Index
Symbols
8.3 filenames, 273
32-bit architecture, 128
64-bit architecture, 128
A
AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting), 199
abstraction
definition of, 304
technologies, 37
as virtualization technique, 102
access model (cloud computing as), 12
access tier (three-tier design), 306
accessing
block storage, 233
remote files. See distributed file systems
ACI (Application Centric Infrastructure), 382
APIC in, 391
Cisco Nexus 9000 series switches, 475
integration with VM managers, 398
licensing, 478
UCS versus, 451
ACI mode, 475
activating practice exam, 518
Active Directory, 284
Adapter FEX (Adapter Fabric Extender), 434
adapter policy (UCS), 442
Adaptive Security Virtual Appliance (ASAv), 181, 197-199, 486-487
ADC contexts, 211
ADCs (application delivery controllers), 203-204
address learning (FabricPath), 351-352
addresses (Fibre Channel), 239-241
adjacency servers, 333
admin VDCs, 313
Advanced Management Pod (AMP), 508
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), 234-235
AFP (Apple Filing Protocol), 293
aggregation blocks, 306
aggregation groups, 232
aggregation tier (three-tier design), 306
Agile model (software development), 25
allocating resources (VDCs), 312-313
Amazon
Simple Storage Service (S3), 298
history of cloud computing, 11
AMP (Advanced Management Pod), 508
Android, 124
anycast gateways, 359
Anything as a Service (XaaS), 52-53
AO (application optimization), 207
APIC in ACI fabric, 391
APIs (application programming interfaces)
benefits of, 105
CLI (command-line interface) versus, 106-111
definition of, 105
Apple
Filing Protocol (AFP), 293
iOS, 124
Mac OS, 124
AppleTalk, 293
appliances, 511
Application Centric Infrastructure. See ACI
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) firmware, 373
Application Virtual Switch (AVS), 398
applications
containers as isolation design, 45
delivery controllers (ADCs), 203-204
hosting, 373
inspection, 199
isolation, 210
legacy support, 126
optimization (AO), 207
profiles (ACI), 386
programming interfaces. See APIs
service providers (ASPs), 32
arbitrated loop topology, 239
architecture
cloud computing architecture
ICF (Cisco Intercloud Fabric), 74-76
x86 microarchitecture, 411-414
ASAv (Adaptive Security Virtual Appliance), 181, 197-199, 486-487
ASDM (Adaptive Security Device Manager), 199
ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) firmware, 373
ASPs (application service providers), 32
ASR 1000 routers as VXLAN gateways, 181
ASR 9000 routers as VXLAN gateways, 181
ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment), 234-235
ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface), 237
atomic inheritance, 164
authentication, 293
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA), 199
automation phase (cloud implementation), 103-104
auxiliary memory, 224
availability, 304
availability zones (IaaS), 38-39
AVS (Application Virtual Switch), 398
AWS (Amazon Web Services)
history of cloud computing, 11
B
B-Series blade servers, 482
B-Series servers (UCS), 426-429
BaaS (Backup as a Service), 53
back-end disk array connections, 230
backbone cabling, 320
backup interfaces, 336
bandwidth starvation, 206
Barbican, 116
bare-metal hypervisors, 130
basic ATA command set, 234
BB_Credits (Buffer-to-Buffer Credits), 241
big data, 71
BIOS (basic input/output system), 413
BIOS policy (UCS), 442
blade chassis, 414
Blade Server Chassis (UCS 5100 series), 481
blade servers
Cisco UCS B-Series, 482
definition of, 414
provisioning, 416
block storage. See also storage
accessing, 233
cloud computing, 258
Block Storage as a Service, 259-260
HDDs (hard disk drives), 225
types of, 224
Block Storage as a Service, 259-260
blocks
definition of, 226
in ext2-formatted volumes, 274
groups
definition of, 274
types of, 275
boot partitions, 278
boot policy (UCS), 442
border leaves (ACI), 387
bridged interfaces (ACI), 387
bring your own device (BYOD), 71
Broadcast Alias service, 242
brownfield, 501
Buffer-to-Buffer Credits (BB_Credits), 241
bus (SCSI), 235
buses, 412
BYOD (bring your own device), 71
C
C-Series rack servers, 482-483
C-Series servers (UCS), 430-432
cabling structure, 320
EoR (end-of-row) designs, 321-322
horizontal cabling, 320
MoR (middle-of-row) designs, 321-322
ToR (top-of-rack) designs, 320-321
definition of, 225
of RAID groups, 231
CDBs (command descriptor blocks), 236
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol), 167
CEE (Converged Enhanced Ethernet), 338
central processing unit (CPU), 122, 411
Ceph, 298
chapter review tools, 520
chargeback, 97
chassis switches, 162
chattiness, 291
chipsets, 412
ChromeOS, 124
CIFS (Common Internet File System), 289
CIMC (Cisco Integrated Management Controller), 431-432
ACI. See ACI (Application Centric Infrastructure)
Adaptive Security Device Manager (ASDM), 199
Adaptive Security Virtual Appliance (ASAv), 181, 197-199, 486-487
Algo Boost, 468
Cloud Services Router (CSR) 1000V, 181, 199-201, 487-488
Discovery Protocol (CDP), 167
Integrated Management Controller (CIMC), 431-432
Intercloud Fabric (ICF), 73-74
use cases, 83
IOS, 124
Learning Network, 519
MDS 9148S, 460
MDS 9222i, 460
MDS 9250i, 460
MDS 9336S, 460
MDS 9700 series, 461
Metapod, 83
Nexus 1000V series switches, 161, 462-463
chassis switches versus, 162
components of, 161
as multi-hypervisor platform, 168-171
operational procedures, 163-164
standard VXLAN deployment, 177-179
Virtual Services Data Path (vPath), 192-193
as VXLAN gateways, 181
Nexus 1100 Cloud Services Platforms (CSPs), 463-464
Nexus 2000 series Fabric Extenders, 464-466
Nexus 3000 series switches, 466-469
Nexus 5000 series switches, 469-471
Nexus 7000 series switches, 471-474
Nexus 7700 Platform Switches, 472
Nexus 9000 series switches, 475-478
Nexus 9300 Platform Switches, 475
Nexus 9500 Platform Switches, 476-477
Nexus Data Center Switches, 462
Cisco Nexus 1000V series, 462-463
Cisco Nexus 1100 Cloud Services Platforms, 463-464
Cisco Nexus 2000 series Fabric Extenders, 464-466
Cisco Nexus 3000 series, 466-469
Cisco Nexus 5000 series, 469-471
Cisco Nexus 7000 series, 471-474
Cisco Nexus 9000 series, 475-478
Prime Data Center Network Manager (DCNM), 478-479
Prime Network Services Controller (PNSC), 193
Remote Integrated Services Engine (RISE), 217-218
Security Manager (CSM), 199
UCS
2200 series Fabric Extenders, 481
5100 series Blade Server Chassis, 481
6200 and 6300 series Fabric Interconnects, 480-481
B-Series blade servers, 482
C-Series rack servers, 482-483
M-Series modular servers, 484-485
Unified Computing System (UCS), 479-480
Blade Server Chassis, 481
B-Series blade servers, 482
C-Series rack servers, 482-483
Fabric Extenders, 481
M-Series modular servers, 484-485
Validated Designs (CVDs), 503
Virtual Application Cloud Segmentation (VACS), 212-216
Virtual Security Gateway (VSG), 75, 193-197, 490
Virtual Supervisor Module (VSM), 193
Virtual Wide Area Application Services (vWAAS), 207-208, 489-490
Wide Area Application Services (WAAS), 206-207
Citrix
NetScaler 1000V, 204-205, 488-489
XenServer, 129
classification of clouds, 22-24. See also deployment models; services, models
Clean Slate Program, 367
Cleese, John, 368
CLI (command-line interface)
API (application programming interface) versus, 106-111
definition of, 105
clock generators, 412
cloning
service profiles (UCS), 443
virtual machines, 141
cloud computing
architecture
block storage in, 258
Block Storage as a Service, 259-260
bursting, 70
characteristics
classification of clouds, 22-24
communication
list of, 105
data center
deployment models. See deployment models
file storage in
file hosting services, 294-295
infrastructure, 294
implementation (phases in), 99-100
standardization, 103
virtualization, 102
infrastructure, 90
service models. See services, models
Service Router (CSR), 75
Service Router (CSR) 1000V, 181, 199-201, 487-488
server virtualization and, 142
elasticity, 144
self-service on demand, 142
software stack
definition of, 90
cloud-scale apps, 25
cluster software, 136
CMS (Conversational Monitor System), 126
collapsed-core topology, 249
colocation, 33
command descriptor blocks (CDBs), 236
command-line interface (CLI)
application programming interface (API) versus, 106-111
definition of, 105
Common Internet File System (CIFS), 289
communication methods
list of, 105
compliance standards, 68
computation as a public utility, 10
compute firewalls, 193
computer service providers (CSPs), 33
configurable networks, 369-370
configuration files (VMs), 131
configuration management software, 373
configuring
Congress, 116
connectivity policy (virtual switches), 155-156
consolidation (data centers), 100-101
constraints (RESTful APIs), 111
containers, 144
contexts (ACI), 386
control planes
definition of, 375
separation from data planes, 375-381
Control Program (CP), 126
control risks (public clouds), 63-64
converged access model (I/O consolidation), 347-348
converged aggregation model (I/O consolidation), 348-349
Converged Enhanced Ethernet (CEE), 338
converged infrastructures. See integrated infrastructures
converged networks, 336. See also I/O consolidation
convergence, 315
conversational MAC learning, 351
Conversational Monitor System (CMS), 126
core-aggregation-access topology, 306
core-edge topology, 249
core tier (three-tier design), 306
cores, 411
cost model (service measurement), 97-99
cost risks (public clouds), 64-65
CP (Control Program), 126
CPU (central processing unit), 122, 411
credit-based flow control, 241
cross-switch PortChannels, 316
CSM (Cisco Security Manager), 199
CSPs (computer service providers), 33
CSR (Cisco Cloud Services Router) 1000V, 75, 181, 199-201, 487-488
custom virtual application container templates, 215
customer data handling, 34
CVDs (Cisco Validated Designs), 503
cylinders, 225
D
D-Pieces, 231
D-Stripes, 231
DaaS (Desktop as a Service), 53
DAS (direct-attached storage), 235
data center bridging (DCB), 338-341
Data Center Bridging Exchange Protocol (DCBX), 340
Data Center Ethernet (DCE), 338
data center interconnections (DCIs)
Layer 2 extension challenges, 327-328
ACI, 382
APIC in, 391
integration with VM managers, 398
attributes of, 304
cabling structure, 320
EoR (end-of-row) designs, 321-322
horizontal cabling, 320
MoR (middle-of-row) designs, 321-322
ToR (top-of-rack) designs, 320-321
cloud computing challenges, 366-367
definition of, 12
Fibre Channel over Ethernet, 341-343
Layer 2 extensions
modular data centers, 497
custom PODs versus integrated infrastructures, 501-503
pool of devices (POD), 497-501
physical components, 13
role in cloud computing, 12-14
SDN
separation of control and data planes, 375-381
software-based virtual overlays, 381-382
spine-leaf topologies, 356-358
switches (Cisco Nexus switches), 462
Cisco Nexus 1000V series, 462-463
Cisco Nexus 1100 Cloud Services Platforms, 463-464
Cisco Nexus 2000 series Fabric Extenders, 464-466
Cisco Nexus 3000 series, 466-469
Cisco Nexus 5000 series, 469-471
Cisco Nexus 7000 series, 471-474
Cisco Nexus 9000 series, 475-478
three-tier design, 305-307, 319
Unified Fabric. See Unified Fabric
VDCs
data center service providers (DCSPs), 33
definition of, 375
separation from control planes, 375-381
Data Redundancy Elimination (DRE), 206
data storage, 224-225. See also block storage; file storage
databases, 271
Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS), 75
DCB (data center bridging), 338-341
DCBX (Data Center Bridging Exchange Protocol), 340
DCE (Data Center Ethernet), 338
DCIs (data center interconnections)
Layer 2 extension challenges, 327-328
DCNM (Cisco Prime Data Center Network Manager), 478-479
DCSPs (data center service providers), 33
DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM chips, 412
decommissioning, 367
dedicated process isolation design, 44
default VDCs, 310
DELETE actions, 113
demilitarized zones (DMZs), 310
cloud services (phases in), 99-100
standardization, 103
virtualization, 102
Cisco Intercloud Fabric. See ICF
public clouds
challenges of, 62
definition of, 61
private clouds versus, 69
Designate, 116
Desktop as a Service (DaaS), 53
devices
consolidation, 309
partitioning, 210
DevOps, 26
DHCP Snooping, 167
dialects (SMB), 289
direct-attached storage (DAS), 235
directories, 272
disaster avoidance, 139
Disaster Recovery as a Service (DRaaS), 53
disk arrays
connection types, 230
definition of, 229
definition of, 285
open protocols, 293
distributed Port Groups, 157
distributed virtual switches (DVSs), 157-158
DMZs (demilitarized zones), 310
Docker, 145
dockerfiles, 145
domains
groups, 450
vPCs, 317
Double Data Rate (DDR) RAM chips, 412
double-indirect blocks, 276
downloading practice exam, 518
DRaaS (Disaster Recovery as a Service), 53
DRAM (dynamic RAM), 225
DRE (Data Redundancy Elimination), 206
drivers, 116
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security), 75
dual-homed topologies, 325-326
DvNICs (dynamic vNICs), 434
DVSs (distributed virtual switches), 157-158
Dynamic ARP Inspection, 167
dynamic RAM (DRAM), 225
dynamic vNICs (DvNICs), 434
E
EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud), 11
edge-core-edge topology, 249
edge devices, 332
edge firewalls, 197
EE_Credits (End-to-End Credits), 241
EISL (Enhanced Inter-Switch Link), 253
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), 11
embedded programming languages, 373
Encapsulated Remote SPAN (ERSPAN), 167
encapsulation (VXLANs), 173-177
end-host mode, 424
end-of-row (EoR) designs, 321-322
End-to-End Credits (EE_Credits), 241
endpoint groups (EPGs)
definition of, 386
endpoints (ACI), 386
Enhanced Inter-Switch Link (EISL), 253
Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS), 339-340
ENodes, 342
EoMPLS (Ethernet over Multi-protocol Label Switching), 328
EoR (end-of-row) designs, 321-322
EPGs (endpoint groups)
definition of, 386
ERSPAN (Encapsulated Remote SPAN), 167
ESXi, 129
EtherChannels, 315
Ethernet networks
Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (EoMPLS), 328
ETS (Enhanced Transmission Selection), 339-340
EVPN VXLAN, 359
exam preparation
chapter review tools, 520
Cisco Learning Network, 519
Pearson Cert Practice Test engine
activating practice exam, 518
installing, 518
study mode versus practice exam mode, 520-521
Premium Edition, purchasing, 519
suggested study plan, 520
exchange-based load balancing, 244
expansion buses, 412
extended file systems, 274-278
ext3 (third), 276
ext4 (fourth), 276
Extensible Markup Language (XML), 109
Extensible Message and Presence Protocol (XMPP), 373
Extensible Virtual Switches (Microsoft), 159
External Data Representation (XDR), 286
external networks (ACI), 386
extranet, 21
F
fabric. See also FC (Fibre Channel)
Fabric Controller service, 242
Fabric Extenders (FEXs), 322-324
Cisco Nexus 2000 series, 464-466
Cisco UCS 2200 series, 481
Fabric Interconnects, 418-424, 480-481
Fabric-Provided MAC Address (FPMA), 343
Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) protocol, 243-245
fan-out, 248
FAT (File Allocation Table), 278-280
fault isolation, 309
definition of, 237
flow control, 241
port types, 239
FCF (FCoE forwarder), 342
FCIDs (Fibre Channel Identifiers), 240
FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet), 341-346
FCoE Initialization Protocol (FIP), 342
FCoE_LEP (FCoE link end-point), 342
FEXs (Fabric Extenders), 322-324
Cisco Nexus 2000 series, 464-466
Cisco UCS 2200 series, 481
Fibre Channel. See FC
Fibre Channel Identifiers (FCIDs), 240
Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), 341-346
Fielding, Roy Thomas, 111
File Allocation Table (FAT), 278-280
in cloud computing
file hosting services, 294-295
infrastructure, 294
definition of, 271
distributed file systems, 285-293
file systems
definition of, 271
distributed file systems
definition of, 285
open protocols, 293
namespaces
definition of, 272
permissions
definition of, 281
volume formatting
definition of, 274
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 293
files
definition of, 268
locking, 288
servers, 269
sharing, 269
FIP (FCoE Initialization Protocol), 342
firewall contexts, 211
flexibility, 304
FlexPod Express, 505
FlexPod Select, 505
flow-based load balancing, 244
flow control
Fibre Channel, 241
folders, 273
Ford, Henry, 103
formatting file systems. See volume formatting
forwarding
planes, 375
policies, 193
fourth extended filesystem (ext4), 276
FPMA (Fabric-Provided MAC Address), 343
fragmentation, 279
FreeBSD, 124
front-end disk array connections, 230
FSPF (Fabric Shortest Path First) protocol, 243-245
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 293
full IT outsourcing, 33
G
GBP (Group-Based Policy), 401
GET actions, 113
Glance, 115
Google Docs example (SaaS), 50-51
greenfield, 501
guest operating systems, 129
H
hard disk drives. See HDDs
hard zoning, 246
hardware-defined networking (HDN), 368
hardware port groups, 311
hash functions, 244
HBA (host bus adapter), 235
HDN (hardware-defined networking), 368
HDN (human-defined networking), 368
Heat, 115
HFT (high-frequency trading) POD, 499-500
high availability (virtual machines), 136-137
history of cloud computing, 9-11
horizontal cabling
definition of, 320
EoR (end-of-row) designs, 321-322
MoR (middle-of-row) designs, 321-322
ToR (top-of-rack) designs, 320-321
host bus adapter (HBA), 235
hosted hypervisors, 130
hosting, 33
Howard, Luke, 22
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 111-112, 293
request parameters, 112
response parameters, 113
human-defined networking (HDN), 368
Cisco Intercloud Fabric (ICF), 73-74
use cases, 83
Cisco Nexus 1000V for, 168-171
virtual networking, 158
architectures, 132
multi-hypervisor environments, 135-136
VMware vSphere, 133
definition of, 129
non-VMware hypervisors, 168-171
virtual networking versus VMware solutions, 158-159
I
Fibre Channel over Ethernet, 341-343
I/O modules
Cisco Nexus 7000 series switches, 473
Cisco Nexus 7700 series switches, 473
Cisco Nexus 9500 Platform Switches, 477
comparison between Cisco Nexus 7000 and 7700 series switches, 474
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), 36-38
Amazon Web Services example, 39-42
regions and availability zones, 38-39
ICF (Cisco Intercloud Fabric), 73-74
use cases, 83
ICFD (Intercloud Fabric Director), 74
ICS (Intercloud Switch), 75
ICX (Intercloud Extender), 75
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics), 234
IDEs (integrated development environments), 44
index nodes (inodes), 274
infrastructure
cloud infrastructure, 90
file storage and, 294
virtualization. See virtual networking
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 36-38
Amazon Web Services example, 39-42
regions and availability zones, 38-39
inline appliances, 191
inodes, 274
insourcing, 33
installing Pearson Cert Practice Test engine, 518
integrated development environments (IDEs), 44
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), 234
UCSO (OpenBlock), 510
integration methods (ACI), 394-395
Inter-VSAN Routing (IVR), 256
Intercloud Extender (ICX), 75
Intercloud Fabric. See ICF
Intercloud Fabric Director (ICFD), 74
Intercloud Fabric for Business, 74
Intercloud Fabric for Providers, 74
Intercloud Switch (ICS), 75
Intergalactic Computer Network, 10
internal interfaces (OTV), 332
internal storage, 123
Internet of Things (IoT), 71
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), 10
Internet SCSI (iSCSI), 237, 256-258
Internet service providers (ISPs), 33
Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS), 258
intranet, 21
iOS, 124
IoT (Internet of Things), 71
IP Source Guard, 167
IPS Stack, 29
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security), 10
IPTaaS (IP Telephony as a Service), 53
IQN (iSCSI Qualified Name), 257
iSCSI (Internet SCSI), 237, 256-258
iSNS (Internet Storage Name Service), 258
isolation designs (PaaS), 45
ISPs (Internet service providers), 33
IT departments
challenges, 8
IVR (Inter-VSAN Routing), 256
J
JBODs (just a bunch of disks), 229
join interfaces (OTV), 332
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), 109-111
K
Keystone, 115
KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine), 129, 134-135
Cisco Nexus 1000V for, 168-171
virtual networking, 159
L
LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol), 316
lanes, 412
last mile links, 33
Layer 2 extensions
site designs, 335
Layer 2 multipathing
spine-leaf topologies, 356-358
Layer 2 VXLAN gateways, 180
Layer 3 VXLAN gateways, 180
Lee, Stan, 378
licensing
Cisco MDS 9000 series, 461
Cisco Nexus 5000 series switches, 471
Cisco Nexus 7000 and 7700 series switches, 474
Cisco Nexus 9000 series switches, 478
Smart Software Licensing, 487
vWAAS, 490
Licklider, J. C. R., 10
Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP), 316
Linux
definition of, 124
Cisco Nexus 1000V for, 168-171
virtual networking, 159
live templates, 166
load balancing, 140
local disk configuration policy (UCS), 442
local files, 269
localization services (IaaS), 38-39
log files, 131
logical constructs (ACI), 386-387
logical demilitarized zones (DMZs), 310
logical scaling model, 500
Login Server service, 242
loops (Ethernet networks), 313-315
LPC (low pin count) buses, 413
LUNs (logical unit numbers), 235, 254
LUs (logical units), 235
LXC (Linux Containers), 144-145
M
MAC addresses
FCoE communication, 343
learning process example, 174-176, 181-184
table depletion
addressing with VXLANs, 177
definition of, 172
Mac OS, 124
Magnum, 116
mainframe virtualization, 126-127
maintenance mode (virtual machines), 141
manageability, 304
managed service providers (MSPs), 33
management
consolidation, 418
interfaces, 336
planes, 375
Management Server service, 243
McCarthy, John, 10
mean time between failures (MTBF), 226
mean time to recover (MTTR), 34
mechanical actuators, 226
member ports, 317
memory, 122
buses, 412
controllers, 412
modules, 225
tables (exam preparation), 519-520
metadata, 268
mezzanine, 414
microkernel operating systems, 125
micro-segmentation, 197
Microsoft
Cisco Nexus 1000V for, 168-171
virtual networking, 158
Windows, 124
Windows Virtual PC, 129
middle-of-row (MoR) designs, 321-322
midplane, 476
mirroring, 227
Mistral, 116
Modifications of Clouds (Howard), 22
monolithic operating systems, 125
MooreMs law, 126
MoR (middle-of-row) designs, 321-322
MPLSoGRE (MPLS over Generic Routing Encapsulation), 328
M-Series modular servers, 484-485
MSPs (managed service providers), 33
MTBF (mean time between failures), 226
MTTR (mean time to recover), 34
multi-hypervisor environments, 135-136
multi-instance, 22
multi-user, 21
multicast OTV configuration, 333
multidestination trees, 351
multipathing, 258
multiprocessing, 411
N
NaaS (Network as a Service), 399-403
Name Server service, 242
namespaces
definition of, 272
NAS (network-attached storage) devices
definition of, 269
NFS and, 289
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 12
native hypervisors, 130
NAT (Network Address Translation), 199
nested RAID levels, 228
Network as a Service (NaaS), 399-403
network-attached storage (NAS) devices. See NAS devices
Network File System (NFS), 286-289
network interface card (NIC), 123
Network Lock Manager (NLM), 288
network management systems (NMSs), 369-370
network service providers (NSPs), 33
Network Services Header (NSH), 218
Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation (NVGRE), 381
networking
adapters, 123
configurable networks, 369
containers, 210
converged networks, 336
data center networks. See data center networks
Ethernet networks
profiles, 169
programmable networks
types of, 21
virtual networking
challenges in server virtualization environments, 159-160
Cisco Nexus 1000V. See Cisco Nexus, 1000V
definition of, 149
distributed virtual switches, 157-158
on non-VMware hypervisors, 158-159
VLANs. See VLANs
VXLANs. See VXLANs
Cisco Wide Area Application Services (WAAS), 206-207
insertion innovations, 217-218
insertion in physical networks, 190-192
virtual networking services
application delivery controllers (ADCs), 203-204
Cisco Adaptive Security Virtual Appliance (ASAv), 197-199, 486-487
Cisco Cloud Services Router (CSR) 1000V, 199-201, 487-488
Cisco Virtual Security Gateway (VSG), 75, 193-197, 490
Cisco Virtual Wide Area Application Services (vWAAS), 207-208, 489-490
Citrix NetScaler 1000V, 204-205, 488-489
definition of, 190
server load balancers (SLBs), 201-203
virtual application containers, 210-217
Virtual Services Data Path (vPath), 192-193
New Technology File System (NTFS), 280-285
Nexus 1000V. See Cisco, Nexus 1000V
Nexus 5600 switches, 181
Nexus 6000 switches, 181
Nexus 9300 switches, 181
Nexus Series switches, 306. See also Unified Fabric
NFS (Network File System), 286-289
NIC (network interface card), 123
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), 12
NLM (Network Lock Manager), 288
NMSs (network management systems), 369-370
nonvolatile RAM files (VMs), 131
NPIV (N_Port ID Virtualization), 250
N_Port ID Virtualization (NPIV), 250
N_Port Virtualization (NPV), 249
NP_Port (Node Proxy Port), 250
NPV (N_Port Virtualization), 249
NSH (Network Services Header), 218
NSPs (network service providers), 33
NTFS (New Technology File System), 280-285
NVGRE (Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation), 381
.nvram file extension, 131
NX-OS mode, 475
O
OmniStack Integrated Solution with UCS, 511
ONC RPC (Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call), 286
on-demand, 14
ONF (Open Network Forum), 378
Open Network Forum (ONF), 378
Open vSwitch (OVS), 159
OpenBlock, 510
Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC), 286
OpenStack
definition of, 115
Ironic, 453
Nova, 135
Swift, 298
version naming conventions, 116
operating system–level virtualization, 144-145
operating systems. See OSs
OPEX (operational expenditure) model, 20
OpFlex, 394
Oracle VM, 129
Oracle VM Virtual Box, 129
orchestration phase (cloud implementation), 104-105
Originator Exchange Identifier (OX_ID), 244
pre-OS installation settings, 417
types of, 124
OS X, 124
OTV (Overlay Transport Virtualization), 329-332
site designs, 335
overlays
interfaces, 332
OTV, 333
software-based virtual overlays, 381-382
oversubscription, 248
OVS (Open vSwitch), 159
OX_ID (Originator Exchange Identifier), 244
P
PaaS (Platform as a Service), 43-49
Parallels Desktop for Mac, 129
parent partitions, 133
partitioning
definition of, 304
technologies, 37
as virtualization technique, 102
partitions, 274
PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment), 234
pathnames, 272
PBR (policy-based routing), 191
PCaaS (Private Cloud as a Service), 83
PCIe (PCI Express), 412
PCs (personal computers), 10
Pearson Certification Practice Test engine
activating practice exam, 518
installing, 518
study mode versus practice exam mode, 520-521
peer keepalive links, 318
peer links, 318
peers, 317
performance (SLAs), 34
peripherals, 123
permissions
definition of, 281
Persistent Lempel-Ziv (PLZ), 206
personal computers (PCs), 10
PFC (Priority-based Flow Control), 338-339
phases in cloud implementation, 99-100
standardization, 103
virtualization, 102
physical scaling model, 501
physical servers
infrastructure preparation, 415-417
OpenStack Ironic, 453
pre-OS installation settings, 417
UCS. See UCS
x86 microarchitecture, 411-414
Platform as a Service (PaaS), 43-49
plug-ins, 116
PLZ (Persistent Lempel-Ziv), 206
PNSC (Cisco Prime Network Services Controller), 193
POAP (PowerOn Auto Provisioning), 373
POD (pool of devices), 497-501
components, 497
definition of, 497
HFT (high-frequency trading) POD, 499-500
integrated infrastructures versus, 501-503
logical scaling model, 500
physical scaling model, 501
versioning, 501
point-to-point topologies, 238, 346
policy-based routing (PBR), 191
pool of devices. See POD
pooling
definition of, 304
service profiles (UCS), 444-445
technologies, 37
as virtualization technique, 102
in Cisco Nexus 1000V, 170
Port Group connectivity policy, 155-156
ports
classifications, 169
groups, 311
port profiles, 462
definition of, 164
types, 239
POST actions, 113
power control policy (UCS), 442
power management, 141
PowerOn Auto Provisioning (POAP), 373
practice exam
activating, 518
Premium Edition, 519
pre-OS installation settings, 417
primary storage, 224
principal switches, 243
Priority-based Flow Control (PFC), 338-339
Private Cloud as a Service (PCaaS), 83
definition of, 35
PCaaS (Private Cloud as a Service), 83
public clouds versus, 69
private interfaces, 336
private VLANs, 167
processors, 122
programmable networks
provisioning servers
infrastructure preparation, 415-417
OpenStack Ironic, 453
pre-OS installation settings, 417
cloning service profiles, 443
x86 microarchitecture, 411-414
provisioning storage capacity, 232
public clouds
challenges of, 62
definition of, 61
private clouds versus, 69
public interfaces, 336
PUT actions, 113
Q
QCN (Quantized Congestion Notification), 341
QoS (Quality of Service), 167
R
rack-mountable servers
definition of, 413
provisioning, 415
RAID (redundant array of independent disks), 226
challenges of, 230
groups
capacity of, 231
definition of, 226
levels, 227
nested levels, 228
RAID 0, 227
RAID 5, 227
RAID 6, 228
RAID 10, 228
RAM (random-access memory), 123, 225
rapid elasticity, 17
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP), 315
RAS (reliability, availability, serviceability) features, 413
rationalization, 100
Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization (RHEV), 129
regulatory compliance standards, 68
remote files, accessing. See distributed file systems
remote VPNs (virtual private networks), 198
Representational State Transfer (REST), 111
request parameters (HTTP), 112
resources
load balancing, 140
templates, 313
response parameters (HTTP), 113
REST (Representational State Transfer), 111
reverse-proxy, 191
review tools (exam preparation), 520
RHEV (Red Hate Enterprise Virtualization), 129
RISE (Cisco Remote Integrated Services Engine), 217-218
root bridges, 315
root switches, 351
routed interfaces (ACI), 387
RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), 315
S
S3 (Amazon Simple Storage Service), 11, 298
SaaS (Software as a Service), 49-52
Sahara, 116
Salesforce.com, 11
SAL (Service Abstraction Layer), 379
SAM (SCSI Architecture Model), 236
VSANs, 251
trunking, 253
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI), 236
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment), 234
SATA Tunneling Protocol (STP), 237
scalability
Cisco Nexus 1000V series switches, 463
definition of, 304
scaling system nodes (SSNs), 483
scaling system routers (SSRs), 483
SCP (Secure Copy Protocol), 293
scrub policy (UCS), 442
SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface), 235-237
bus, 235
initiators, 235
targets, 235
SCSI Architecture Model (SAM), 236
SCSI identifier (SCSI ID), 235
SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI), 236
SDK (software development kit), 105
SDN (software-defined networking)
controllers, 376
separation of control and data planes, 375-381
software-based virtual overlays, 381-382
SDNi (SDN Interface), 379
SDR (Single Data Rate) RAM chips, 412
second extended filesystem (ext2), 274-278
secondary storage, 224
sector clusters, 226
sectors, 225
Secure Copy Protocol (SCP), 293
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 10
security
authentication, 293
self-service, 14
self-service on demand, 142
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA), 234
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), 236
serial over LAN policy (UCS), 443
Server Message Block (SMB), 289-293
Server-Provided MAC Address (SPMA), 343
servers
cluster software, 203
definition of, 122
load balancers (SLBs), 201-203
operating systems, 125
physical servers
infrastructure preparation, 415-417
OpenStack Ironic, 453
pre-OS installation settings, 417
UCS. See UCS (Unified Computing System), 418
x86 microarchitecture, 411-414
pools, 444
virtualization
Cisco Nexus 1000V series switches, 462-463
definition of, 102
hypervisors. See hypervisors
mainframe virtualization, 126-127
networking challenges in, 159-160
resource load balancing, 140
virtual machine fault tolerance, 140-141
virtual machine high availability, 136-137
virtual machine live migration, 137-139
virtual machine managers, 132
Service Abstraction Layer (SAL), 379
service-level agreements (SLAs), 34
graphs, 390
ICF (Cisco Intercloud Fabric), 76-82
PCaaS, 83
networking services. See networking services
OpenStack services, list of, 115-116
cloning, 443
providers (SPs)
cloud services providers, 34-36
definition of, 32
shadow IT, 35
share-level authentication, 293
Shared Nothing Live migration, 139
shared process isolation design, 44
shares, 292
showback, 97
Simple Storage Service (S3), 11
Single Data Rate (SDR) RAM chips, 412
single-layer topology, 249
site designs (OTV), 335
site-to-site VPNs (virtual private networks), 198
site VLANs (OTV), 333
sites (OTV), 333
SLAs (service-level agreements), 34
SLBs (server load balancers), 201-203
Small Computer Systems Interface. See SCSI
Smart Software Licensing, 487
SMB (Server Message Block), 289-293
snapshots (virtual machines), 141
sockets, 412
Software as a Service (SaaS), 49-52
software-based virtual overlays, 381-383
software-defined networking. See SDN
software development kit (SDK), 105
software development models
Agile model, 25
DevOps, 26
soft zoning, 246
solid-state drives (SSDs), 260-261
spanning tree, 314
Spanning Tree Protocol. See STP
SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer), 167
special characters (file naming rules)
Linux, 272
Windows, 274
spine-leaf topologies, 356-358
SPI (SCSI Parallel Interface), 236
SPMA (Server-Provided MAC Address), 343
SPs (service providers)
cloud services providers, 34-36
definition of, 32
SSDs (solid-state drives), 260-261
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 10
SSNs (scaling system nodes), 483
SSPs (storage service providers), 33
SSRs (scaling system routers), 483
standalone mode (CIMC), 431-432
standardization phase (cloud implementation), 103
state, 287
access interfaces, 336
block storage. See block storage
file storage. See file storage
service providers (SSPs), 33
virtualizers, 233
volume, 102
storage-area networks. See SANs
STP (SATA Tunneling Protocol), 237
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol)
diameter, 327
straight-through topologies, 325
striping, 227
study mode (practice exam), 520-521
study plan (exam preparation), 520
subnets (ACI), 386
supervisor modules
Cisco MDS 9000 series, 461
Cisco Nexus 7000 and 7700 series switches, 472
Cisco Nexus 9500 series switches, 476
definition of, 461
swap memory files (VMs), 131
Switch ID field, 350
switch mode (Fabric Interconnect), 423-424
switched fabric topologies, 239
Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN), 167
switches
data center switches, 462
Cisco Nexus 1000V series, 462-463
Cisco Nexus 1100 Cloud Services Platforms, 463-464
Cisco Nexus 2000 series Fabric Extenders, 464-466
Cisco Nexus 3000 series, 466-469
Cisco Nexus 5000 series, 469-471
Cisco Nexus 7000 series, 471-474
Cisco Nexus 9000 series, 475-478
distributed virtual switches (DVSs), 157-158
Nexus Series switches, 306. See also Unified Fabric
Cisco Nexus 1000V. See Cisco, Nexus 1000V
distributed virtual switches versus, 157
synchronicity, 287
system buses, 412
T
tape libraries, 225
TCP Flow Optimization (TFO), 206
TE_Port (Trunk Expansion Port), 253
telecommunications service providers (TSPs), 33
templates
for service profiles (UCS), 445-449
of virtual machines, 141
terminators, 235
tertiary storage, 224
TFO (TCP Flow Optimization), 206
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), 293
thick provisioning, 232
thin provisioning, 233
third extended filesystem (ext3), 276
three-tier design (data center networks), 305-307, 319
three-tier templates, 213
time-sharing, 10
Time-to-Live (TTL), 314
topologies
Fabric Extender (FEX) designs, 325-326
ToR (top-of-rack) designs, 320-321
tower servers, 413
tracks, 225
traffic
classes, 377
management for virtual machines. See virtual networking
transmission window, 206
TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links), 358
triple-indirect blocks, 276
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), 293
tromboning, 328
Trove, 115
Trunk Expansion Port (TE_Port), 253
trunking, 253
TrustSec, 167
TSPs (telecommunications service providers), 33
TTL (Time-to-Live), 314
Twinax cables, 321
Type-1 hypervisors, 130
Type-2 hypervisors, 130
U
UCS (Unified Computing System), 407, 418-419, 479-480
B-Series blade servers, 482
Blade Server Chassis, 481
C-Series rack servers, 482-483
Director, 371
Fabric Extenders, 481
Fabric Interconnects, 419-424, 480-481
integration with OpenStack Ironic, 453
M-Series modular servers, 484-485
Mini, 480
cloning, 443
UCSO (UCS Integrated Infrastructure for Red Hat OpenStack), 510
UCS Utility OS (UUOS), 441
forwarding, 377
Unified Computing System. See UCS
features of, 306
Fibre Channel over Ethernet, 341-343
site designs, 335
spine-leaf topologies, 356-358
VDCs
vPCs, 316
definition of, 317
in three-tier design, 319
uptime, 34
use cases
ICF (Cisco Intercloud Fabric), 83
user-level authentication, 293
users
isolation, 126
space, 125
UUOS (UCS Utility OS), 441
V
VACS (Cisco Virtual Application Cloud Segmentation), 212-216
VCE (Virtual Computing Environment), 506-508
VCE Vision Intelligent Operations, 508
vDCs (virtual data centers), 102
VDCs (virtual device contexts)
vDS (vNetwork Distributed Switch), 398
VEM (Virtual Ethernet Module), 462
VF_Port (Virtual F_Port), 342
VIC (Virtual Interface Card) adapters, 432-436
virtual appliances, 168
virtual application containers, 92, 210-217
virtual application container templates, 212
Virtual Computing Environment (VCE), 506-508
virtual data centers (vDCs), 102
virtual device contexts. See VDCs
virtual disk files (VMs), 131
Virtual Ethernet Module (VEM), 462
Virtual eXtensible LANs. See VXLANs
Virtual Interface Card (VIC) adapters, 432-436
virtual local-area networks. See VLANs
Virtual Machine Communication Interface (VMCI), 131
Virtual Machine Control Program (VM-CP), 126
Virtual Machine Fabric Extender (VM-FEX), 434-436
virtual machines. See VMs
challenges in server virtualization environments, 159-160
Cisco Nexus 1000V, 161
chassis switches versus, 162
components of, 161
as multi-hypervisor platform, 168-171
operational procedures, 163-164
standard VXLAN deployment, 177-179
Virtual Services Data Path (vPath), 192-193
as VXLAN gateways, 181
data center networks. See data center networks
definition of, 149
distributed virtual switches, 157-158
on non-VMware hypervisors, 158-159
services
application delivery controllers (ADCs), 203-204
Cisco Adaptive Security Virtual Appliance (ASAv), 197-199, 486-487
Cisco Cloud Services Router (CSR) 1000V, 199-201, 487-488
Cisco Virtual Security Gateway (VSG), 75, 193-197, 490
Cisco Virtual Wide Area Application Services (vWAAS), 207-208
Cisco Virtual Wide-Area Application Services (vWAAS), 489-490
Citrix NetScaler 1000V, 204-205, 488-489
definition of, 190
server load balancers (SLBs), 201-203
virtual application containers, 210-217
Virtual Services Data Path (vPath), 192-193
VLANs. See VLANs
VXLANs. See VXLANs
Virtual Network Switches (Microsoft), 158
Virtual Network Tag (VNTag), 324
Virtual PC, 129
virtual PortChannel Plus (vPC+), 355-356
virtual PortChannels (vPCs), 316
DCIs, 328
definition of, 317
in three-tier design, 319
Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs), 66
Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS), 328
virtual private networks (VPNs)
ASAv capabilities, 198
history of cloud computing, 10
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP), 258
Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF), 210, 307
Virtual Security Gateway (VSG), 75, 193-197, 490
virtual service blades (VSBs), 162, 463-464
Virtual Services Appliances (VSAs), 162
Virtual Services Data Path (vPath), 192-193
virtual storage-area networks. See VSANs
virtual STP bridges, 355
Virtual Supervisor Module (VSM), 193, 462
Cisco Nexus 1000V, 161
chassis switches versus, 162
components of, 161
as multi-hypervisor platform, 168-171
operational procedures, 163-164
standard VXLAN deployment, 177-179
Virtual Services Data Path (vPath), 192-193
as VXLAN gateways, 181
distributed virtual switches versus, 157
Virtual Switch Update Manager (VSUM), 168
Virtual Tenant Network (VTN) coordinator, 379
virtual zones (vZones), 197
virtualization
classes of, 304
clusters, 132
data center network attribute, 304
hosts, 130
infrastructure virtualization. See virtual networking
operating system–level virtualization, 144-145
servers
Cisco Nexus 1000V series switches, 462-463
hypervisors. See hypervisors
mainframe virtualization, 126-127
networking challenges in, 159-160
resource load balancing, 140
virtualization on x86 machines, 127-128
virtual machine fault tolerance, 140-141
virtual machine high availability, 136-137
virtual machine live migration, 137-139
virtual machine managers, 132
types of, 37
workstations, 127
virtualization phase (cloud implementation), 102
virtualized isolation design, 45
virtualized modular chassis, 323
Virtualized Multiservice Data Center (VMDC) reference architecture, 211
VLANs (virtual local-area networks)
ID starvation
addressing with VXLANs, 177
definition of, 172
manipulation, 191
private VLANs, 167
provisioning
addressing with VXLANs, 177
definition of, 172
VM-CP (Virtual Machine Control Program), 126
VM-FEX (Virtual Machine Fabric Extender), 434-436
VM Manager (VMM), 193
ACI integration with, 398
definition of, 132
cloning, 141
definition of, 130
maintenance mode, 141
managers, 132
networking. See virtual networking
power management, 141
snapshots, 141
storage live migration, 259
templates, 141
VMCI (Virtual Machine Communication Interface), 131
VMDC (Virtualized Multiservice Data Center) reference architecture, 211
.vmdk file extension, 131
vmknic (virtual machine kernel network interface card), 158
vmnic (virtual machine network interface card), 157
VMware
ESXi, 129
Fusion, 129
Player, 129
virtualization on x86 machines, 127
virtual networking versus non-VMware hypervisors, 158-159
vNetwork Standard Switch (vSS), 154
Workstation, 129
.vmx file extension, 131
vNetwork Distributed Switch (vDS), 398
vnic (virtual network interface card), 158
VN_Port (Virtual N_Port), 342
VNTag (Virtual Network Tag), 324
definition of, 274
vPath (Virtual Services Data Path), 192-193, 208-210
vPCs (virtual PortChannels), 316
DCIs, 328
definition of, 317
in three-tier design, 319
VPCs (Virtual Private Clouds), 66
vPC+ (virtual PortChannel Plus), 355-356
VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Services), 328
VPNaaS (VPN as a Service), 53
VPNs (virtual private networks)
ASAv capabilities, 198
history of cloud computing, 10
VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding), 210, 307
VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), 258
VSANs (virtual storage-area networks), 251
Manager, 251
trunking, 253
VSAs (Virtual Services Appliances), 162
VSBs (virtual service blades), 162, 463-464
VSG (Cisco Virtual Security Gateway), 75, 193-197, 490
VSM (Cisco Virtual Supervisor Module), 193, 462
vSS (VMware vNetwork Standard Switch), 154
VSUM (Virtual Switch Update Manager), 168
.vswp file extension, 131
VTEP (VXLAN tunnel endpoint), 174
VTN (Virtual Tenant Network) coordinator, 379
vWAAS (Cisco Virtual Wide Area Application Services), 207-208, 489-490
VXLANs (Virtual eXtensible LANs), 171
addressing VLAN challenges, 177
benefits, 381
flooding, 177
OTV versus, 331
standard deployment in Cisco Nexus 1000V, 177-179
tunnel endpoint (VTEP), 174
vZones (virtual zones), 197
W
WAAS (Cisco Wide Area Application Services), 206-207
WANs (wide-area networks)
acceleration, 206
Cisco Virtual Wide Area Application Services (vWAAS), 207-208
Cisco Wide Area Application Services (WAAS), 206-207
waterfall model (software development), 24-25
WCCP (Web Cache Control Protocol), 191-192
web services, 105
well-known addresses, 242
Windows
definition of, 124
Virtual PC, 129
workflows
definition of, 95
workstation virtualization, 127
WWNs (World Wide Names), 239-240
X-Y
x86 microarchitecture, 411-414
XaaS (Anything as a Service), 52-53
XDR (External Data Representation), 286
Xen, 159
XenServer, 129
XML (Extensible Markup Language), 109
XMPP (Extensible Message and Presence Protocol), 373
Z
Zaqar, 116
Zone Server service, 247
zone sets, 246
zoning