Book Description
Now in its seventh edition, View Camera Technique is a unique, comprehensive book that presents clearly and precisely the features, operations and applications of view cameras. It details camera movements, image formation, exposure control, and information concerning lenses and accessories. Diagrams, comparison charts, and more than 500 photographs and illustrations by distinguished professional photographers provide the reader with the tools necessary to analyze a picture situation, set up and manipulate the camera, and portray the subject to meet the expectations of the professional photographer.
This text has been completely revised and updated to include over 100 brand-name view cameras, and offers comparison tables to assist readers in choosing cameras, lenses, and view-camera digital backs. This latest edition offers expanded coverage of the newest technology, including electronic features that simplify the use of view cameras for conventional photography and digital view cameras that eliminate the need for film and make it possible to modify the digital images with image-processing computer software programs
Table of Contents
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title
- Copyright
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- 1 View Cameras
- 1.1 View Cameras
- 1.2 Ground-Glass Viewing
- 1.3 Lateral, Vertical, and Angular Adjustments
- 1.4 Interchangeable Lenses
- 1.5 Flexible Bellows
- 1.6 Large Film Size
- 1.7 Camera Support
- 1.8 Advantages and Limitations of View Cameras
- 2 View Camera Adjustments
- 2.1 View Camera Adjustments
- 2.2 Focusing Principles
- 2.3 Focusing and Depth of Field
- 2.4 Tilts and Swings
- 2.5 Controlling Image Shape
- 2.6 Controlling the Plane of Sharp Focus
- 2.7 Simultaneous Use of Tilts and Swings
- 2.8 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
- 2.9 Film Rotation
- 2.10 Effect of Back Movements on Image Shape
- 2.11 Effect of Back Movements on Image Sharpness
- 2.12 Effect of Lens Movements on Image Sharpness
- 2.13 Types of Movement Limitations
- 2.14 Focusing Limitations
- 2.15 Lens Movement Limitations
- 2.16 Back Movement Limitations
- 2.17 Anamorphic Effects
- 3 Image Formation
- 3.1 Image Formation with a Pinhole
- 3.2 Image Formation with a Simple Lens
- 3.3 Lens Terminology
- Spherical Surfaces
- Center and Radius of Curvature
- Positive Lenses
- Negative Lenses
- Lens Axis
- Optical Center
- Nodal Points
- Nodal Planes
- Object and Image Distances
- Principal Focal Point
- Focal Length
- Angle of View
- Circle of Good Definition
- Angle of Coverage
- Circle of Illumination
- 3.4 Image Formation with a Multiple-Element Lens
- 3.5 Typical Image Formation Problems
- 3.6 Graphic Drawings
- 3.7 Lens Formulas
- 4 Exposure Controls
- 4.1 Camera and Photographic Exposure
- 4.2 f-Numbers
- 4.3 Whole Stops
- 4.4 Maximum Diaphragm Openings
- 4.5 Minimum Diaphragm Openings
- 4.6 Intermediate f-Numbers
- 4.7 Limitations of the f-Number System
- 4.8 Supplementary Lenses and Effective f-Numbers
- 4.9 Lens Transmittance
- 4.10 Lens and Focal Plane Shutters
- 4.11 Types of Lens Shutters
- 4.12 Other Exposure Controls
- 4.13 Flash Synchronizationa
- 5 View Camera Lenses
- 5.1 Basic Differences Between Lenses
- 5.2 Types of Lenses
- Normal Lenses
- Telephoto Lenses
- Wide-Angle Lenses
- Specialized Lenses
- Supplementary Lenses
- Convertible Lenses
- Variable Focal Length and Zoom Lenses
- Closeup and Macro Lenses
- Process Lenses
- Enlarger Lenses
- Soft-Focus Lenses
- Magnifying Lenses
- 5.3 Lens Shortcomings
- Image Definition
- Image Shape
- Uniformity of Illumination
- Non-Image-Forming Light
- Chromatic Aberration
- Image Color
- 5.4 Lens Testing
- 6 Image Size and Perspective
- 6.1 Perspective
- Linear Perspective
- Overlap
- Depth of Field
- Lighting
- Aerial Haze
- Color
- 6.2 Focal Length with Distant Objects
- 6.3 Focal Length Limitations at Close Range
- 6.4 Maximum Scale of Reproduction
- Scale of Reproduction and Bellows Extension
- Scale of Reproduction and Focal Length
- Scale of Reproduction, Focal Length, and Object Distance
- 6.5 Closeup Photography, Photomacrography, and Photomicrography
- 6.6 Image Definition of Photomacrographs
- Change the Aperture
- Reverse the Lens
- Use a Positive Supplementary Lens
- Substitute a Lens Designed for Use with Shorter Object Distances
- 6.7 Lighting for Photomacrographs
- 6.8 Perspective
- 6.9 Object Distance and Perspective
- 6.10 Focal Length and Perspective
- 6.11 Simultaneous Changes in Object Distance and Focal Length
- 6.12 Use of Camera Movements Versus Changing Object Distance
- 6.13 Apparent Perspective Effects
- Viewing Distance
- Cropping
- 6.14 Wide-Angle Effect
- 6.15 Trick Perspective
- 7 Depth of Field
- 7.1 Resolution of the Eye
- 7.2 Viewing Distance and Cropping
- 7.3 Depth-of-Field Controls
- Relative Aperture
- Object Distance
- Focal Length
- 7.4 Swings and Tilts, and Depth of Field
- 7.5 Depth-of-Field Limits
- 7.6 Depth-of-Field Tables
- 7.7 Depth-of-Field Scales
- 7.8 Checking the Depth of Field
- 7.9 Calculating the Depth of Field
- 7.10 Depth of Focus
- 8 Exposure Meters
- 8.1 Exposure Latitude
- 8.2 Effects of Underexposure and Overexposure
- 8.3 Exposure Meters
- 8.4 Reflected-Light Exposure Meters
- 8.5 Incident-Light Exposure Meters
- 8.6 Reflected-Light Exposure Meter Readings
- 8.7 Camera Position Readings
- 8.8 Midtone Reflected-Light Readings
- 8.9 Brightness-Range Method
- 8.10 Keytone Method
- 8.11 Zone System
- 8.12 Limitations of Reflected-Light Readings
- 8.13 Incident-Light Readings
- 8.14 Light Diffuser Shape
- 8.15 Limitations of Incident-Light Readings
- 8.16 Film Plane Measurements
- 8.17 Electronic-Flash Exposure Meters
- 8.18 Causes of Inaccurate Exposure
- 9 Light-Sensitive Materials and Film Processing
- 9.1 Film Sizes
- 9.2 Film and Picture Proportions
- 9.3 Sheet Film
- 9.4 Loading Film Holders
- 9.5 Film Types
- 9.6 Characteristics of Black-and-White Film
- 9.7 Film Speed
- 9.8 Reciprocity Effects
- 9.9 Image Structure
- Graininess/Granularity
- Detail/Resolving Power
- Sharpness/Acutance
- 9.10 Contrast and Tone-Reproduction Characteristics
- 9.11 Spectral Sensitivity
- Orthochromatic Film
- Panchromatic Film
- Infrared Film
- Ultraviolet Radiation
- 9.12 Instant Film
- 9.13 Color Film
- 9.14 Nonsilver Light-Sensitive Materials
- Blueprint (Cyanotype, Ferro-Prussiate)
- Gum Bichromate
- Diazo Dye Materials
- Electrostatic Process
- 9.15 Processing Sheet Film
- Tray Processing of Black-and-White Film
- Film Development Contrast
- 10 Filters
- 10.1 Filters
- 10.2 Color Names
- 10.3 Filters for Black-and-White Photography
- 10.4 Predicting Filter Effects
- 10.5 Maxwell Triangle
- 10.6 Filter Factors
- 10.7 Exposure Adjustment for Filters
- 10.8 Using the Maxwell Triangle
- 10.9 Correction Filters for Black-and-White Film
- 10.10 Haze Filters
- 10.11 Infrared Filters
- 10.12 Ultraviolet Filters
- 10.13 Filters for Color Photography
- Conversion Filters
- Light-Balancing Filters
- Color-Compensating Filters
- 10.14 Filters for Black-and-White and Color Photography
- Neutral-Density Filters
- Polarizing Filters
- 10.15 Safelight Filters
- 11 Evolution of the View Camera
- 11.1 Early Innovations
- 11.2 Negative Size
- 11.3 Ground-Glass and Film Holders
- 11.4 Multiple-Lens Cameras
- 11.5 Shutters and Diaphragms
- 11.6 Camera Beds
- 12 Contemporary View Cameras
- 12.1 Camera Tripods and Stands
- 12.2 View Camera Beds
- Flatbed Cameras
- Monorail Cameras
- 12.3 Tripod Blocks
- 12.4 Focusing Controls
- 12.5 Depth-of-Field Scales
- 12.6 Camera Backs
- 12.7 Ground-Glass Viewing
- 12.8 Film Holders
- 12.9 Camera Movements
- Tilts and Swings
- Tilt Pivot Positions
- Vertical and Lateral Shift Movements
- Camera Movements for Small-Format Cameras
- 12.10 Lens and Shutter Controls
- 12.11 View Camera Bellows
- 12.12 Modular View Cameras and Accessories
- 12.13 Electronic Innovations
- 12.14 Electronic Photography
- Electronic Still Photography
- Analog/Digitala
- Light Sensors
- Area and Linear CCD Arrays
- Digital Color
- CMOS Sensors
- 12.15 Computers and Digital Imaging
- Digital Image Processing
- Digital View Cameras
- Image Capture Software
- Digital Images
- 12.16 View Camera Features and Specifications
- 12.17 Contemporary View Cameras and Prices
- 12.18 Table of Features and Specifications
- 12.19 View Camera Lenses
- 13 Applications of View Camera Photography
- 13.1 Areas of Specialization
- 13.2 Architecture
- 13.3 Portraiture
- 13.4 Catalog Photography
- 13.5 Landscape Photography
- 13.6 Advertising Photography
- Multiple Exposures
- Motion
- Strong and Weak Perspective
- Image Size and Format Shape
- Image Unsharpness
- Other Special Effects
- 13.7 Exhibition Photography
- 13.8 Expressive Photography
- 13.9 Photocopying
- 13.10 Technical Photography
- Index