schematic example of error probability of an NRZ-OOK modulation
Figure 10.1. 802.11 IR frame
Figure 10.2. OWMAC layer
Figure 10.3. OWMAC frame
Figure 11.1. FSO between X and Y sites
Figure 11.2. FSO equipment example [BOU 04]
Figure 11.3. FSO implementation: potential problems to avoid
Figure 11.4. Data site and equipment example for Paris
Figure 11.5. Example of results for Paris
Figure 11.6. Example of equipment profile for Paris
Figure 11.7. Example of architecture of a wireless radio system like WiFi
Figure 11.8. Example of architecture of a wireless optical system
Figure 11.9. Simulation in a reference room
Figure 11.10. Example of a furnished room
Figure 11.11. “A” configuration example
Figure 11.12. “B” configuration example
Figure 11.13. “C” configuration example
Figure A1.1. Snell–Descartes’ laws
Figure A1.2. Real object – real image
Figure A1.3. Real object – virtual image
Figure A1.4. Solid angle
Figure A1.5. Pulsed mode
Figure A1.6. Luminance of the source
Figure A1.7. Geometrical extent of a light beam