Appendix A. The Milestones, by Discovery
Chapter 1: Hippocrates and the Discovery of Medicine
Milestone #1: Getting real: diseases have natural causes
Milestone #2: It’s the patient, stupid: the creation of clinical medicine
Milestone #3: A code of ethics that stands the test of time
Milestone #4: Acting the part: professionalizing the practice of medicine
Milestone #5: The enigmatic Corpus: 60 books and a wealth of medical firsts
Milestone #6: Where the two worlds meet: a holistic approach to medicine
Chapter 2: The Discovery of Sanitation
Milestone #1: The first epidemic: a lesson from the depths of a coal mine
Milestone #2: Casting aside miasma to envision a new kind of killer
Milestone #3: The invention of epidemiology and the disabling of a deadly pump
Milestone #4: A new “Poor Law” raises hackles—and awareness
Milestone #5: A grand report creates a wealth of ideas and a will to act
Milestone #6: The long, slow birth of a public health revolution
Chapter 3: The Discovery of Germs and How They Cause Disease
Milestone #1: The tragic loss of a friend (and a brilliant gain of insight)
Milestone #2: A simple solution: wash your hands and save a life
Milestone #3: From fermentation to pasteurization: the germination of germ theory
Milestone #4: The “spontaneous generation of life” finally meets its death
Milestone #5: The critical link: germs in the world of insects, animals, and people
Milestone #6: Antiseptics to the rescue: Joseph Lister and the modern age of surgery
Milestone #7: One step closer: Robert Koch and the secret life of anthrax
Milestone #8: Sealing the deal: discovery of the cause of tuberculosis
Milestone #9: Guidelines for convicting a germ: Koch’s four famous postulates
Chapter 4: The Discovery of Anesthesia
Milestone #1: From philanthropy to frivolity: the discovery (and dismissal) of nitrous oxide
Milestone #2: 25 years of “jags” and “frolics” culminate in public humiliation—and hope
Milestone #3: Anesthesia at last: the discovery of Letheon (er, make that “ether”)
Milestone #4: Coming of age: a new anesthetic and a controversial new use
Milestone #5: From lint and gloves to modern pharmacology: the birth of a science
Chapter 5: The Discovery of X-rays
Milestone #1: How one man working alone at night discovered a remarkable “new kind of ray”
Milestone #2: A one-year firestorm and those “naughty, naughty” rays
Milestone #3: Mapping the unknown country: X-rays revolutionize diagnostic medicine
Milestone #4: From hairy birthmarks to deadly cancer: a new form of treatment
Milestone #5: A darker side is exposed: the deadly dangers of X-rays
Milestone #6: A leap into the modern age: Coolidge’s hot tube
Milestone #7: A final secret revealed: the true nature of X-rays
Chapter 6: The Discovery of Vaccines
Milestone #1: What the milkmaid knew: a daring experiment in a cow pasture
Milestone #2: From folklore to modern medicine: Jenner discovers the science of vaccination
Milestone #3: A long holiday and a neglected experiment lead to a new concept in vaccines
Milestone #4: A new “killed” vaccine for the birds (not to mention cholera, typhoid, and plague)
Milestone #5: The power of passivity: new vaccines to fight diphtheria and tetanus
Milestone #6: An emergence of understanding—and the birth of immunology
Chapter 7: The Discovery of Antibiotics
Milestone #1: “That’s funny”: the strange and serendipitous discovery of penicillin
Milestone #2: Like nobody’s business: the first successful (but forgotten) cures
Milestone #3: Prontosil: a forgotten drug inspires a world-changing breakthrough
Milestone #4: From bedpans to industrial vats: the revolution finally arrives
Milestone #5: “Black magic”: the first patient to be saved by penicillin
Chapter 8: The Discovery of Heredity, Genetics, and DNA
Milestone #1: From peas to principles: Gregor Mendel discovers the rules of heredity
Milestone #2: Setting the stage: a deep dive into the secrets of the cell
Milestone #3: The discovery—and dismissal—of DNA
Milestone #4: Born again: resurrection of a monastery priest and his science of heredity
Milestone #5: The first genetic disease: kissin’ cousins, black pee, and a familiar ratio
Milestone #6: Like beads on a necklace: the link between genes and chromosomes
Milestone #7: A transformational truth: the rediscovery of DNA and its peculiar properties
Milestone #8: Like a child’s toy: the secrets of DNA and heredity finally revealed
Milestone #9: The great recount: human beings have how many chromosomes?
Milestone #10: Breaking the code: from letters and words to a literature of life
Chapter 9: The Discovery of Drugs for Madness, Sadness, and Fear
Milestone #1: Sickness, seizure, surgery, and shock: the first medical treatments for mental illness
Milestone #2: Mastering mania: lithium takes on the “worst patient on the ward”
Milestone #3: Silencing psychosis: chlorpromazine transforms patients and psychiatry
Milestone #4: Recovering the ability to laugh: the discovery of antidepressants
Milestone #5: More than “mother’s little helper”: a safer and better way to treat anxiety
Chapter 10: The Rediscovery of Alternative Medicine
Milestone #1: The birth of traditional medicine: when caring was curing
Milestone #2: Enlightenment: 1,200 years of tradition overturned and a new course for medicine
Milestone #3: The birth of scientific medicine: when curing began to overshadow caring
Milestone #4: The birth of alternative medicine: a healing touch and a disdain for “heroic” medicine
Milestone #5: Battle for the body: scientific medicine’s blinding quest to conquer “quackery”
Milestone #6: Prescription for an epidemic (of frustration): the rediscovery of alternative medicine