Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and table, respectively.
A
Ablation, 50
Acetal copolymer
adhesives for, 168–169
solvents for, 241–243
Acetal homopolymer
adhesives for, 169
solvents for, 243
Acid–base theory, 12–13
Acid-catalyzed phenolics, 131–132
Acrylic acid (AAc) monomer, 55
Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS)
adhesives for, 169
solvents for, 243
4-Acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-AETA), 289
Adherends, adhesives for, 160
ceramics and glass, 179–180
metals, See Metals, adhesives for
plastic foams, 177–178
reinforced plastics/composites, 176–177
rubbers (elastomers), 178
thermoplastics, See Thermoplastics, adhesives for
thermosetting plastics (thermosets), See Thermosetting plastics (thermosets)
Adherend-to-organic material, 36
environmental considerations, 380
surface treatment of materials to enhance, 36t
theories of, See Theories of adhesion
The Adhesive and Sealant Council, Inc. (ASC), 381
advantages of, 3
disadvantages of, 4
durability of, See Durability of adhesive bonds
failure modes, 14f
joints for, See Joint design
of nickel-based alloys, 165
nonstructural, 1
operation, 207f
quality control system for, 354f
requirements for, 4–5
appropriate process, 5
choice of adhesive, 4
cleanliness, 5
good joint design, 4
wetting, 5
structural, 1
testing of, See Testing of adhesive bonds
Adhesives, defined, 1
Advancing angle, 24
Advancing contact angle, 24
Aerospace structures, 2
Aging, 343–344
Air spray technique, 211
Airless spraying, 211
AK-225 T, 42t
Aliphatic amine, 111
Aliphatic polyamine hardeners, 111
Alloyed/modified (two-polymer) adhesives, 86–91
Allyl diglycol carbonate, 86
Aluminium Vehicle Technology (AVT), 334–335
Aluminum and alloys, adhesives for, 160–162
Aluminum oxide, See Alumina
Amylaceous matter, 344
Anhydride hardeners, 112
Animal glues, 126–127
Animal origin, glues of, 126–128
Application method, 206–207
bonding equipment, 220–227
adhesive thickness, 227
heating equipment, 222–226
pressure equipment, 220–222
ultrasonic activation, 226–227
curing, 220
dispensers, 209–210
small-portion mixer dispensers, 209–210
joint-assembly methods, 218–219
heat activation, 219
pressure-sensitive and contact bonding, 219
solvent activation, 219
wet assembly, 218
storage, 206–207
techniques, 210–218
films, 216
hot melts, 216–218
liquid adhesives, 210–214
pastes, 214
powders, 215–216
weldbonding, 227–232
adhesive choice, 230–231
configuration, 228–230
surface preparation, 230
techniques, 232
tooling for, 231
Application mode and setting
Aromatic polyamine hardeners, 112
Aromatic polymer adhesives, 93–94
ARP 1524, 350
ARP 1610, 344
Artificial latex, 153
Arvin acoustic analysis system, 363
Asahiklin AE3000, 42t
Asahiklin AE3000AT, 42t
Asahiklin AE3000ATE, 42t
Asahiklin AE3100E, 42t
Asahiklin AK-225 AES, 42t
Ash content of adhesives, 344
ASTM C813-90 (2009), 28t
ASTM D724-99 (2003), 28t
ASTM D816, 348
ASTM D898, 350
ASTM D899, 350
ASTM D904, 348
ASTM D906, 349
ASTM D1062, 345
ASTM D1084, 351
ASTM D1146, 344
ASTM D1151, 345
ASTM D1183, 343
ASTM D1184, 346
ASTM D1304, 346
ASTM D1337, 350
ASTM D1338, 352
ASTM D1344, 351
ASTM D1382, 344
ASTM D1383, 344
ASTM D1488, 344
ASTM D1489, 347
ASTM D1490, 347
ASTM D1579, 346
ASTM D1581, 344
ASTM D1582, 347
ASTM D1583, 347
ASTM D1584, 351
ASTM D1713, 344
ASTM D1780, 345
ASTM D1828, 346
ASTM D1875, 345
ASTM D1876, 348
ASTM D1916, 348
ASTM D2093, 350
ASTM D2094, 349
ASTM D2095, 351
ASTM D2183, 346
ASTM D2294, 345
ASTM D2339, 349
ASTM D2556, 351
ASTM D2651, 350
ASTM D2674, 350
ASTM D2739, 351
ASTM D2979, 351
ASTM D3111, 346
ASTM D3121, 351
ASTM D3164, 349
ASTM D3236, 351
ASTM D3310, 345
ASTM D3433, 347
ASTM D3482, 346
ASTM D3528, 349
ASTM D3632, 344
ASTM D3658, 351
ASTM D3807, 345
ASTM D3808, 350
ASTM D3929, 350
ASTM D4027, 349
ASTM D4339, 348
ASTM D5725-99(2008), 28t
ASTM D5946-09, 28t
ASTM F2255-05 Standard Test Method, 269
ASTM F2256-05 Standard Test Method, 269
ASTM F2258-05 Standard Test Method, 269
ASTM F2458-05 Standard Test Method, 269
ASTM G85, 348
ASTM-D5040, 344
B
Bare roll, 52
Base, 67–68
Basic salts, 122
Benzyl cellulose, 100
Beryllium, adhesives for, 162–163
Beveled double strap joint, 186f
Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film, 54–55
Biodeterioration, 344
Biological organisms, 333–334
Biological tissue adhesives, See Tissue adhesives
Biomimetic adhesives, 258
Bitumin, 70
380 Black Max®, 262–263
Blocking point, 344
Blood albumen, 126
Bond failure, mechanisms of, 16–17
Bonding, process control of, 358–360
adhesive application, 359
assembly, 359
curing, 360
prefit, 358–359
standard test specimen, 360
Bonding equipment, 220–227
adhesive thickness, 227
heating equipment, 222–226
direct heating curing, 222–223
electric resistance heaters, 224–225
high-frequency dielectric (radio frequency) heating, 225
induction heating, 225–226
low-voltage heating, 226
radiation curing, 223–224
pressure equipment, 220–222
ultrasonic activation, 226–227
Bonding techniques, for latex adhesives, 153–154
Bone adhesives, 283–284
Boron nitride, 104
Boron trifluoride hardeners, 112
Brass, adhesives for, 163
Bronze, adhesives for, 163
Brushing, 210
Bubble pressure method, 26t
Butyl cyanoacrylate, 263
C
Cadmium, adhesives for, 163
Carriers/reinforcements, 68
Casein glue, 126
Cationic epoxies, 223
Cellulose acetate, 99
properties and advantages of, 100t
Cellulose nitrate, 99
Cellulosics
adhesives for, 169–170
solvents for, 243–246
cellulose acetate, 243
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 244–245
cellulose nitrate, 245
cellulose propionate, 245
ethyl cellulose, 246
Ceramics and glass, 179–180
Chemat Technology, 47
Chemical atmosphere, corona treatment under, 54–55
Chemical bonding, 10–13
Chemical composition, classification of adhesives by, 71–73
thermosetting adhesives, 71
Chemical reagents, 345
Chemically reactive types, 77
Chip-bonding adhesives, 102–103
Clad aluminum, 316
by chemical composition, 71–73
thermosetting adhesives, 71
by function, 73–74
nonstructural adhesives, 74
by mechanical properties of adhesives, 82
natural adhesives, 69–70
asphalt and bitumin, 70
gelatine, 70
natural rubber, 70
resins, 70
shellac, 70
starch and dextrin, 70
one-component adhesives, 83
by physical form, 74–75
liquid adhesives, 74
paste adhesives, 75
powder/granule adhesives, 75
tape and film adhesives, 75
by Rayner, 79–81
thermoplastic resin adhesives, 80t
thermosetting resin adhesives, 79t
two-polymer adhesives (alloys), 81t
society of manufacturing engineering, 77–79
chemically reactive types, 77
delayed-tack adhesives, 79
evaporative/diffusion adhesives, 78
hot-melt adhesives, 78t
pressure-sensitive adhesives, 79
tape and film adhesives, 79t
by specific adherends/applications, 75–76
synthetic adhesives, 70
two-component adhesives, 83
by type of cure that occurs in adhesive, 82
Cleaner technologies substitute assessments (CTSAs), 380
Cleaning (degreasing) metals, 39–45
chemical treatment, 45
intermediate cleaning, 44–45
grit blasting, 45
solvent cleaning, 40–44
safety, 44
ultrasonic cleaning with liquid rinse, 43
ultrasonic vapor degreasing, 41–42
vapor degreasing, 40–41
Cleanliness, 5
Closure of hernia incisions, tissue adhesives for (case study), 278–283
Cohesion force, 19
Collagen-based adhesives, 259
Colloidal method, 47
Composition formulation, of adhesives, 67–69
adhesive base/binder, 67
carriers/reinforcements, 68
diluents, 68
fillers, 68
hardener, 67–68
solvents, 68
Conductive adhesives, 102–104
electrically, 102–103
heat cure conductive adhesives, 103
room temperature cure adhesives, 103
snap cure conductive adhesives, 103
two-component conductive adhesives, 103
thermally, 103–104
Contact charging theory, See Electrostatic theory
Contact-angle test, 61–62
Copolymeric hydrogels, 271
Copper and copper alloys, adhesives for, 164
three-dimensional, 53–54
under chemical atmosphere, 54–55
Corrosivity, 345
direct heating, 222–223
radiation, 223–224
Cyanoacrylate glue, 271
Cyanoacrylate pitfalls and pearls, 281t
Cyanoacrylic adhesives, 259–269
aging properties, 262
benefits and limitation, 263t
commercial grades, 266–269
medical grade, 263–266
structures, 260f
Cylindrical joints, 192–193
D
Dado joint, 194
Dead-weight loads, 220–221
Definition of adhesives and adhesive bonding, 1–2
Density, test method for, 345
4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-AETA), 289
hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, 288
methacrylic acid (MA), 286
10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), 289
4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid, 288
methyl methacrylate, 286–287
Design for Environment (DfE) program, 380
Di-2-hydroxyethyl methacryl hydrogen phosphate (Di-HEMA-phosphate), 289
Diallyl phthalate, adhesives for, 175
Dicyandiamide (DICY), 164
Diffusion, 6–7
Diffusion adhesives, 78
Diffusion theory, 8–9
Diluents, 68
Di-methacrylates, 289
Dip coating, 213
Dipole, 11
Dipole–dipole forces, 11
Direct heating curing, 222–223
Dispersion component, 20
Double butt lap joint, 186f
Double dielectric, 52
Double strap joint, 186f
Drop volume method, 26t
Dual element transducer, 367
Durability of adhesive bonds, 297–299
adhesive bond durability, 334–336
biological organisms, 333–334
chemicals and solvents, 326–327
high temperature, 299–302
epoxies, 300
modified phenolics, 300–301
polyaromatics, 302
polysulfone, 301–302
silicones, 302
humidity and water immersion, 305–312
fatigue-life data, 311–312
hot-water-soak test, 308–311
moisture exposure, effects of surface preparation on, 306–308
stressed temperature/humidity test, 308
low and cryogenic temperatures, 303–305
radiation, 329–333
saltwater and salt spray, 312–316
Boeing/Air Force studies, 316
saltwater immersion, 315–316
seacoast weathering environment, 313–315
vacuum, 327–329
weathering, 317–326
outdoor weathering, 317–326
simulated weathering/accelerated testing, 317
Dynamic surface tension measurement methods for liquids, 26t
Dynamic Wilhelmy method, 27t
Dyne liquids, 61
E
Eastman Chemicals, 259
Economics, 380–382
Eddy-sonic test method, 363
Elastomeric polymers in nonstructural applications, 96t
Electric resistance heaters, 224–225
Electrical properties, 346
Electrically conductive adhesives, 102–103
heat cure conductive adhesives, 103
room temperature cure adhesives, 103
snap cure conductive adhesives, 103
two-component conductive adhesives, 103
Electrolytic corrosion, 346
Electrostatic theory, 8
Emulsion, 153
Enhanced adhesion, 7–8
EnSolv, 42t
EnSolv-GCS, 42t
Environmental considerations, 380
hardening agents for, 111–112
Epoxy-nylons, 314–315
Ethyl cyanoacrylate, 106
Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene, See Fluoroplastics, adhesives for
Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyolefin resins, 118
Evaporative/diffusion adhesives, 78
Extrusion of adhesives, 214
F
Failure modes, definition of, 13–15
Fatty polyamides, 111–112
Federal Test Method Std. 175B, Method 1081, 346
Federal Test Method Std. 175B, Method 4041.1, 347
Fibrin, 270
sealants, 259
Filler content, 346
Film corona treatment system, 52f
“First-generation acrylic adhesives,” 85
Fish glues, 127
“Flame throwers,” 56–57
Flange joints, 192f
Flexible adhesives, 2
Flexural strength, 346
Flow brush, 210–211
Flow properties, 346
Flowing, 210–211
Fluorinated-ethylene propylene (Teflon®), See Fluoroplastics, adhesives for
Fluorine-to-carbon (F/V) ratio, 59
Fluoroplastics, adhesives for, 170
Foamable hot-melt adhesives, 118
Fokker Bond Tester, 368
Fokker Test method, 355
Fracture strength in cleavage, 347
Function, classification of adhesives by, 73–74
nonstructural adhesives, 74
Functions of adhesives, 2–3
Furane adhesives, 116–117
Future trends, 382–383
G
Gap-filling adhesive bonds, 347
Gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, tissue adhesive applications in (case study), 276–277
bleeding from other sources, 277
closure of fistula, 277
esophageal variceal bleeding, 277
gastric variceal bleeding, 276–277
peptic ulcer bleeding, 277
Gelatine, 70
General Electric, 170–171
Gibbs free energy, 23–24
Glass matte-reinforced thermoplastic (GMT), 58
Global Industry Analysts, Inc., 383
Gluing, 272
GluStitch®, 263
Goland and Reissner theory, 202–203
Gold, adhesives for, 164
Granule adhesives, 75
Graphite, 224–225
Grit blasting, 45
Grit content, 347
Guggenheim’s equation, 25–26
H
Hardeners
for epoxy adhesives, 111–112
for thermosetting adhesives, 67–68
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), 375
Heat activation, 219
Heat cure conductive adhesives, 103
Heat reactivation, 154
Heating equipment, 222–226
direct heating curing, 222–223
electric resistance heaters, 224–225
high-frequency dielectric (radio frequency) heating, 225
induction heating, 225–226
low-voltage heating, 226
radiation curing, 223–224
HFE-7100, 42t
High-temperature-resistant adhesives, 299–302
epoxies, 300
modified phenolics, 300–301
polyaromatics, 302
polysulfone, 301–302
silicones, 302
High temperature effects, 347
High-frequency dielectric (radio frequency) heating, 225
Hildebrand solubility parameter, 236
Histoacryl® Blue, 263
History, of adhesive development, 84
Holography, 368–369
Hot melts, 216–218
melt-reservoir systems, 216–217
progressive-feed systems, 217–218
Hot presses/platens, 222–223
ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyolefin resins, 118
foamable hot-melt adhesives, 118
polyamide (Nylon) and polyester resins, 119
Hot-setting phenolics, 132
Hot-water-soak test, 308–311
Humidity and water immersion, 305–312
fatigue-life data, 311–312
hot-water-soak test, 308–311
moisture exposure, effects of surface preparation on, 306–308
stressed temperature/humidity test, 308
Hydrogen ion concentration, 347
Hydrophobic recovery, 55
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose, 100
2-Hydroxyethyl methacryl dihydrogen phosphate (HEMA-phosphate), 289
Hysol EA 9614, 171
Hysteresis, 24
I
Impact strength, 347
Impact tests, 343
Incoming material control, 356–360
adhesives, 356–357
mechanical properties, 357
miscellaneous properties (including creep), 357
bonding, process control of, 358–360
adhesive application, 359
assembly, 359
curing, 360
prefit, 358–359
standard test specimen, 360
surface preparation control, 357–358
Induction heating, 225–226
Infrared lamps, 223
Inorganic adhesives (cements), 120–123
basic salts (sorel cements), 122
litharge cements, 122
phosphate cements, 122
Sauereisen’s adhesives, 123
soluble silicates (potassium and sodium silicate), 121–122
sulfur cements, 122–123
Interface, defined, 19
Intermediate cleaning, 44–45
grit blasting, 45
Intermolecular interactions, 11–12
Ionic bonds, 11
Ionomer (Surlyn®), adhesives for, 170
J
JAN cycling, 319
adhesive joints, peeling of, 191–192
angle and corner joints, 194
basic principles, 183
butt joints, 189–190
common joint styles, 203f
criteria, 187–189
cylindrical joints, 192–193
efficiency, methods of improving, 185–187
lap joints, 190–191
beveled lap joints, 191
double lap joints, 191
joggle lap joints, 191
strap joints, 191
optimizing adhesive bonding through, 203–204
for plastics and elastomers, 194–196
flexible materials, 194–195
rigid plastics, 196
stiffening joints, 192
stress, types of, 183–185
cleavage, 185
compression, 184
peel, 185
shear, 184
tension, 185
stress analysis, 196–203
experimental analyses, 197–201
failure analyses, 201–202
methods of, 202–203
theoretical analysis, 196–197
Joint-assembly methods, 218–219
heat activation, 219
pressure-sensitive and contact bonding, 219
solvent activation, 219
wet assembly, 218
K
Knife coating, 212
L
“L” angle joints, 194
beveled, 191
double, 191
joggle, 191
strap joints, 191
Lead, adhesives for, 164
Lewis acid and base, 12
application by extrusion, 214
brushing, 210
dip coating, 213
flowing, 210–211
knife coating, 212
oil can and squeeze bottle, 213
roll and knife method, 213
roll coating, 212
silk screening, 212–213
spraying, 211–212
Liquid baths, 222
Liquid crystals, 368
Liquids
dynamic surface tension measurement methods for, 26t
static surface tension measurement methods for, 26t
surface tension measurement for, 26
Litharge cements, 122
Locus of failure, 13
London dispersion forces, 11
Low and cryogenic temperature, 347
Low-voltage heating, 226
M
Magnesium, 39
and magnesium alloys, adhesives for, 164–165
Magnesium oxychloride, 122
Manufacturing engineering, society of, 77–79
chemically reactive types, 77
delayed-tack adhesives, 79
evaporative/diffusion adhesives, 78
hot-melt adhesives, 78t
pressure-sensitive adhesives, 79
tape and film adhesives, 79t
Material surface preparation techniques, 35
cleaning (degreasing) metals, 39–45
chemical treatment, 45
intermediate cleaning, 44–45
solvent cleaning, 40–44
general considerations, 35–36
methods for evaluating effectiveness of surface preparation, 61–62
contact-angle test, 61–62
dyne liquids, 61
water-break test, 61
priming, 46
surface exposure time (SET), 62–64
surface treatment of metals, 36–39
surface treatment of plastics, 48–60
corona treatment, 51–55
effect of treatment on plastic surfaces, 48–50
flame treatment, 56–60
mechanical treatment (surface roughening), 51
surface cleaning, 51
Maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs), 44
Mechanical theory, 7–8
Medical grade cyanoacrylate adhesives, 263–266
Medicine and dentistry, adhesives in, 258–259
applications, 269–283
case studies, 272–283
skin closure, adhesives for, 271–272
bone adhesives, 283–284
cyanoacrylic adhesives, 259–269
commercial grades, 266–269
medical grade, 263–266
dental applications, 284–289
10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), 289
4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-AETA), 289
4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid, 288
hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, 288
methacrylic acid (MA), 286
methyl methacrylate, 286–287
monomers, 289
natural adhesives, 259
synthetic/semisynthetic adhesives, 259
tissue adhesives
test methods to characterize strength of, 269
Medline, 266
Melt-reservoir systems, 216–217
Metal oxides, 13
aluminum and alloys, 160–162
beryllium, 162–163
brass and bronze, 163
cadmium (plated on steel), 163
copper and copper alloys, 164
gold, 164
lead, 164
magnesium and magnesium alloys, 164–165
nickel and nickel alloys, 165
plated metals, 165
platinum, 166
silver, 166
stainless steel, 166
steel, mild, carbon (iron), 166
surface treatment of, 36–39
tin, 166
titanium and titanium alloys, 166–167
tungsten and tungsten alloys, 167
uranium, 167
zinc and zinc alloys, 167
Methacrylate-based adhesives, 270–271
Methacrylic acid (MA), 286
11-Methacryloyloxy-1,10-undecanedicarboxylic acid (MAC-10), 289
10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), 289
2-(Methacryloyloxyethyl) phenyl hydrogen phosphate (Phenyl-P), 289
4-Methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid (4-MET), 288
Methyl cellulose, 100
Methyl chloroform, 44
Methyl nonafluorobutyl ether, 42t
Methyl nonafluoroisobutyl ether, 42t
Methyl-2-cyanoacrylate, 106
Microencapsulated adhesives, 123–124
MIL-STD-304 conditioning, 318t
Miniaturization trend, in electronics, 383
“Modified acrylics,” 85
Modified nylons, 130
Moisture exposure, 305
effects of surface preparation on, 306–308
N
asphalt and bitumin, 70
gelatine, 70
natural rubber, 70
resins, 70
shellac, 70
starch and dextrin, 70
Natural glues, 124–128
animal origin, glues of, 126–128
vegetable glues, 124–126
Natural latex, 153
Net force on surface molecule, 19
Neutron radiography, 370–371
NFPA 704, 378
Nickel and nickel alloys, adhesives for, 165
Nitrile-epoxy (elastomer-epoxy) adhesives, 129
Nonchromate corrosion inhibitors, 47
Nondestructive tests, 360–371
holography, 368–369
liquid crystals, 368
neutron radiography, 370–371
penetrant inspection, 371
radiography, 370
radioisotope methods, 370
scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), 371
sonic methods, 362–363
arvin acoustic analysis system, 363
eddy-sonic test method, 363
pulsed eddy-sonic test method, 363
sonic resonator, 363
sweep-frequency resonance method, 367–368
thermal image inspection, 369
thermal infrared inspection (TIRI), 369–370
ultrasonic methods, 363–367
ultrasonic multiple transducer, 366–367
X-ray techniques, 370
Nonvolatile content, 347
Noryl®, See Phenylene-oxide-based resins
Nylon adhesives, 130
Nylons (polyamides)
adhesives for, 170
modified, 130
solvents for, 246
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 375
Odor, 348
Oil can, 213
Open pediatric urological procedures
tissue adhesive as dressing (case study), 275–276
Open-time bonding, 153
Organosilanes, 12
Outdoor weathering, 317–326
Oven heating, 222
Oxidizing flame, 58
P
knives, 214
spatulas, 214
trowels, 214
Peel strength, 348
Pendent drop method, 26t
Penetrant inspection, 371
Penetration, 348
Perfluoroalkoxy resins, See Fluoroplastics, adhesives for
pH, See Hydrogen ion concentration
Phased array transducer, 367
Phenolic adhesives, 131–132
acid-catalyzed phenolics, 131–132
hot-setting phenolics, 132
Phenolics, modified, 300–301
epoxy-phenolic, 300–301
nitrile-phenolic, 300
Phenoxy adhesives, 133
Phosphate cements, 122
Physical form, classification of adhesives by, 74–75
liquid adhesives, 74
paste adhesives, 75
powder/granule adhesives, 75
tape and film adhesives, 75
Plain butt joint, 186f
Plasma treatment, 50
Plastic bottle, 3D treatment of, 54f
Plastic foams, 177–178
corona treatment, 51–55
three-dimensional, 53–54
under chemical atmosphere, 54–55
effect of treatment on plastic surfaces, 48–50
flame treatment, 56–60
mechanical treatment (surface roughening), 51
surface cleaning, 51
Plastics adhesion substrates, treatment values for, 63t
Plastics and elastomers, 194–196
flexible materials, 194–195
rigid plastics, 196
Plastilock®, 88
bond strength of, 89t
properties of, 88t
Plated metals, adhesives for, 165
Platinum, adhesives for, 166
Polarizability, 11
Poly(t-butylmethacrylate) (PtBMA), surface energies of, 32t
Polyamide (Nylon) and polyester resins, 119
Polyamide-6,6 (PA-66), surface energies of, 32t
Polyamide-12 (PA-12), surface energies of, 32t
Polyaryl ether (Arylon T), adhesives for, 171
Polyaryl ether ketones, 93
Polyaryl sulfone, adhesives for, 171
Polyarylates, 93
Polybutylene terephthalate, 249
Polybutylmethacrylate (PBMA), surface energies of, 32t
surface energies of, 32t
Polychloroprene adhesives, See Neoprene (polychloroprene) rubber adhesives
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTrFE)
adhesives for, 171
surface energies of, 32t
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), surface energies of, 32t
Polyesters, 135
thermoplastic polyester, 172
thermosetting polyester, 176
unsaturated, 331
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
adhesives for, 172
surface energies of, 32t
Polyetherimide, 93
adhesives for, 172
solvents for, 254
Polyethylacrylate (PEA), surface energies of, 32t
adhesives for, 172–173
-branched PE, surface energies of, 32t
-linear PE, surface energies of, 32t
Zisman plot for, 30f
Polyethyleneoxide (PEO), surface energies of, 32t
Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), surface energies of, 32t
Polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA), surface energies of, 32t
Polyhexylmethacrylate (PHMA), surface energies of, 32t
Polyisobutylene (PIB), 136
properties of, 96t
surface energies of, 32t
Polyisobutylmethacrylate (PIBMA), surface energies of, 32t
Polymeric (alkoxide) route, 47
Polymers
aromatic, 93–94
solubility parameters for, 240t
solubility parameters for, 240t
solvents for, 241–254
surface tension of, 20
two-polymer adhesives, 86–91
urethane, 138
welding of, 235
Polymethyl methacrylate, 249–250
Zisman plot for, 31f
Polymethylacrylate, surface energies of, 32t
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
bone cement, 283–284
Polymethylpentene (TPXs®), adhesives for, 173
Polyoxymethylene (POM), 168
Polyphenylene sulfide (Ryton®), adhesives for, 173
Polyphenylquinoxaline, 167
Polypropylene, 56
adhesives for, 173
-isotactic PP, surface energies of, 32t
Polystyrene, 136–137
adhesives for, 173
solvents for, 247–249
Polystyrene PS, surface energies of, 32t
adhesives for, 173–174
solvents for, 249
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 39
adhesives for, 174
surface energies of, 32t
Zisman plot for, 30f
Polytetrahydrofurane (PTHF), surface energies of, 32t
Polytetramethylene oxide (PTME), surface energies of, 32t
Polytrifluoroethylene (P3FEt/PTrFE), surface energies of, 32t
adhesives for, 176
manufacture of, 383
Polyvinyl acetal adhesives, 140
Polyvinyl acetate adhesives, 140–141
Polyvinyl alcohol adhesives, 141
Polyvinyl butyral adhesives, 141
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
adhesives for, 174
chlorinated, 254
solvents for, 252–254
surface energies of, 32t
Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF)
adhesives for, 174
surface energies of, 32t
Polyvinylacetate (PVA), surface energies of, 32t
Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), surface energies of, 32t
Polyvinyltoluene (PVT), surface energies of, 32t
Poly-α-methyl styrene (PMS), surface energies of, 32t
Powder contact angle, 27t
Premature adhesive failure, 16
Premixed frozen adhesives, 141–142
Preparation of adhesives, 207–208
Pressure equipment, 220–222
Pressure-sensitive and contact bonding, 219
Progressive-feed systems, 217–218
Proper choice of adhesive, 4
Properly treated polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), 171
Pull-force methods, 27–28
Pulsed eddy-sonic test method, 363
Q
Quality control, 353
adhesive-bonded joints, defects in, 361t
final inspection, 360
flow chart of, 354f
incoming material control, 356–360
adhesives, 356–357
process control of bonding, 358–360
surface preparation control, 357–358
nondestructive tests, 360–371
holography, 368–369
liquid crystals, 368
neutron radiography, 370–371
penetrant inspection, 371
radiography, 370
radioisotope methods, 370
scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), 371
sonic methods, 362–363
sweep-frequency resonance method, 367–368
thermal image inspection, 369
thermal infrared inspection (TIRI), 369–370
ultrasonic methods, 363–367
X-ray techniques, 370
weldbonding, 372–373
R
Radiation, 329–333
Radiation curing, 223–224
Radiation exposure, 348
Radiography, 370
neutron, 370–371
Radioisotope methods, 370
Rayner, classification of adhesives by, 79–81
thermoplastic resin adhesives, 80t
thermosetting resin adhesives, 79t
two-polymer adhesives (alloys), 81t
Reactive adhesives, 85
“Reactive-fluid adhesives,” 85
Receding angle, 24
Receding contact angle, 24
Recessed double strap joint, 186f
Reclaim rubber, properties of, 96t
Reinforced plastics/composites, 176–177
Requirements for good adhesive bond, 4–5
adhesive bonding process, 5
cleanliness, 5
good joint design, 4
proper choice of adhesive, 4
wetting, 5
Resins, 70
anaerobic, 329
phenylene oxide-based, 250–252
thermoplastic, 147–148
thermosetting, 149
Resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives, 143
Rho-Tron 225 TM, 42t
Right-angle butt joints, 194
Rigid plastics, 196
Roll and knife method, 213
Roll coating, 212
Room temperature cure adhesives, 103
Room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) silicones, 303
Rosin adhesive, 125–126
butyl, 95
joints under stress, 195f
nitrile, 130
thermoplastic, 148
Rubber cement tests, 348
Rubber phenolics, 305
Rubber-based adhesives, 143–146
silicone adhesives, 143–146
Rubberized asphalt adhesives, 99t
S
Safety factors, 375–379
in solvent cleaning operations, 44
Saint-Gobain boron nitride, 104
Salt spray (fog) testing, 348
Salt spray, 312–316
Saltwater and salt spray, 312–316
Boeing/Air Force studies, 316
seacoast weathering environment, 313–315
Sauereisen’s adhesives, 123
Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), 371
Scanning acoustic tomography, See Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM)
Scarf butt joint, 186f
properties test results for, 89t
tensile shear test results for, 89t
Sealants, 259
Sealing, 2–3
“Second-generation acrylics,” 85
primary benefits of, 85
Self-adhesive bandages, 269
Sessile drop method, 27t
Shear strength, 348–349
Shurtronic Harmonic Bond Tester, 363
Silane primers, 171
Silicone resins, adhesives for, 176
Silicones, 302
Silk screening, 212–213
adhesives for, 166
Single fiber Wilhelmy method, 27t
Single strap joint, 186f
Skin closure, adhesives for, 271–272
Skin closure in plastic surgery, tissue adhesive for (case study), 283
Small and medium vessels, sutureless anastomoses of (case study), 274–275
Small-portion mixer dispensers, 209–210
Snap cure conductive adhesives, 103
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, 100
Solids
defined, 22
measurement for, 29–34
surface energy of, 22
surface tension measurement methods for, 27t
Soluble nylons, 87
Soluble silicates, 121–122
Solutions, 153
Solvent activation, 219
Solvent bonding, factors affecting, 237–241
solubility, 237
stress cracking, 237–241
Solvent cementing of plastics, 235
background, 235–241
factors affecting adhesive and solvent bonding, 237–241
solubility parameter, 236–237
in cold temperatures, 255–256
commercial perspective, 254–255
in high temperatures, 255
polymerization, 235
specific polymers, solvents for, 241–254
acetal copolymer, 241–243
acetal homopolymer, 243
acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene, 243
cellulosics, 243–246
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, 254
nylons (polyamides), 246
phenylene oxide-based resins, 250–252
polybutylene terephthalate, 249
polyetherimide, 254
polymethyl methacrylate, 249–250
polystyrene, 247–249
polysulfone, 249
polyvinyl chloride, 252–254
styrene–acrylonitrile, 249
safety, 44
ultrasonic cleaning with liquid rinse, 43
ultrasonic vapor degreasing, 41–42
vapor degreasing, 40–41
Solvent reactivation, 154
Solvent wiping, 43
Solvents, 68
Sonic methods, 362–363
arvin acoustic analysis system, 363
eddy-sonic test method, 363
pulsed eddy-sonic test method, 363
sonic resonator, 363
Sorel cements, 122
Soybean glue, 125
Spatulas, knives, trowels, 214
Specific surface area (SSA), 6–7
Specimen preparation, 349
Spinning drop method, 26t
Spot adhesion test, 350
Spraying, 211–212
Squeeze bottle, 213
Stainless steel, adhesives for, 166
Starch adhesives, 124–125
Starch and dextrin, 70
Static surface tension measurement methods for liquids, 26t
Stoichiometric volume, 58
Storage life, 350
Straight joints
for solid bars, 193f
for tubular forms, 193f
Strap joints, 191
Strength development, 350
Stress, types of, 183–185
cleavage, 185
compression, 184
peel, 185
shear, 184
tension, 185
Stress analysis of adhesive joints, 196–203
experimental analyses, 197–201
failure analyses, 201–202
methods of, 202–203
theoretical analysis of stresses and strains, 196–197
Stress cracking, 237–241
Stress-cracking resistance, 350
Stressed temperature/humidity test, 308
Stressed-bond joint durability, 316
Stripping strength, See Peel strength
Styrene–acrylonitrile
adhesives for, 175
solvents for, 249
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 96t
Styrene-butadiene-styrene (S-B-S), 148
Styrene-isoprenestyrene (S-I-S), 148
Sulfur cements, 122–123
Superglues (cyanoacrylates), 1–2
Surface cleaning, 51
Surface energy, 19
of solid, 22
Surface exposure time (SET), 62–64
Surface free energy, 20–23
of select plastics, 30t
surface energy of solids, 22
work of adhesion, 22–23
effectiveness of, 61–62
on moisture exposure, 306–308
Surface roughening, 51
Surface tension, 19–20
measurement, 26–34
for liquids, 27–29
of polymers, 20
of solid plastics, 29–34
temperature effect on, 25
Surface treatment of materials to enhance adhesion, 36t
Surface treatment of metals, 36–39
Surgical adhesives, 259
Suture and tissue adhesive, effects of
on bacterial counts, 272–274
Sweep-frequency resonance method, 367–368
Synthetic latexes, 153
Synthetic/semisynthetic adhesives, 259
T
“T” angle joint, 194
Tack, 351
delayed-tack adhesives, 108–109
Tandem method, 366–367
Tank-type applications, 216–217
TAPPI T458, 28t
Temperature effect on surface tension, 25
Tensile strength, 351
Tensiles, 339–340
Testing of adhesive bonds, 339
cleavage, 342
creep, 342–343
durability, 343
fatigue, 343
impact, 343
methods and practices, compilation of, 343–352
aging, 343–344
amylaceous matter, 344
ash content, 344
biodeterioration, 344
blocking point, 344
characterization, 344
chemical reagents, 345
cleavage, 345
cleavage/peel strength, 345
corrosivity, 345
creep, 345
cryogenic temperatures, 345
density, 345
durability, 345–346
electrical properties, 346
electrolytic corrosion, 346
fatigue, 346
filler content, 346
flexural strength, 346
flow properties, 346
fracture strength in cleavage, 347
gap-filling adhesive bonds, 347
grit content, 347
high temperature effects, 347
hydrogen ion concentration, 347
impact strength, 347
low and cryogenic temperature, 347
nonvolatile content, 347
odor, 348
peel strength, 348
penetration, 348
pH, 348
radiation exposure, 348
rubber cement tests, 348
salt spray (fog) testing, 348
shear strength, 348–349
specimen preparation, 349
spot adhesion test, 350
spread, 350
storage life, 350
strength development, 350
stress-cracking resistance, 350
stripping strength, See Peel strength
surface preparation, 350
tack, 351
tensile strength, 351
torque strength, 351
viscosity, 351
volume resistivity, 351
water absorptiveness, 351
weathering, 351
wedge test, 352
working life, 352
peel, 341–342
shear, 340–341
tensiles, 339–340
acid–base theory, 12–13
chemical bonding, 10–13
diffusion theory, 8–9
electrostatic theory, 8
mechanical theory, 7–8
weak boundary layer theory, 13
wetting theory, 9–10
Thermal image inspection, 369
Thermal infrared inspection (TIRI), 369–370
Thermally conductive adhesives, 103–104
Thermid® IP-600, 93
chemical structure of, 94f
Thermoplastics, adhesives for, 168–175
acetal copolymer, 168–169
acetal homopolymer, 169
acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS), 169
cellulosic plastics, 169–170
ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene, See Fluoroplastics, adhesives for
fluorinated-ethylene propylene (Teflon®), See Fluoroplastics, adhesives for
fluoroplastics, 170
ionomer (Surlyn®), 170
nylons (polyamides), 170
perfluoroalkoxy resins, See Fluoroplastics, adhesives for
phenylene-oxide-based resins (Noryl®), 170–171
polyaryl ether (Arylon T), 171
polyaryl sulfone, 171
polycarbonate, 171
polychlorotrifluoroethylene, 171
polyester, 172
polyetheretherketone, 172
polyetherimide, 172
polyethersulfone, 172
polyethylene, 172–173
polymethylmethacrylate, 173
polymethylpentene (TPXs®), 173
polyphenylene sulfide (Ryton®), 173
polypropylene, 173
polystyrene, 173
polysulfone, 173–174
polytetrafluoroethylene, 174
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 174
polyvinyl fluoride, 174
polyvinylidene fluoride, See Fluoroplastics, adhesives for
styrene-acrylonitrile, 175
Thermosetting plastics (thermosets), adhesives for, 175–176
diallyl phthalate, 175
epoxies, 175
melamine-formaldehyde (melamines), 175
phenol-formaldehyde (phenolics), 176
polyester (thermosetting polyester), 176
polyimide, 176
polyurethane, 176
silicone resins, 176
urea-formaldehyde, 176
Thickness of adhesives, 227
Thiokols, See Polysulfides
Threshold limit values (TLVs), 44
Through-transmission techniques, 366
Time of flight diffraction technique, 367
Tin, adhesives for, 166
case studies, 272–283
closure of hernia incisions, 278–283
comparison of effects of suture and tissue adhesive on bacterial counts, 272–274
gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, 276–277
sutureless anastomoses of small and medium vessels, 274–275
tissue adhesive as dressing after open pediatric urological procedures, 275–276
tissue adhesive for skin closure in plastic surgery, 283
topical skin wounds, tissue adhesives in, 277–278
cyanoacrylate, 266–269
test methods to characterize strength of, 269
Titanium and titanium alloys, adhesives for, 166–167
Topical skin wounds, tissue adhesives in (case study), 277–278
Torque strength, 351
Transdermal patch technology, 270
1,1-Trichloroethane, 41
Trichloroethylene, 44
Tungsten and tungsten alloys, adhesives for, 167
Two-component conductive adhesives, 103
U
Ultem, 93
properties of, 93t
Ultrasonic activation, 226–227
Ultrasonic cleaning with liquid rinse, 43
Ultrasonic multiple transducer, 366–367
Ultrasonic vapor degreasing, 41–42
Uranium, adhesives for, 167
Urethane adhesives, 326
V
Vacuum, 327–329
Vacuum bags, 221–222
Van der Waals forces, 9
Vapor degreasing, 40–41
Ultrasonic, 41–42
Vegetable glues, 124–126
Vertrel CMS, 42t
Vertrel SMT, 42t
Vinyl acetal-phenolic adhesives, 304–305
Vinyl-epoxy adhesives, 151
Vinyl-resin adhesives, 152
Viscosity, 351
Volkersen’s model, 202
Volume resistivity, 351
W
Water absorptiveness, 351
Water-based systems, 78t
Water-break test, 61
outdoor weathering, 317–326
seacoast environment, 313–315
simulated weathering/accelerated testing, 317
adhesive choice, 230–231
configuration, 228–230
advantages and limitations, 230
surface preparation, 230
techniques, 232
tooling for, 231
Welding of polymers, 235
Wet assembly, 218
Wet bonding, 153
Wettability, 61–62
Wetting, 5
Wetting theory, 9–10
Wonder adhesives, See Cyanoacrylic adhesives
Work of adhesion, 22–23
Working life, 352
X
X-ray techniques, 370
Y
Young’s equation, 23–25
Young–Dupre’s equation, 25
Z
Zinc and zinc alloys, adhesives for, 167
Zisman plot
for polyethylene, 30f
for polymethyl methacrylate, 31f
for polytetrafluoroethylene, 30f
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