Index
24 frames per second (fps), 34, 35, 55, 56, 139, 251
30 frames per second (fps), 34, 42, 56, 57, 139, 168, 251
3:2 pulldown, 139–140
5.1 channel. See Surround sound
601 video, 55
8-VSB modulation, 11, 30, 233–235, 266
A
A/52 Digital Audio Compression Standard, 231
A/53 Digital Television Standard, 231
A/65 Program and System Information Protocol, 231, 254
AAC. See Advanced Audio Coding
AAF. See Advance Authoring Format
AC-3 audio, 95, 164, 165, 216, 231, 245–249, 250, 252
Acoustic treatment, 120
Advanced Audio Coding, 94–95, 249
Advanced Authoring Format, 157
Advanced Television System Committee digital television, 10, 231–260
AC-3 audio, 245–249
bitstream, 200
carriers and channels for DTV, 232–233
channel navigation and branding, 233
closed captions, 253–254
compressed bitstream, 235–236
DTV data broadcasting, 256–260
exciter, 266
MPEG-2 compression, 238–245
multicasting, 252–253
multiplexing, 249–250
NTSC versus, 231, 235, 236, 245
Program and System Information Protocol, 254–256
quality and bit rates, 250–252
reception considerations, 290–291
sidebands and bandwidth, 233
AES/EBU digital audio, 50–51, 92, 109
AES3, 50
Affiliates, 14
AM. See Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation
audio, 263
carrier and channels for, radio, 204
daytimers, 285
diagram, 28
high frequency (HF) band, 6
IBOC exciter, 265
long wave band, 6
medium frequency (MF) band, 5
quadrature. See Quadrature amplitude modulation
radio wavelength, 25
radio exciter, 265
shortwave radio broadcasting, 6
Analog cable, 12–13
Analog color television, 33–44
active video and blanking, 36–38
actual NTSC frame and field rates, 42
channel bandwidth, 43
decoding at receiver, 41–42
film projection, 35–36
frames, 33–34
HD analog video, 43–44
interlacing, 34–35
luminance, chrominance, and composite video, 40–41
NTSC, 33–42
PAL and SECAM, 42–43
progressive scan, 36
synchronizing pulses, 38–39
video waveform, 39–40
amplitude modulation transmission, 5, 204–205
data system, 212
emission masks, 205–206
frequency modulation transmission, 5, 206–208
stereo coding, 208–211
subcarriers, 211–212
Analog signal. See Sound waves
Analog television, 9
NTSC. See National Television System Committee
PAL and SECAM, 9
Analog videotape recorders, 144–145
Analog-to-digital converter, 46, 49, 59, 81, 200
Analog waveform, 45
Ancillary information, 227
Antenna
amplitude modulation, 261, 271–275
amplitude modulation IBOC, 275
ATSC digital television, 278
combined channel, 277–278
directional, 273
frequency modulation and television, 275–278
frequency modulation IBOC, 277
microwave, 198
multiple bay, 276–277
portable, 183
towers and, 278
wideband, 277
Archiving, 155
Asset management, 96
ATSC. See Advanced Television Systems Committee
Audio, 18–19
Audio codec, 216
Audio compression, 216
Audio data compression, 94–95
Audio distribution amplifier, 111
Audio editing, 80, 94, 163–164
Audio Engineering Society, 50
Audio-follow-video, 171
Audio for television, 163–166
Audio interconnections, 109–110
Audio level compression, 86
Audio mixing consoles, 81, 84–87
effects and processing units, 86
inputs, 85
operation, 86–87
outputs, 85
Audio monitoring, 85–86
Audio patch panel, 110
Audio processing, 82
equalization, compression/expansion, 106–108
equipment, 103–109
limiting and clipping, 109
loudness, 104–105
reasons for, 103–104
for television, 165
Audio quality, 252
Audio routing switcher, 101, 110–111
Audio storage, 80–81
Audio subcarrier, 226
Audio sweetening, 164
Audio-video synchronization, 165–166
Automation
ingest, 167
radio, 79
AVC/H.264, 245
B
Band(s)
amplitude modulation radio, 25
frequency modulation radio, VHF, 25
K-band, 26
Ka-band, 26
Ku-band, 26
typical signals, 25–26
ultra high frequency, 25, 26, 193
very high frequency, 5
X-band, 26
Bandwidth, 18–19
ATSC digital television data broadcasting, 257
chrominance signals and, 40
data, 63
frequency modulation transmission, 207–208
Barn doors, 122
Baseband, 22, 33, 45, 178, 226
Beam splitter, 136
Betacam, 145
digital, 147–148
SX, 149
Big ugly dishes (BUDs), 11
Binary
bits and bytes, 62
data bandwidth, 63
decimal number and, 62
digits, 62
rate, 48–49, 58–59, 94, 218, 219, 234, 237–238, 252
starvation, 253
user, 177
video user, 254
Bitstream, 48
ATSC, 200
compressed, 160, 179, 233, 235–236, 252
digital television, 264
distribution, 178–180
mezzanine-level distribution, 179–180
recording, 179
serial, 48
server, 179
splicing, 178–179
video, 177
Broadcasting
basics, 3–73
definition, 5
Broadcasting types, 5–15
analog radio, 5–6
analog television, 9
cable television, 12–13
digital radio, 6–8
digital television, 10–11
groups and networks, 13–14
Internet radio and television, 14–15
satellite radio, 8–9
satellite television, 11–12
BT.601 standard
Buffering, 243
C
Cable and satellite networks, 14
Cable modem, 72
Cable television, 12–13
analog, 12–13
digital, 13
multiple service operator (MSO), 12
Camcorder, 184
Camera(s)
crane, 137
film, 138
imaging, 134–136
lenses, 134
newsgathering for television, 184–185
portable, 133–134
slow-motion, 189
studio, 132–133
support, 137
tube, 135
Caption server, 177
Captions. See Closed captions/captioning
Carrier(s), 27
analog television, 224
digital television, 232
for IBOC, 215
Cart machine, 99
Cassette recorder, 99–100
CAT-5 cable, 109–110
Cathode ray tube, 36, 42, 130, 131, 138
CCD. See Charge-coupled device
CCU. See Camera, control unit
CD. See Compact discs
CD player, 91–92
CD-ROM, 64
CEA. See Consumer Electronics Association
Central processing unit, 64
Central technical area, 123
Centralcasting, 14, 80, 119, 169, 174
Channel
audio mixer, 85
back, 259
major, 233
minor, 233
radio band, 26
return, 259
surround sound, 51
transmission, 204
Character generator, 126, 158–159
Charge-coupled devices, 38, 135–136
area-array, 138
film scanners and, 139
imaging process diagram, 135
line-array, 138
Chromakey, 128–129
Chrominance, 29, 40–41, 60, 225
bandwidth, 40
subcarrier, 40
Client(s), PC, 65
Cliff effect, 214, 215, 234–235, 289
Closed captions/captioning, 177
ATSC digital television and, 253–254
content advisory ratings and, 227–228
embedded, 177
equipment, 177
Federal Communications Commission and, 227
vertical blanking interval and, 177, 253
as video data, 247
CMOS. See Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
Coaxial cables, 49, 50, 51, 60, 68, 110, 160, 167, 270
Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplex, 11, 27, 30, 194, 215, 265, 266, 289
COFDM. See Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplex
Color and light. See Light and color
Color
bars, 41
correction, 139
filters, 21
hue, 20
saturation, 20
temperature, 121
Combined channel antennas, 277–278
Combo studio, radio, 77
players, 91–92
super audio, 91
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor, 136
Composite
stereo audio, 209–210
Compressed bitstream, 160, 179, 233, 235–236, 252
Compression
advanced systems, 244–245
audio, 248–249
Computers, 63–65
applications, 64
automation controlled by, 79
clients, 65
directories, 66
disk drives, 66
files and folders, 655–666
hard disk recorders and, 92–93
hardware components, 64
operating system, 64
optical disks, 67
personal, 63–64
rack-mount units, 64
radio program automation, 95–96
security, 70
servers, 64–65
specialized processors and, 65
storage, 65–68
tape, 66–67
Computer-based remote control, 281
Computer networks, 68–70
Conditional access, 259–260
Consumer Electronics Association
CEA-608 standard, 228
CEA-708 standard, 254
Content advisory, 227–228, 255
Contribution links
for radio, 193–195
for television, 191–193
Control
remote, transmitter, 113, 280–281
switcher, master, 171–172
Cooling system, transmitter, 268
CPU. See Central processing unit
Crosspoint, 100
CRT. See Cathode ray tube
Cue light, 112
Cycle, 24
D
D1, 147
D2, 147
D5, 148
D5 HD, 150
D9 Digital-S, 148–149
D9 HD, 150
DA. See Directional antenna; Distribution amplifier
DAB. See Digital Audio Broadcasting
DAT. See Digital audio tape recorder
Data bandwidth, 63
Data broadcasting
analog television, 228–229
digital television, 256–260
equipment, 178
receivers, 260
Data carousel, 258
Data rate, 72–73
Data segments and ISDT-T, 11
Data server, 178
Data services
types, 258–259
using IBOC, 220–221
Data transmission and storage, units for, 63
Datacasting, 10, 178, 228, 250, 256–260
dB. See Decibel
DBS. See Direct broadcasting by satellite
DCC. See Directed channel change
Decibel, 85
Demodulation, 27
Deviation, 207
Digital
cart, 96
components and color subsampling, 53
light processing, 131
signal and noise relationship, 52
signal processing, 86
signal robustness, 51–52
subscriber line, 72
Digital audio, 45–52; see also Digital audio and video
concepts, basic, 46
tape, 49
workstations, 93–94
Digital audio and video, 45–60
AES/EBU digital audio standard, 50–51
audio A/D and D/A converters, 49
bitstream and bit rate, 48–49
quantizing, 48
resolution, 48
sampling, 46–47
SD and HD digital video, 52–60
signal robustness, 51–52
SPDIF, 51
Digital Audio Broadcasting, 6–7
Digital audio editing, 94
Digital audio tape recorder, 97–98
Digital Betacam, 147–148
Digital cable, 13
Digital modulation, 29–30, 233
Digital radio, 6–8; see also In-band on-channel digital radio
Digital record/playback devices, 96–98
Digital satellite broadcasting, 12
Digital television, 10–11, 124
ATSC. See Advanced Television Systems Committee
bitstream, 264
broadcasting, 256–260
datacasting, 228
DTTB. See Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting 10
DVB-T, 10–11
ISDB-T, 11
links for, 200
surround sound and, 164
Digital terrestrial television broadcasting, 10
Digital versatile disc, 67
Digital video
formats, 54–55
high definition, 54–55
standard definition and high definition, 52–53
standard definition, 55
Digital Video Broadcasting, 60
Digital videotape recorder(s), 59, 145–149
D1, 147
D2, 147
D3, 147
D5, 148
D9 Digital-S, 148–149
Digital8, 149
DVCAM, 149
DVCPRO50, 148
high definition, 149–151
IMX, 149
MiniDV, 148
video compression for recording, 146–147
Digital8, 149
Digital-S, 148–149
Digital-to-analog converter, 49, 59, 81, 200
Digitizing, 157
Dimmer, lighting, 122
Direct broadcasting by satellite, 12
Direct to home, 12
Directed channel change, 256
Directional antenna, 273, 276–277
Directional array, 273–274
DirecTV, 12
Dish Network, 12
Disk drives, 66
Distribution amplifier
audio, 111
video, 161
Distribution system, 82
DLP. See Digital, light processing
dNTSC, Dotcast, 228–229
Dolby
A, 100
AC-2, 249
B, 100
C, 100
Digital, 245
E, 164
Downlink, 196
DRM. See Digital Radio Mondiale
DSL. See Digital, subscriber line
DSP. See Digital, signal processing
DTH. See Direct to home
DTTB. See Digital terrestrial television broadcasting
Dummy load, 270–271
DVB. See Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-ASI, 179
DVB-C, 13
DVB-S, 12
DVB-T, 10–11
DVCPRO, 148, 149, 151, 184, 185, 186
DVCPRO HD, 150
DVD. See Digital versatile disc
DVE. See Digital video, effects
DVTR. See Digital videotape recorder
E
EAS. See Emergency Alert System
EAV. See End of active video
EBU. See European Broadcasting Union
Edit decision list, 152
Edit suites, 127
EDL. See Edit decision list
EFP. See Electronic field production
EITs. See Event information tables
Electromagnetic waves, 23–25
description, 23
frequency, bands, and channels, 25–26
frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, 24–25
properties, 26
types, 23–24
Electronic field production, 184, 186–187
Electronic news gathering, 30, 147, 183–184, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194
Electronic newsroom, 159
Electronic program guide, 10, 255–256
Embedded
closed captioning, 177
systems, 65
Emergency Alert System, 82, 102–103, 158, 171, 172
Emissions masks, 205–206
Encoder(s)
hardware, 71
Internet, 71
Encoding, efficient, 244
End of active video, 60
ENG. See Electronic news gathering
EPG. See Electronic program guide
Equalization, 84, 100, 104, 106–108
Equalizer, audio, 104, 105, 111
Ethernet, 68
ETT. See Extended text tables
European Broadcasting Union, 50
Event information tables, 255
Extended hybrid, FM IBOC, 219, 221
Extended text tables, 256
F
FCC. See Federal Communications Commission
FEC. See Forward error correction
Federal Communications Commission
antenna height and, 290
ATSC digital television and, 231
closed captioning information and, 227
frequency and power allocations, 283–284
HD Radio, 213
modulation limit, 104, 105, 106, 107
NTSC specifications and, 223
objective of rules of, 283
radio regulation and, 203
radio wave propagation and rules of, 283–291
spectrum recovery, 232
television regulation and, 223
towers and, 279
vertical blanking interval lines and, 227
Fiber-optic cable, 50, 51, 60, 68, 110, 160, 167, 188, 199
Fields, 34
Field editing, 185
Field rate, 42
File server, 93
Files and folders, 65
Film camera, 138
Film in television, 137–140
3:2 pulldown, 139–140
acquisition, 137–138
film scanners, 139
telecines, 138–139
Film projection, 35–36
Film scanners, 139
Firewall, 70
Flags, 122
Flying spot scanner, 138–139
FM. See Frequency modulation
Forward error correction, 30, 91, 215, 234, 291
Frame(s)
analog color television and, 33–34
for ATSC digital video, 56
bidirectionally predictive coded, 240–243
digital audio, 50
intracoded, 240–243
MPEG, 240–243
predictive coded, 240–243
synchronizer, 162
Frequency
allocations and Federal Communications Commission, 283–284
cycles per second, 17
Hertz, 17–18
radio waves. See Radio frequency waves
swing, 207
units used, 24
Frequency, bands, and channels, 25–26; see also Band(s)
Frequency and power allocations, 283–284
audio, 263–264
carriers and channels for, 207
IBOC antenna, 277
radio exciters, 265
television antenna and, 275–278
very high frequency band, 5, 25, 207
G
Gamma correction, 40
Gels, 122
Geostationary satellite, 8, 12, 195
Global Positioning System, 112
GOP. See Group of pictures
GPS. See Global Positioning System
Graphics system, 123, 126, 158
Graphics tablet, 159
Ground
radials, 274
rows, 122
Group of pictures, 242–243
Groups and networks, 13–14
affiliates, 14
cable and satellite, 14
centralcasting, 14
owned and operated (O and Os), 13
terrestrial broadcasting, 13–14
H
Hard disk, 66
HD. See High definition
HDCAM, 150
HDCAM SR, 150–151
HD Radio, 213
HD-SDI. See High definition-serial digital interface
HDTV. See High definition television
HDV, 151
Hearing impaired service, 247
Hertz, 17–18
HF. See High frequency
High definition digital video, 52–60
High definition digital videotape recorders, 149–151
High definition-serial digital interface, 60
High definition television, 10, 123–124, 253
High definition analog video, 43–44
High frequency, 6
Horizontal blanking interval, 36, 37, 238
Hue, 20
Human eye characteristics, 21
Hybrid IBOC, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220–221
I
IBOC. See In-band on channel
Icing, tower, 279
In-band on-channel digital radio, 6, 213–221
all-digital phase, 214–215
amplitude modulation IBOC, 216–218
audio compression, 216
audio processing equipment, 264
carriers and channels for, 215
data broadcasting, 220–221
frequency modulation IBOC, 218–220
hybrid phase, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220–221
modulation and forward error correction, 215
nighttime operations, 217–218
phased introduction, 214–215
radio wave propagation and, 289
surround sound, 220
studios for, 113–114
Incandescent, 122
Information technology, 61–73
binary, 61–63
computer networks, 68–70
computers, 63–65
Internet streaming, 70–73
storage, 65–68
Integrated services digital network, 192, 197
Interactive services, 259
Interference, 204
Interframe coding, 239–240
Interleaving, 30
International Telecommunications Union, 55, 147
Internet, 68–69
Internet broadcasting, 14–15
Internet radio and television, 14–15
service implications, 14–15
streaming technologies, 14–15
Internet streaming, 70–73, 114, 180
background, 70–71
data rate and signal quality, 72–73
video standards, 73
Intraframe coding, 239, 240–241
Intranet, 69
Ionosphere, 285
IP address, 69
ISDB-C, 13
ISDB-S, 12
ISDB-T, 11
ISDB-TSB, 7
ISDN. See Integrated services digital network
Isocam, 137
ITU. See International Telecommunications Union
J
K
Ku-band, 26
satellite television and, 11, 12
super high frequency, 25
L
LAN. See Local area network
LCD. See Liquid crystal display
Lenses, 134
Letterboxing, 58
LFE. See Low frequency effects
Light(s)
cue, 112
fixtures and fittings, 121–122
on-air, 112
soft, 121
source, 122
Light and color, 20–21
electromagnetic wave, 20
filters, color, 21
human eye characteristics, 21
hue, 20
luminance level, 20
primary colors, 20
saturation, 20
white light, 20
Light modulation, 31
Lighting
console, 122
control, 122
director, 122
grid, 120–121
studio, 121–122
Limiters, 105
Line input, 85
Line-of-sight propagation, 286, 287
Linear faders, 84
Linear pulse code modulation, 50
Links, 191–200
analog and digital systems, 199–200
compressed, 200
contribution links for radio, 193–195
contribution links for television, 191–193
for DTV, 200
network distribution links for radio and television, 195–196
studio-transmitter links for radio and television, 196–199
Liquid crystal display, 38, 130–131
Live assist, radio, 79
Local area network, 68, 69, 70, 155, 193, 196
Local station, 169
Long wave, 6
Long-playing record, 98
Loudness, 104–106
Loudspeakers and headphones, 18, 89–91
analog, 82
audio monitoring and, 85
midrange, 90
power amplifier, 90
tweeter, 90
woofer, 90
Low frequency effects, 245, 246
Luma, 40
Luminaire(s), 121
color subcarrier and, 225
cross-color and, 225
level, 20
sampling, 53
signal, 40
M
Magnetic data tapes, 67
Magnetic recording, 141
Magnetic tape storage, 66
Main program service, 219
Master control
centralcasting, 169
network, 169
radio, 112–113
room, 120
switcher, 171–172
television, 169–173
Matte system, 129
M/E. See Mix-effects
Media eXchange Format, 152, 156, 157, 167
Medium wave, 5
Metadata, 156, 157, 167, 177–178
Mezzanine level, 179–180
MF. See Medium frequency
Mic. See Microphone(s)
boom, 163
condenser, 88–89
dynamic, 87–88
moving coil, 87–88
patterns, 89
processor, 86
radio news gathering, 181
shotgun, 89
wireless, 163
Microwave
radio links, 167
M-II, 145
MiniDisc recorder, 96, 97, 181
8-VSB, 233–235
carriers and subcarriers, 27
controlling, 105–106
definition, 27
digital, 233
digital systems, 29–30
light, 31
phase shift keying, 30
QPSK, 11
quadrature amplitude, 28–29
sidebands, 31
Mono (monophonic) sound, 19
radio studio and, 81
Motion estimation, 239–240
MovieBeam, 229
Moving Pictures Experts Group, 70–71, 94, 146, 238–245, 249
MP3, 71
MPEG. See Moving Pictures Experts Group
MPEG-2 compression, 94, 146, 238–245, 251
MPS. See Main program service
MSO. See Multiple service operator
Multibay antennas, 276–277
Multicast, Internet streaming, 72
Multicasting, 10, 123, 172, 176, 252–253
Multichannel, 114
Multicore cable, 109
Multipath, 30, 234, 288, 289, 290
Multiple service operator, 12
Multiplexer, 176, 178, 235, 271
Multiplexing, 206, 249–250, 253
Multitrack, 114
MXF. See Media eXchange Format
N
NAB. See National Association of Broadcasters
National Association of Broadcasters, 217–218
National Radio Systems Committee, 203, 212, 213
National Television System Committee analog television, 9, 33–42, 223–229
active video and blanking, 35–38
analog cable television and, 13
ATSC versus, 231, 235, 236, 245
audio processing, 263–264
audio signal, 226
carriers and channels for, 223–224
channel bandwidth, 43
chrominance information, 29, 225
closed captioning and content advisory ratings, 227–228
color bars waveform diagram, 41
data broadcasting, 228–229
decoding at receiver, 41–42
exciter, 266
film projection, 35–36
frame and field rates, actual, 42
frames, 33–34
interlacing, 34–35
luminance, chrominance, and composite video, 40–41
progressive scan, 36
sidebands and bandwidth, 224
synchronizing pulses, 38–39
vertical blanking interval ancillary information, 227
video processing equipment, 264
video signal, 224–225
video waveform, 39–40
Network, 64
center, 64
distribution system, 117
master control, 169
monitoring systems, computer-based, 281
release center, 117
television, 118
Newsroom, 159
Nighttime operations, 217–218
Noise
audio, 252
reduction, 100
video, 251
Nonlinear editing, 94, 153, 154, 156–157
Nonprogram-related data, 258–259
NRSC. See National Radio Systems Committee
NTSC. See National Television System Committee
O
On-air studio, 155
Operating system, 64
Operations
radio studio, 78–81
television station and network, 117–119
Opportunistic data, 257
Optical
audio output, 49
sound track, 31
P
PAD. See Program-assisted data
Paint system, 159
PAL. See Phase Alternating Line
Pan-pot, 84
Patch cord, 110
PC. See Personal computers
PCM. See Pulse code modulation
Peak program meter, 86
Pedestal
robotic, 137
Personal computers, 63–64
PFL. See Prefade listen monitoring
P-frame. See Predictive coded frame
Phase Alternating Line, 9, 42–43, 73
Phase shift keying, 30
Phosphors, 36
Photomultiplier, 139
Picture element, 52
Picture monitor(s), 21, 22, 130–131
PMCP. See Programming Metadata Communication Protocol
Post-house, 119
Postproduction, 117, 119, 127, 153, 155, 157, 163–164
Potentiometer, 84
Power amplifier
audio, 90
cooling devices, 268
tubes and solid-state devices, 267–268
PPM. See Peak program meter
Predictive coded frame, 240, 241, 242, 243
Prefade listen monitoring, 85, 86
Preset-take, 171
Primary colors, 20–21
Pro (professional) channel, 185, 226
Processing equipment, 261, 263–264
Production
center, 117
switcher, 127
trucks, 187–188
Profanity delay, 101–102
Program and System Information Protocol, 235
ATSC digital television and, 254–256
directed channel change, 256
electronic program guide, 255–256
Federal Communications Commission and, 231
generator, 177–178
major and minor channels, 254–255
multiplexing and, 250
Program-associated data, 220, 221
Program-related data, 258
Programming Metadata Communication Protocol, 178
Progressive scan, 36, 54, 56, 57
Protocols, 69
PSIP. See Program and System Information Protocol
PSK. See Phase shift keying
Pulse code modulation, 30, 50, 91
Q
QAM. See Quadrature amplitude modulation
QPSK modulation, 11
Quad, 144
Quadrature amplitude modulation, 11, 13, 28–29, 30, 206, 217, 225, 265
Quantizing, 48
R
Radio; see also Analog radio; Digital radio; Internet radio and television; Satellite radio
frequency, 5, 204, 206–208, 234
Radio Broadcast Data System, 212
Radio frequency waves, 23–31
bands, channels, and frequencies, 25–26
electromagnetic waves, 23–25
modulation, 27–31
over wires and cable, 26–27
Radio networks, major, 13
Radio news gathering, 181–183
Radio program automation, 95–96
Radio remote production, 183
Radio studios, 77–115
acoustic treatment, 77
analog devices, 98–100
analog versus digital, 81–82
ancillary systems, 111–112
audio delay units, 82, 101–102
audio mixing consoles, 81, 82, 84–87
audio processing equipment, 82, 103–109
automation and live assist, 79
CD players, 91–92
combo studio, 77
considerations and capabilities, other, 113–115
digital record/playback devices, 96–98
editing, 80
Emergency Alert System, 82, 102–103
hard disk recorders and audio workstations, 92–95
ingest, 80
loudspeakers and headphones, 89–91
master control, 112–113
microphones, 87–89
noise reduction, 100
operations, 78–81
program automation, 95–96
remote sources, 101
remote voice-tracking, 79–80
scheduling, 96
signal distribution, 109–111
stereo versus mono, 81
system considerations, 81–83
telephone hybrids, 100–101
types, 77–78
Radio wave diagram, 25
Radio wave propagation and FCC rules, 283–291
amplitude modulation propagation, 284–286, 288
ATSC DTV considerations, 290–291
frequency and power allocations, 283–284
frequency modulation propagation, 286, 288–289
IBOC considerations, 289
TV VHF and UHF propagation, 290
RAID. See Redundant array of independent disks
RAM. See Random access memory
Random access memory, 64, 94, 156
RBDS. See Radio Broadcast Data System
RDS. See Radio data system
RealMedia, 71
Receiver, radio. See Radio receiver
Receiver, television. See Television receiver
Recorder
analog audio, 99–100
digital audio, 96–98
television remote production and, 187
videotape. See Videotape recorders
Redundancy, 239
Redundant array of independent disks, 66
Reel-to-reel audio recorder, 99
Refresh rate, 33
Reject load, 271
Remote broadcasting, 181–189
cameras and recorders, 184–185
news gathering for radio, 181–183
news gathering for television, 183–186
production, radio, 183
production, television, 186–189
Remote pickup units, 101, 183, 192
Remote truck, 187
Resolution
computer screen, 56
digital audio, 48
picture, 55
RF. See Radio frequency
RGB (red, green, blue) signal(s), 40, 41, 44
Router(s)
audio, 110–111
computer network, 69–70
video, 161
RPUs. See Remote pickup units
S
SAC. See Supplementary audio channel
SACD. See Super audio compact disc
Sampling
digital audio, 46–47
digital video, 52–53
rate, 46
SAP. See Separate audio program
Satellite digital audio radio service, 8
Satellite link, 80, 101, 194–195
Satellite news gathering, 195
Satellite radio, 8–9
WorldSpace, 8–9
XM and Sirius, 8
Satellite television, 11–12
digital satellite broadcasting, 12
DirecTV, 12
Dish Network, 12
in Japan, 12
medium- and low-power services, 11
Satellites, geostationary, 8, 12, 195
Saturation, 20
SAV. See Start of active video
SBR. See Spectral band replication
SCA. See Subsidiary communications authorization
Scanning, 34
Scrims, 122
SD. See Standard definition
SDARS. See Satellite digital audio radio service
SDI. See Serial digital interfaces, SMPTE
SECAM. See Sequential Couleur avec Mémoire
Secondary colors, 20
Security, computer, 70
Separate audio program, 226
Sequential Couleur avec Mémoire, 9, 43, 73
Serial bitstream, 48
Serial digital interfaces, SMPTE, 60
Server(s), 64–65
audio, 93–94
bitstream, 179
file, 65
video, 153
SHF. See Super high frequency
Shutter, rotating, 35
Sidebands, 31, 203, 205, 207, 216, 218, 224, 233
Signal
audio, 18
chain, 22
distribution, radio, 109–111
distribution, television, 124, 159–162
quality, 72–73
video, 21
Signal-to-noise ratio, 100, 207
Sine wave, 18
Sirius satellite radio, 8
Skywave, 26, 217, 274, 284–285, 286
Slow motion cameras, 189
SMPTE. See Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
SNG. See Satellite news gathering
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
serial digital interfaces, 60
SMPTE 310M, 179
Soft light, 121
Solid-state device, 267–268
Solid-state recorder, 96–97, 151–152, 157
Solid-state storage, 67–68
Sony/Philips Digital Interface, 51
Sound and audio, 17–19
mono, stereo, and surround sound, 19
waves, sound, 17–18
Sound and vision, 17–22
baseband, 22
light and video, 20–22
Sound stage, 120
Sound waves, 17–18
amplitude, 17
cycles per second, 17
distortion, 19
frequency, 17
frequency range, 18–19
noise, 19
signal chain, 19
sine wave, 18
SPDIF. See Sony/Philips Digital Interface
Speaker(s). See Loudspeakers and headphones
Spectral band replication, 249
Spectrum, 23
Spectrum, radio, 31
SPG. See Synchronizing pulse(s) generator
Splatter, 205
Spotlight, 121–122
Squeezeback, 171
Standard definition and high definition video, 52–60, 123–124
A/D and D/A converters, 59
aspect ratio, 58
bit rates, 58–59
components and color subsampling, digital, 53
formats, 54–55
frame rate, 56–57
interlacing, 57
lines and pixels, 55–56
multicasting, 253
SMPTE serial digital interfaces, 60
Standard definition DTV, 10, 54, 253
Standard definition videotape recorder, 59
Standards converter, 168–169
Start of active video, 60
Statistical multiplexing, 253
Stereo, 19
coding, 208–211
pilot, 210–211
radio studio and, 81
signal generation, 209–211
surround sound versus, 125
Stereo (stereophonic) system, 19
Storage, data, 65–68
disk drivers, 66
files and folders, 65–66
optical disks, 67
solid-state, 67–68
tape, 66–67
units for, 63
STL. See Studio-transmitter link
Streaming, Internet. See Internet streaming
Streaming technologies, 14
considerations for providing, 14–15
Internet. See Internet streaming
as major force in program distribution, 15
Studio(s)
computers in, 64
control room(s), 77–78, 112–113, 120, 122–123
lighting, 121–122
radio. See Radio studios
television. See Television studios
Studio complex, 1
Studio-transmitter link(s), 1, 82, 114, 176, 196–199, 261, 262, 263, 264, 280
Studios and production facilities, 75–200
Studios for IBOC, 113–114
analog radio, 211–212
audio, 226
definition, 211
for IBOC digital radio, 215
Subsidiary communication authorization, 211, 263
Super audio compact disc, 91
Super high frequency, 25, 26, 193
Supplementary audio channel, 220
Surround sound, 10, 19, 51, 114, 125, 164, 220, 245–246, 248
S-VHS, 145
Switches, computer network, 69
Sync pulses. See Synchronizing pulse(s)
Synchronizing pulse(s), 38–39, 40
generator, 162
vertical, 39
System considerations
radio, 81–83
television, 123–125
T
Tape
delay, 173
format, 140–141
storage, 66–67
TBC. See Timebase corrector
TCP/IP. See Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol
Telecine, 138–139
Telephone hybrids, 100–101
Teleprompter, 132
Television. See Analog television; Cable television; Digital television; Internet radio and television; Satellite television
Television networks, major, 13
Television news gathering, 183–186
Television propagation, 290
Television receiver, 21, 27, 41, 231
Television remote production, 186–189
Television studios, 117–180
analog versus digital, 124
analog videotape recorders, 144–145
ancillary systems, 166–167
ATSC encoding, 174–176
audio, 163–166
automation, 173–174
bitstream distribution and splicing, 178–180
character generators and computer graphics, 126, 158–159
characteristics, 120–121
closed captioning equipment, 177
control rooms, 122–123
data broadcasting equipment, 178
digital videotape recorders, 145–149
electronic newsroom, 159
film in television, 137–140
high definition digital videotape recorders, 149–151
ingest and conversion, 167–169
Internet Streaming, 180
lighting, 121–122
master control, 169–173
multicasting operations, 176
network block diagram, 118
nonlinear editing, 156–157
operations, station and network, 117–119
optical, solid-state, and hard disk recorders, 151–152
picture and waveform monitoring, 130–132
PSIP generator, 177–178
signal distribution, 124, 159–162
SMPTE timecode, 153–154
standard versus high definition, 123–124
system, 125–127
system considerations, 123–125, 160
system interconnections, 160
types, 119–121
video block diagram, 126
video editing, 152–153
video servers, 154–156
video switchers and effects units, 127–130
video timing, 162–163
videotape recorders, 140–143
Terrestrial broadcasting, 10–11, 13–14
Time delay, 172–173
Timebase corrector, 142–143
longitudinal, 153
vertical interval, 153
antennas and, 278
guyed, 278
markings, 279
self-supporting, 278
types, 278
wind loading and icing, 279
Translators, 279–280
Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol, 68, 69
Transmission line, 261, 269–270
Transmission standards and systems, 201–291
Transmitter site facilities, 261–281
amplitude modulation antenna systems, 261, 271–275
diagram, block, 262
frequency modulation and television antennas, 275–278
incoming feeds, 262–263
power amplifiers, 261, 266–269
processing equipment, 263–264
remote control, transmitter, 113, 280–281
towers, 278–279
translators and repeaters, 279–280
transmission lines and other equipment, 269–271
Transport stream, 174, 176, 235, 249–250
Trilevel sync, 44
Tripod, camera, 137
Tubes, transmitter, 267–268
Tuner, 27
Turntable, 98–99
Tweeter, 90
Type C, 144
U
UHF. See Ultra high frequency
Ultra high frequency, 9, 25, 26, 193, 290
U-Matic, 144
Unicast, Internet streaming, 72
Upconversion, 168
Uplink, 195
V
VBI. See Vertical blanking interval
VC-1, 245
VCT. See Virtual channel table
Vectorscope, 132
Vertical blanking interval, 36, 37–38, 56
analog television data broadcasting, 228
ancillary information, 227
closed captioning and, 177, 253
data, discarding unneeded, 238
Vertical interval timecode, 153
Very high frequency, 5, 25, 207, 290
VHF. See Very high frequency
VHS. See Video Home System
Video, 21–22
active lines, 36
analog, 22
ATSC formats, 236–238
bit rates, 237–238
carrier, 224–225
composite, 40
compression, 146–147
converters, analog to digital and digital to analog, 59
distribution amplifier, 161
high definition analog, 43–44
over IP, 167
patch panel, 160–161
proxy, 159
quality, 250–251
routing switcher, 161
signal chain, 22
standards, 73
timing, 162–163
waveform, 39–40
Video Home System, 144–145
Video servers, 125, 126, 127, 153, 154–156
archiving, 155
file interchange and MXF, 156
recording formats and interfaces, 154–155
slow and fast motion, 156
Videotape recorders, 140–143
analog. See Analog videotape recorders
audio editing and, 164
digital. See Digital videotape recorders
helical scan, 141–142
magnetic recording, 141
slow and fast motion, 143
timebase correctors, 142–143
Viewfinder, 132
Virtual channel table, 255
Vision
control room or area, 122
engineer, 122
mixer, 127
Visually impaired service, 247
VITC. See Vertical interval timecode
Voice-over, 87, 171–172, 247, 248
Voice-tracking, 79
Voltage, 18
Volume unit meter, 86
VTR. See Videotape recorders
VTR editor, 152
VU meter. See Volume unit meter
W
WAN. See Wide area network
Waveform
analog, 45
audio, 18
video, 39–40
Waveguide, 270
Wavelength, 24, 25–26, 271, 272
Wide area network, 68, 69, 155, 193, 196
Wind load, 279
Wireless microphone, 163
Woofer, 90
WorldSpace satellite radio, 8–9
X
XM satellite radio, 8
Y
YPbPr components, 44
Z
Zenith system, 209