SUBJECT INDEX
A
Abaton, 388
Absolute risk reduction, 442
Acceptance: of e-home care, 284–285; of EHRs, factor critical to, 103, 106; ensuring, 24, 33; obtaining, 33; as requisite for e-medicine implementation, 253; social and cultural context of, 505; unresolved issues of, 241
Access network, 168
Access to care, addressing issue of, 5, 11, 38, 39, 543–544
Access to information. See Information access
Accessibility requirements, 172, 173, 174–177
Accordant, 385
Accountability: privacy principle of, 110; public, emphasis on, 40, 96
Accountability expectations: framework for, 540–543; increasing pressure to adapt to, 4
Accuracy: of e-DSS, 311, 312, 313; of EHRs, issue of, 123; privacy principle of, 111; of public health data, 135
ACP Journal Club (ACP-ASIM), 445
Active surveillance, 135
Actual visit, meaning of, 272
Acute care needs, driven by, issue of, 45
Ad hoc wireless network, defining, 192
Adaptation, over time, to new technology, 501
Addis Ababa University, 248
Administrative and clinical cost reduction. See Cost reduction
Administrative and policy diagnosis, 84
Administrative and support applications, 214–219
Administrative benefits, 100–101
Administrative concerns, 240
Administrative data warehouse (ADW), 139, 140, 141
Administrative Simplification, 458–459
Administrative training, 213
Admission-discharge-transfer (ADT) system, 61
Advance appointments, issue of, 118–119
Advanced Informatics Distributed Medical Access Network (AIDMAN), 183–184
Adverse drug effects, 398
Advisory Council on Health Infostructure (ACHI), 94–95, 96, 109, 115
AenausHealthcare, 385
Affordable care, 44
African continent, 236
African Human Development Indicators, 246, 260
Age and experience, general practitioner awareness levels influenced by, 117
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 445
Agglomerative clustering, 335
Aggregates, service encompassing, 452. See also E-health data integration (e-HDI)
Aging population trend, 269–270, 272, 281
AIDS Information Online (AIDSLINE), 213
AIDS/HIV issues. See HIV/AIDS
Akron Children's Hospital, 14
Alamo City Medical Group, 217
Alert system, 138, 276, 293, 527
Allscripts, 215
Alta Vista search engine, 366
Alzheimer patients, smart home for, 279–280
Alzheimer's Caregiver Support Online, 212, 222
AlzheimerSupport, 385
American Academy of Pediatrics, 444
American Board of Medical Specialties, 382
American College of Physicians (ACP), 445
American College of Radiology, 235, 322
American Medical Association (AMA), 50, 180, 215, 506, 507
American National Standards Institute, 178
American Society of Internal Medicine (ASIM), 445
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 229, 230
American Telemedicine Association (ATA), 286, 287
Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 426, 429
Anik A-1, 240
Animated Dissection of Anatomy for Medicine (ADAM), 548
Anonymity, 169, 173, 178, 467, 469. See also Privacy and confidentiality
ANSI standard, 303
AOL, 391
Application service providers, 374
Applications connectivity, 165
Applied machine learning algorithms, 314
AQ17-DCI, 332
AQ17-HCI, 332
Around-the-clock consultation project, 263
ArthritisSupport, 385
Ascend inverse multiplexer, 227
Assets data, defined, 145
Association of Canadian Academic Health Organisations (ACAHO), 426, 427, 434
Association of Schools of Public Health, 136
Association rule analysis technique, constructive, 332
Asthma management, 275
Asymmetric encryption, 179, 180, 181
Asynchronous connection-less (ACL) link, 192
Asynchronous message exchange service, 463
Asynchronous services, 261, 263
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network, 184, 185, 262, 263
Audit ability, greater, 118–119
Australia: palliative care in, 277; tele-ultrasound in, 208
Authentication: in e-health data integration, 463; emerging technique for, 481; and e-networking, 169, 173, 178–179, 180, 181, 192, 196, 198; meaning of, 462–463
Authority shift, 510. See also Consumer-driven care system
Authorization, meaning of, 463
Automated clinical records, confusing, with EHRs, 94
Automated decision support, defined, 95
Automated services strategy, 386–387
Automation: crucial functions for, 508; of repetitive processes, 98
Availability, focus of, 473, 475
Average silhouette width, 336
Aware Home Research Initiative, 280
Awareness of technology, 117, 253
B
Back-propagation neural network, 354
Balanced Budget Act (BBA), 282
Bandwidth requirements, 168, 169, 170, 170, 171–172, 173, 184, 238, 326, 400; achieving, 174–177
Baptist Hospital, 14
Baptist Hospital East, 494
Barriers. See specific barriers
Bayesian network, 315
Bayesian theory, 300, 301, 314, 316, 316–317
Behavioral and environmental diagnosis, 84
Behavioral factors, 85
Bejing Suicide Research and Prevention Center, 210
Belief function, 300, 301, 314
Benchmark comparison studies, 434–435
Benchmarking performance, clear standards for, need for, 540, 542
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 50
Bidirectional encryption, 180
Bidirectional frames (B-frames), 177
Bidirectional information flow, 167
Bill C-6 (currently the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act), 110, 454, 458
Binary attribute, defined, 333
Binocular omni-orientation monitor (BOOM), 548
Biodefense, applying GIS-related technologies in, 142–143, 145
Biological sensor, defined, 278
Bioterrorism and biohazards: challenge of preparing against, 130; emergency preparedness against, GIS-related technologies for, 143–145, 147, 148-149; and public health preparedness and response, 143
Blackberries, 392, 526; defined, 12
Blue Cross Blue Shield, 97, 386
Bluetooth SIG Security Expert Group, 199, 200
Bluetooth-enabled mobile medicine system: applications of, 194–195; attacks on, 197; background on, 190–191; conclusion on, 198–199; enhancing security of, 198; prototype of, 191–194; questions on, 199; and security issues, 196–197
BMJ Publishing Group, 445, 446
Bona fide intent, 506
Brand name promotion, 43
BreatheFree, 385
Brick-and-mortar model, 10, 370
Brick-and-point model, 10
British Columbia: health care costs in, 273; health privacy law in, 458. See also Canada entries
British Columbia Health Information Standards Council (BCHISC), 241
British Columbia Ministry of Health Planning, 241, 410, 439
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN), 183, 184, 185, 326
Buffer zones, defined, 146
Burroughs, 14
Business potential, consideration of, to accommodate future features, 11, 367
Business processes, reengineered, 499–501
Business-to-business (B2B) model, 7, 10, 43, 66, 205, 216, 368–369, 377, 386–387, 496
Business-to-consumer (B2C) model, 10, 43, 66, 205, 368, 370, 382, 384–385, 387, 496
C
Cabarrus Family Medicine, 500
Cable system, 190
Calculators, interactive, 446, 448
California Health Care Foundation, 377
California, public health insurance in, 377
California State University, Los Angeles, 279
Call centers, 219
Canada: defining EHRs in, 94–95; e-learning in, 213; e-medicine in, 238–242; and e-public health information systems, 132; growth of health care industry in, 331; home health care expenditures in, 270–271; hospice care in, 276; Internet use in, 380; privacy legislation in, 454, 458; privacy protections in, 109–110; resources for learning EBM in, 447, 448; rising health care costs in, issue of, 5, 11, 38, 205, 235, 273; use of virtual reality in, 530; and virtual medical records, 97
Canadian Centres for Health Evidence, 447
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 456
Canadian College of Health Service Executives, 422, 439
Canadian Health Act, 414
Canadian Health Association guide, 426
Canadian health care system: executives across, e-surveying, on HCTM, 413–426; trends in, 272–273, 409; view of, 205
Canadian Health Infoway: Paths to Better Health (ACHI), 109
Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), 241
Canadian Minister of Health, 109
Canadian Network for the Advancement of Research, Industry and Education, 241
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 110, 458
Cancer Literature Online (CANCERLIT), 213, 444
Cardiac arrhythmia monitoring, 274
Cardiac rehabilitation monitoring, 274
Case repository, 297, 303, 304
Catastrophic interference problem, 354
CathSim Intravenous Training System, 213–214
Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE), 548
Cell-switched network, 184
Cellular communication network, 186–187, 195. See also Wireless cellular phones
CEN Project Teams, 125n1
CEN TC251, 125n1
Center for Bio-ethics, 240
Center for Evidence-Based Practice, 529
Center for Health Services Research, 275
Center for Information Technology Leadership, 398, 405
Center for Research on Telehealth and Healthcare Communications, 212
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 97, 134–135, 136, 142, 143, 147, 148-149, 150, 152, 154
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 204, 285, 287, 327, 459
Central nursing system, 190, 195
Centralized control bus system, 292, 293
Centralized remote control system, 291
Centralized repository, for EHRS, 324
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, 448
Cerner, 216
Certainty factors, 314
Certainty values, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 310, 316, 318
Certificate authorities, 179, 180, 181
Certified Doctor, 322
Change management, 428, 429, 435–436
Changes: political, need for, 257; rapid, aiding in realizing, 46–47; significant, being prepared to face, importance of, 499
Changing the health care concept. See E-health paradigm shift
Chaos theory and quantum mechanics, 68–71
Chaotic mixing algorithm, 198
Charlotte Memorial, 14
Chemical sensor, defined, 278
Chief technology officer (CTO), analysis of, 432, 433
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, University of Florida, 550
China: e-counseling in, 210; e-work in, 219
Chinese wall security policy, 475
Choctaw Memorial Hospital, 224, 226, 227
Choropleth maps, defined, 146
Chronic disease management: application to, 209; appropriate audit of, 119; cost reduction in, 501; role of e-health in, 119–121. See also E-disease management
Chronic heart failure patients, monitoring, 274
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 209, 276
Chrysler, 536
CIGNA, 386
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), 398–399
Circuit-switched network, 184
Claims analysis technique, illustration of, 346–347
Claims submission and processing. See On-line claims processing
Classification analysis techniques, constructive, 332
Click-and-mortar models, 370, 371, 383
Clinic hopping, 326
Clinical and administrative cost reduction. See Cost reduction
Clinical application criteria, relevancy of, consideration of, 253
Clinical data dictionary, defined, 95
Clinical data repository (CDR): defined, 95; use of, 139
Clinical decision support tools, 446. See also E-decision support systems (e-DSS)
Clinical diagnosis decision support systems, 218, 296. See also E-diagnosis support systems (e-DSS)
Clinical efficacy, 308, 311–313
Clinical Epidemiology for Effective Clinical Practice Online Tutorial, 447
Clinical Evidence (BMJ Publishing Group), 446, 447
Clinical guidelines for e-home care, 286
Clinical information management system, 398–399
Clinical research, evidence from, applying. See Evidence-based medicine
Clinical Research Institute, 240
CliniCare, 463
Cliniguide, 446
Closed systems, example of, 61
Closed-circuit television, emergence of, 240
Closing-the-gap analysis, 540, 542
Cluster analysis, applying, 424, 426, 430–433
Cluster numbers, determining, 335–336
Clustering analysis algorithm, 333–334, 345
Clustering analysis, defined, 332
Clustering analysis techniques: and e-health data integration, 452; fundamentals of, 333–336; overview of, 333; summary on, 348; use of, 141. See also Constructive clustering analysis technique
Clustering, defined, 331
CN2-MCI, 332
Cochrane Collaboration, 444
Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, 444
Codes, standardized, use of, 105
Coding errors, 136
Cognitive Neuroscience Group, 550–551
Collaborative filtering, 516
Collaborative learning, 234
Collaborative model, 543
Collection, limiting, privacy principle of, 111
Committee on Development and Information, Third Meeting of, (CODI 3), 259
Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, 143, 154
Common clustering analysis approach, 334–335
Common good, potential of technology for, 545
Common Open Policy Service protocol, 176
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 208
Communication technologies. See specific type
Communications, improving, value of, 12
Community diagnosis, 158
Community health: assessment of, requirements for, 134; background on, 156; infrastructure of, e-home care complementing, 273
Community health information networks (CHINs), 20, 78, 168, 463
Community Health Institute (CHI) project, 156–161
Community health profile: example of, 160; indexes for, 156, 157; quantitative indicators forming, 134; selecting indicators for, 158; timeliness and geographic requirements for, 158–159; users and uses of, 159–161
Compaq PC, 30
Comparative advantage, providing, 100
Comparative costs and benefits, questions about, answering, issue of, 410
Competence, testing, 310, 311, 319
Competitive advantage, 380, 384, 402, 410, 413, 497–498, 543, 545
Competitive balance, shift in, 408
Competitive e-health model, 74, 76, 237, 238, 542
Competitive rules, technological change affecting, 411
Completeness: evaluation of, 309; limited, 301–302
Complex societal life, increasingly, 69
Complex systems, 44, 49, 60, 61, 64, 66, 83. See also Chaos theory and quantum mechanics
Complexity: adding to, aspects adding to, 92; computational, 482, 485, 486; dynamic vs. detail, 62; of e-communities, 78, 79; of EHR implementation, 107; of HCTM process, 414
Compliance, challenging, principle of, 112
Comprehensive Assessment for Tracking Community Health (CATCH), 136–137
Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System, 322
Compression types, 170–171. See also Lossless compression; Lossy compression
Computer simulation modeling, 213–214. See also Simulations; Virtual reality (VR)
Computer Stored Ambulatory Record System (COSTAR), 15
Computer use: impact of, on changing health behavior, 86–87; increase in, 38
Computer-based patient records (CPRs): defined, 94; e-health records vs., 101; impediments to diffusion of, 101–102; limitations of, 98
Computerized tax records, comparison to, 121
Computerized teaching programs, evaluating, for health promotion interventions, 86–87
Concept hierarchies: ascent of attributes in, 339–344; for clustering health care providers, 348; defining, 337; examples of, at a university, 338; goal of research on, 350; optimal configuration of, 339
Concept space: and clustering results for providers, 348; and comparison of clustering results, 349; defined, 339; and deviation of credibility scores, 350; optimal, determining, 339–345
Conceptual schema, 518
Conceptualization stage, 537–538, 539
Confidentiality: defining, 456; in e-health data integration, 461–462; maintaining, 462. See also Privacy and confidentiality
Confidentiality agreements, signing, 459
Conflict of interest, defined, 475
Conflict of interest regulation (CIR), 471–473, 475
Congestive heart failure (CHF) management, 210, 211, 276, 282, 400
Connectivity: in Bluetooth-enabled system, 194; Internet, attention shifted to, 16; network, standards for, 165; three-tier, 182
Consensus model-based inference algorithm, 307–308, 316–317
Constructive approach, defining, 332
Constructive clustering analysis technique: algorithm in, 345; application of, 346–347; development of, 338–345; goal of research on, 350; results from applying, evaluation of, 347, 348, 349, 350
Constructive data mining techniques, 336–337, 338
Consultants, hiring, to manage transition process, 505
Consultation project, around-the-clock, 263. See also E-consultation
Consumer demand, 237
Consumer health information modules, 214, 233, 237
Consumer-centered e-health marketplace, 367–368
Consumer-driven care system: accountability expectations framework for, 540–543; continuing move toward, 404; as a driver, 47; overview of, 535–534; shift to, 17; user information requirements in, analyzing, 536–540
Consumers, range of, 371–372. See also E-consumer entries
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) model, 43, 66, 205, 387
Content layer, 470
Content-based knowledge discovery, 518
Context, defined, 79
Context-dependent aggregation, 471–472
Contexts, single vs. multiple, 79–80
Continuing medical education, 213, 233, 263, 326
Continuity of care, 271
Control Data, 14
Convergent interests, 144
Cookbook medicine, 446
Coordinating body, importance of, 242
Copyright protection, 480, 481
Core value propositions, 10, 11–13
Cost computation, challenge of, 48–49
Cost containment, 205, 257, 273, 536
Cost reduction, 11–12, 47, 499–501
Cost savings, 47–48, 274, 284, 398, 403–404, 500, 502
Cost sharing, 325
Cost-benefit analyses, issue of, raising, 410
Cost-effectiveness issue, 281–282, 283
Costs of care, rapid escalation of. See Health care costs, rising, issue of
Countermeasures, need for, 475
Covert channels, use of, 198, 199
Covert communication, emerging technique for, 480, 481
Creative Good, 218
Critical attributes for HCTM, 416-421
Critical mass of transactions, potential for, consideration of, 11, 367
Critically Appraised Topics (CATs), 445
Cross-platform system interoperability, 265
Cross-sell opportunity, 374
CSS Credentialing, 322
Cultural barriers, 77
Culture-specific beliefs and values, impact of, on e-medicine transfer, 254–256
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), 213, 444
Custodianship, 458
Customer-focused e-health services, 372, 410
Customized information technology services, 374
CVS Pharmacy, 410
Cyber-Angel system: conclusion on, 55; donor-based aspect of, 53–54; lessons from, 54–55; operations of, 53; overview of, 52–53; questions on, 55
Cybersickness, 535
D
Danderyd Hospital, 14
Data collection methods: enhanced, 147–148; reengineering, 137
Data embedding, integrating selective encryption with. See Integrated selective encryption and data embedding (I-SEE)
Data embedding methods, 480, 481
Data Encryption Standard (DES), 480, 481, 484
Data flow, wireless, 195
Data format, 104, 105, 177–178
Data hiding technique, 462
Data input, GIS-related, 145–146, 147, 148-149
Data integration. See E-health data integration (e-HDI)
Data integrity, 462
Data management technology: in Bluetooth-enabled system, 194; combining GIS-related technologies with, 142, 145–149; forms of, 9–10; in GIS-based public health preparedness system, 147; in health information processing system, 148-149
Data mining: applying e-health vision to, 41; aspects of, 19–20; and case repositories, 304; classification categories of, 331–332; and e-health data integration, 451–452; for e-supply ordering, 216; for knowledge replenishment, 315
Data mining methodologies: emergence of, as e-public health technologies, 133–134; for emergency preparedness, 146; other uses of, 142; for public health surveillance and preparedness, 140–141; purposes of, 128
Data mining techniques: constructive, 332, 336–337, 338; overview of, 331–332; use of, to infer identities, 472. See also Clustering analysis techniques
Data output, GIS-related, 146, 147, 148-149
Data ownership, issue of, 328
Data repositories, incorporating new data into, challenge of, 401
Data security, privacy, and confidentiality. See Privacy and confidentiality; Security
Data set conceptualization, 466
Data sets, views of, examples of, 466–467, 468-469, 470
Data views, 518
Data warehouse database (DWD), 141
Data warehouses (DW): applying e-health vision to, 41; aspects of, 19–20; building, to enhance CATCH, 137; distinguishing between, 139; for e-supply ordering, 216; implementation of, issues in, 140; open structure of, 149; star schema, 297, 304
Data warehousing: emergence of, as e-public health technologies, 133–134; for public health surveillance and preparedness, 139–140, 141
Database management technology, 9, 12
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), 444, 445
DataGlove, 533
DBLearn, 332
Deaconess Hospital, 14
Death certificates, data from, issues with, 135
Decision outcomes: identifying, 304, 305; multiple, 301, 314, 354
Decision support software scenario, 322
Decision support systems (DSS), 217–218, 296, 352, 390, 400, 401. See also specific type
Decision support tools, 446
Decision-making tools, 105
Dedicated networks, 169
Degradation in image quality, 481, 485
Degree of belief, 300
Dell Computer Corporation, 84
Deloitte & Touche, 373
Delphi approach, 415
Denial of service (DoS), 197, 198
Depression treatment, 210
Description layer, 470
Description spaces, defined, 332
Detail complexity, 62
Detailed view, levels of, providing, 98–99
Developed and developing countries, situation in, 236. See also specific countries
Developing countries, research on diffusion of e-medicine in, 256–257
Development Information Services Division (DISD), 259
Diabetes, managing, 119–121, 274–275
DiabetesWell, 385
Diagnosis: assisting in, and treatment, 21; defining, 296; involving uncertainty, 300–301; remote, 400. See also E-diagnosis support systems (e-DSS)
Diagnosis questions, identifying, 304, 306
Diagnostic phases, in precedeproceed model, 84
Diagnostic related groups (DRGs), 105, 204, 374
Diagnostic ultrasound, 208
DICOM Standards Committee and Working Groups, 52, 178, 188. See also Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standards
Dietetics screening, 279
Differentiated services (DiffServ) model, 175–176
Diffusion: anticipation of, 38; and e-health impacts, 26; of innovation, characteristics affecting, 257; of Internet use, 16, 38; managing, overview of, 22; skepticism about, 48–49; successful, of several key e-health domains, 42. See also E-medicine diffusion
Digital divide, 168, 236, 253, 257
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standards, 177–178, 184, 235, 253, 265, 322, 325, 484
Digital mammography, 324
Digital medical imaging, 170–171, 177–178
Digital subscriber line (DSL), 190, 278, 326
Digital technology, emergence of, 235
Disabled patients: rehabilitation for, 533, 549; smart home for, 279, 290–294
Disaster management, 143. See also E-public health information systems
Discharge information, providing, 493–494
Disclosure, limiting, privacy principle of, 111
Disease Management Association of America, 275, 288
Disease management, defined, 275. See also E-disease management
Distance measures, defining, 333–334
Distributed computing environment, supporting, 173
Distributed data entry, defined, 454
Distribution Rules, 125n1
Divisive clustering, 335
DNA, use of, for patient identification, 122
Dichotomous measures of effect, importance of, 442
Doctors' Stories (Hunter), 96
Document management technology, aspects of, 18
Domain Term List, 125n1
Downtime, issue of, 172
Dreamweaver 4.0 Web design software, 425
DrKoop, 368, 376, 387, 515, 518–519
Drug News Weekly, 529
DrugLink, 529
Duke University Medical Center, 15, 322, 447
Dynamic complexity, 62
E
E-administrative and support services, 214–219, 234. See also specific services and applications
Early detection, 282, 284, 500–501
eBay, 11
eBenX, 386
E-billing and e-charge capture, 528
EBM Solutions, 446
Eckard pharmacies, 215
E-clinical applications, defined, 233
E-clinical care: and e-networking, 169–172; ongoing account of, maintaining, 97–98
E-clinical decision support systems (e-CDSS), 16, 21
Eclipsys, 372
E-commerce: defining, 43, 205; emphasis on, 510; limited, 367; types of, 7, 205. See also E-health marketplace
E-communities: aspects of, 212; conclusion on, 519; consolidation of, 515; creation of, contributor to, 43; and e-health strategies, 391; emphasis on, 510–511; and information delivery, 516–517; and information organization, 517–518; and knowledge mining, 518–519; overview of, 515; questions on, 519; as sociocultural entities, 77–79
Economics and Statistics Administration, 272, 288
E-consultation: facilitating collaboration in, 494; as most promising proposed application, 373–374; patient-provider, process of, 369–370; scenario of, 322; success of, 384; value proposition of, 382, 384. See also Teleconsultation
E-consumer approach, shift to, 23
E-consumer desires, 373
E-consumer empowerment and satisfaction, 6, 49, 75, 166, 501–502, 510
E-consumer expectations, 366. See also Accountability expectations
E-consumer health informatics, 166–169, 180, 237
E-consumer information retrieval, 92
E-consumer needs, addressing, e-technologies contributing to, 508
E-continuing medical education, 213, 233
E-counseling, aspects of, 210
E-credentialing, 528
E-decision support systems (e-DSS), 217–218, 352
E-delivery networks, highly distributed, regrouping into, 454
E-diagnosis support system (e-DSS) for lower back pain: architecture of, 297, 302–304; conclusion on, 314–315; and consensus model-based inference algorithm, 307–308, 316–317; designing, challenges in, 299–302; evaluation of, framework for, 302, 308–313; introduction to, 296–299; learning objectives involving, 296; and the modified Turing test, 309–311, 318–319; questions on, 315–316; and uncertainty, 304; Web-based, 302–308
E-diagnosis support systems (e-DSS): case involving telemedicine and, 321–329; for mobile health, 527; strategies and impacts of, 400; value of, 296. See also E-diagnosis support system (e-DSS) for lower back pain
E-diagnostic consultation, 263
E-disease management, 210–211, 275–276, 281, 282, 384–385, 501
Education and training. See specific type
Educational and organizational diagnosis, 84
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), 213
E-expert decision support systems (e-EDSS), 21–22
Effect, dichotomous measures of, importance of, 442
E-government refugee immigrant statistical system, 63
E-health: adoption of, factors limiting, 380, 393–394; attitude toward, social trend in, 47; barriers and challenges facing, 48–50; case involving, 27–35; challenges of, 378, 380, 381; concepts encompassed by, 42–44; conclusion on, 26; defining, 4, 42–43, 205; distinguishing, from e-business, 543; domains and applications in, 13–22; drivers of, 45–48; evolution of, stages of, 509; foundations and benefits of, 6–13; future of, essence of, 545; history of, 14–17; increasing role of IT in, 331; introduction to, 4–6; key areas bridged in, 5; key feature of, 92; learning objectives involving, 4; new scenarios resulting from emergence of, 436–437; opportunities of, 375–378, 379; questions on, 27; role of, in primary care, 119–121; strategies in and impacts of, 22–26
E-Health 2001: The Future of Health Care in Toronto, 456
E-health business structures, 10, 368, 370–371, 383. See also specific structure
E-health care systems and subsystems, relationship of, 44
E-health care technology management (e-HCTM): case involving, 439–449; conclusion on, 435–438; e-surveying health executives on HCTM, 413–426; introduction to, 407–409; learning objectives involving, 407; multidimensionality of, 409–413; overview of, 22, 23; questions on, 438; research findings with relevance for, 427–435; strategy of, 412–413
E-health care technology, meaning of, 411. See also E-health technology strategies and impacts; E-technologies
E-health connectivity, 388–389
E-health data integration (e-HDI): and aggregation issues, 460, 464–473; architecture of, 465–470; authentication and authorization in, 462–464; data integrity in, 462; e-security policy for, engineering, 470–473; overview of, 451–452; research on security and privacy in, limited, 453; sample schema for, 466, 467; security and privacy requirements for, 460–462; security framework for, 471–473
E-health decision support systems (e-HDSS), 21
E-health domains: of applications, systems in, types of, 17–22; case involving, 224–230; conclusion on, 221–222; in e-administrative and support services, 214–219; in e-learning and tele-education services, 211–214; in e-medical or direct patient care services, 206–211; introduction to, 204–206; learning objectives involving, 204; questions on, 222. See also specific domains and applications
E-health education applications, 211–214
E-health help desks, 385
E-health impacts: aspects of, 25–26; beneficial, 497–504; case involving, 515–519; conclusion on, 513; and continuing evolution, 507–512; e-health strategies and, case involving, 396–405; introduction to, 490–491; learning objectives involving, 490; on primary care, 123, 124; questions on, 513–514; risks resulting from, 504–507; on various sectors, 492–497, 498
E-health information: availability and accessibility of, 366; classification of, 474; greater emphasis on delivery of, 509–510
E-health information system model, 401
E-health intelligence: case involving, 352–360; conclusion on, 348, 350; and development of constructive clustering analysis technique, 338–345; and empirical evaluation, 346–347, 348, 349, 350; and fundamental of clustering analysis techniques, 333–336; introduction to, 331–333; learning objectives involving, 331; and medical image transfer, 171; questions on, 351; and representation of constructive data mining techniques, 336–337
E-health marketplace: encouraging collaboration in, 543; growth and development of, driver of, 47, 238; new, emergence of, 367–368; size of, and prediction on, 491; stakeholders in, 367, 368. See also E-health strategies
E-health model: characteristics of, consideration of, 10, 367; ideal, specifying, 540, 541, 542; move towards, pressure to, 26
E-health paradigm shift: aspects of, 39–45; benefits and promise of, unlocking, issue of, 5–6; concept of health care changing during, 498–499; concepts encompassing, 42–45; context of, 17; core value propositions supporting, 11; current success of, aspects resulting in, 7; experiencing further, 525; goal striving for during, 75; ideal and most significant, 545; impact and prospects of, 544; need for, example demonstrating, 98; reflection of, in e-HDI security framework, 474; trend contributing to, 490; underlying drivers for, 45, 46; view impeding, 407–408; vision in, 40–42
E-health perspectives: case involving, 82–89; of chaos and string theories, 68–77; conclusion on, 80–81; of general systems concepts, 60–68; introduction to, 60; and learning objectives, 60; questions on, 81–82; of sociocultural entities, 77–80
E-health processes and services, integration of, 76
E-health prospects: case involving, 547–552; conclusion on, 543–545; of consumer-driven e-health systems, 535–543; introduction to, 524–526; learning objectives involving, 524; in mobile health care, 526–529; questions on, 545; in virtual reality, 530–535
E-health records (EHRs): aspects of, 215–216; barriers to implementing, 101–104; benefits of, 100–101; cases involving, and e-primary health care, 116–125; challenges in, 121–123; concepts and characteristics defining, 94–96; conceptualization of, 104–105; conclusion on, 114–115; as critical to e-clinical care, 172; and data mining, 141; defined, 95; ethical use and distribution of, focus on, 460; future, objectives for, 113–114; and general systems theory, 61–62; growth of, 99; implementation of, 104–114; intelligent, employing, to apply e-health vision, 41; introduction to, 92–93; learning objectives involving, 91–92; more data in, consideration of, in I-SEE framework, 484; purposes of, 97–99; questions on, 115; restricting access to, 462; standards for, 178; and teleradiology, 324–325; trends in, 96–97
E-Health Solution, 248
E-health strategies: aspects of, 22–23; case involving, and impacts, 396–405; conclusion on, 392–394; framework for, 367–370; future directions for, 544–545; introduction to, 366–372; learning objectives involving, 366; opportunities and challenges of, 372–382; questions on, 394–395; service models and services in, 382–392. See also specific strategies
E-health systems: basic components of, 10–11; focus of, 40; implementation and evaluation of, 22, 24–25; planning, 23; problems with, 123; reliance on, 118; types of, by dimension of integration, 17–22. See also specific systems
E-health technology strategies and impacts case: conclusion on, 404; and future trends, 402–404; in the health care industry, 397; in home monitoring and telediagnosis, 399–400; in medical error reduction, 398–399; in naval health care, 397; overview of, 396–397; questions on, 404–405; success of, 400–402
E-health vision: case involving, 52–55; characteristics of, understanding, 40–42; conclusion on, 51; drivers of and barriers to, 45–50; and the e-health paradigm shift, 39–45; embracing, need for, 372; extension of, 129; introduction to, 38–39; learning objectives involving, 37–38; and medicolegal considerations, 50–51; and trends in EHRs, 96–97
eHealthEngines, 387
E-home care: acceptance of, 284–285; access and cost issues in, 283–284; applications of, 274–280; aspects of, 208–209, 209–210; case involving, 290–294; clinical outcomes and processes in, 282–283; concepts in, 269–274; conclusion on, 285–286; cost savings from, 500; defining, 44, 205, 268; design issues in, 281; determining appropriateness of, 286; for diabetes, 120; ethical considerations for, 286; evaluation of, 282–285; introduction to, 268–269; issues and challenges in, 280–282; learning objectives involving, 265–266; other e-technologies used in, 277–280; privacy and confidentiality issues for, 280–281; projected growth in, 236–237; questions on, 286–287; rationale and trends for, 272–274; reimbursement for, 281–282; successful diffusion of, 42
E-hospice, 277
E-information service model, 528
El Camino Hospital, 14
E-laboratory systems, 113, 114
E-learning: applications of, 213–214, 233–234, 531; emphasis on, 77–78, 510; opportunities in, 374; scenario of, 322; value of, 12
E-learning and tele-educational services, 211–214. See also specific services and applications
E-learning communities. See E-communities
Electrocardiogram (ECG) cellular transmission, 186
Electronic data interchange (EDI) methodology, 7–9, 206
Electronic Healthcare Record Support Action project, 122–123
Electronic health records. See E-health records (EHRs)
Electronic incidental records, defined, 94
Electronic laparoscopic simulation, 548
Electronic medical records (EMRs): access to, issues involving, 463–464; confusing, with EHRs, 94; cost savings from, 398; early research findings on, issues raised by, 121–122; and e-health data integration, 460, 464; and epidemiological surveillance, 142; as a hybrid e-health model, 387–388; unauthorized retrieval of, 328. See also E-health records (EHRs)
Electronic patient records (EPRs): defined, 94, 95; merging, with medical images, 484. See also E-health records (EHRs)
Electronic Record Architecture, 125n1
Electronic surveillance. See E-surveillance
Elsevier Science, 444
E-mail: discovery of, 16; security of, 180–181; use of, proliferation in, 235
E-marketing: defining, 43; successful diffusion of, 42
EMBASE, 444
E-medical or direct patient care services, 206–211. See also specific services and applications
E-medicine: applications of, 22, 206–208; benefits of, 238; defining, 43–44, 232, 269; history of, 16, 234–235; in hospice care, 276–277; implementation of, factors in, 252–254, 256; as an information clearinghouse, 239; limitations of, 121; nature of, 254; and outcomes measurement, research needed on, 256–257; overview of, 233–238; in primary care, 120–121; slow adoption of, 380; specific examples of, 232; successful implementation of, key requirements for, 241–242; use of telecommunications in, 190; value of, 373. See also Telemedicine
E-medicine development in Taiwan: for around-the-clock consultation, 263; conclusion on, 265–266; for emergency support, 263; evaluation of, and management issues, 264–265; major programs involved in, 261–262; for military acute care, 264; overview of, 260–261; for videoconferencing needs, 262–263
E-medicine diffusion: barriers to, 235, 241; in Canada, 238–242; case involving, 260–266; challenges in, 236; conclusion on, 257; drivers of, 257; in Ethiopia, 242–256; factors affecting, 248–256; factors driving, 236–238; introduction to, 232–233; learning objectives involving, 232; and overview of e-medicine, 233–238; questions on, 258; research on, in developing countries, 256–257; successful, 42
E-medicine software, 248
E-medicine transfer: factors affecting, 249–256; outcomes of, 251, 253, 255, 256
Emergency decision support system (EDSS), 151
Emergency information access, 475
Emergency preparedness: and bioterrorism, GIS-related technologies for, 143–145; GIS-related data management for, 145–149; using virtual reality for, 532
Emergency room use, 210, 211, 273, 282, 400
Emergency support, 263
E-messaging, 528
Empowerment: defining, 75; principle of, 270; and supersymmetrical thinking, 73, 75. See also E-consumer empowerment and satisfaction; User empowerment
Enabling factors, 85
Encoders, choice of, 30
Encryption algorithms, 181, 191–192, 196–197, 198, 265, 480–481, 506
Encryption technology, 173, 178–179, 180, 181, 186, 459, 462, 506. See also Integrated selective encryption and data embedding (I-SEE)
E-network infrastructure support, 174–177
E-networking: case involving, 190–199; conclusion on, 187–188; defining, 165; and e-home care, 269; in Ethiopia, 248; external integration required for, 20; infrastructures and configurations of, 182–187; introduction to, 164–166; learning objectives involving, 164; questions on, 188; requirements for, 166–173; and security, 463; standards for, 174–182
E-networks: expanded, potential for, 278; linking EHRs to, 114
England, hospitals in, 14
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, 64–65
Entropy rate, 485
E-nursing systems, 114
ENV 12265, 125n1
Environmental assessment, 23
Environmental factors, 85
Eoffering Corp., 491
ePad, 528
E-patient data gathering, 92
E-patient education, 275
E-patient image retrieval case, 352–360
E-patient learning, 214
E-patient monitoring and tracking, 527. See also Remote patient monitoring
E-patient safety and error reduction, 527. See also Error reduction; Safety
Epic Systems Corporation, 216
EpicCare, 216
Epidemiological databases, 142
Epidemiological diagnosis, 84
Epidemiological investigations, 140–141
Epidemiological rapid assessment, 150–152
Epidemiological surveillance, 142, 144, 151
Epidemiology and Biostatistics Resources, 448
EpiInfo 2002, 151
EpiMap, 151
EPocrates Rx Pro, 529
E-prescription referencing, 529
E-prescription systems, 113, 214–215, 367, 375–376, 384, 496, 505, 527, 528, 529, 536
E-primary care: for dermatology, 248; for diabetes, 120; and e-health records cases, 116–125
E-primary care systems, early, inadequacy of, 123–124
E-profiling community health: background on, 156–158; and community diagnosis, 158; conclusion on, 161; geographic areas in, consideration of, 158–159; overview of, 155–156; questions on, 161–162; selection of profile indicators in, 158; timeliness of, 159–161
E-public health informatics: aspects of, 131–133; challenges to, 153
E-public health information systems: case involving, 155–162; conclusion on, 153; development of, infrastructure issues hindering, 132; infrastructure of, simplified model of, 141, 142; introduction to, 128–133; key features of, 134–136; learning objectives involving, 128; legacy health systems vs., 133–138; network infrastructure for, requirements for, 173; for public health surveillance and preparedness, 139–152; questions on, 153–154
E-public health statistical system, 62, 134
E-purchasing/procurement, 369, 494. See also E-supply ordering
Equitable care: e-technologies working against, problem of, 511; organization promoting, 325. See also Universal health care
E-radiological systems, 113, 114. See also Teleradiology
E-readiness factor, 253
E-recording, 529
E-referencing, 527
E-rehabilitation, 219–220, 221
Ergonomic data presentations, defined, 95
E-robotics, breakthrough expected in, 544
Error reduction, 99, 398–399, 527
Escape mechanism, as requisite, 475–476
E-security: case involving, 479–487; conclusion on, 474–476; and e-health data aggregation issues, 464–473; and e-health data integration, 460–464; frameworks in, 453–459; introduction to, 451–452; learning objectives involving, 451; questions on, 476; technologies in, aspects of, 178–181
E-security policies: engineering, 470–473; need for additional research on, 475
E-servicing e-health care, 509
E-speech therapy program: background on, 225; benefits of, 221; development of, 226; e-technologies for, 226–227; evaluation of sessions in, 227–228; and evaluation outcomes, 228–229; expanded, 229; future implications of, 229; overview of, 224–225; questions on, 229–230
E-stakeholders: acceptance and support from, importance of, 103, 106, 107, 253; commitment of, as essential, 284; community of, consideration of, 10, 114, 366–367; as a component in EHR development, 105; connecting, 388–389; e-health challenges for, 379, 380, 381; e-health opportunities for, 375–378, 379; empowerment of, 75; integration between and among, 76; major, groups of, 25; partnerships among, for EHR implementation, need for, 113; relationships among, in consumercentered marketplace, 367, 368; willingness and e-readiness of, importance of, 253
E-supply ordering, 216–217, 368–369, 384, 386, 494
E-surgical training, 214, 530–531
E-surveillance, defined, 133. See also Surveillance systems
E-survey design, example of, 425–426
E-surveying health executives on HCTM, 413–426
E-tasking, 529
E-technologies: allowing for greater information use and misuse, 118; continuing attention to evolution of, 507–512; determining vision for, 23; development of, stages of, 508–509; emerging, benefits of, 12–13; extended, rise of, 16; forms of, 5; gradual impact of, in various health care and service sectors, 492–497, 498; harnessing the power of, focus on, 436; as hub of health care delivery at the macro level, 129; implementation of, evaluation guiding, 505; integration of, 76; mismanagement of, 507; and overview of effects, 490–491; potential of, for primary care, 117; power of, 497–504; promise of, 490; risks in applying, 504–507; significance of, 490–491; slow adoption of, 379; slow investment in, reason for, 372; strategic role of, 409–411; and summary of effects, 513. See also specific technologies
E-technology management. See E-health care technology management (e-HCTM)
E-technology officer: responsibilities and capabilities of, 413; role of, 412
E-technology strategies. See E-health technology strategies and impacts
E-therapeutic consultations, 263
Ethical considerations, 24, 26, 35, 215, 240, 286, 460
Ethical practices, increasing emphasis on, 96
Ethical principle, for e-health data integration, 461–462
Ethiopia: background on, 243–248; e-medicine in, 242–256; factors affecting diffusion of e-medicine in, 248–256; health care spending in, 245; Internet connection in, 236; situation in, 242–243, 257; socioeconomic and health indicators of, 245, 246
Ethiopian Council of Ministers, 245
Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency, 248
Ethiopian Telecommunication Cooperation, 248
EU Framework III Telematics project, 125n1
Euclidean distance metric, 332, 333
European Community, 248
European Union, 122, 125n1, 275
Evaluation, project planning and, system for, 84–86
Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation, 547
Evidence relevancy, combining, 305
Evidence, source of, Internet as, 442–446, 515
Evidence-based guidelines, development of, 444–445
Evidence-Based Medicine (BMJ Publishing Group), 445
Evidence-based medicine (EBM): access to, gaining, issue of, 40; call for, 240; continual benchmarking via, 542; continued importance of, 508; future of the Internet and, 448; overview of, 439–442; questions on, 448; resources for learning, 446–448; source for evidence in, 442–446, 515; stages of, 441
Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM (Sacket, Straus, Richardson, Rosenberg, and Haynes), 440
Evidence-Based Medicine Resource List, 448
Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group, 440, 442–443, 449
Evidence-Based On-Call, 446
Evolutionary implementation, 107, 113
E-work: aspects of, 218–219; design of, challenges in, 49
Exact science, primary care appearing as, technological factors resulting in, problem with, 123
Exclusion principle, 72
Executive information system (EIS), 19, 217
Existence layer, 470
Expectations, 4, 45, 366, 413, 540–543
ExperienceSeniorPower®, 84
Experimental stage, 29
Expert knowledge acquisition, 304
Expert performance, 310–311, 312, 318–319
Expert systems (ES), 16, 18, 85
Expertise, integrating, from specialists, move toward, 44
Exposure therapy, 551
Extended Architecture and Domain Model, 125n1
eXtensible Markup Language (XML), 8–9, 41, 76, 165, 178, 206, 221, 393, 518
External coupling, 78
External integration, defined, 18
External schema, 518
EZENIA 320/323 gateway, 227
F
Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, 248
Fair information practices, list of, 458
Family nursing system, 190
Fear, as a barrier, 48, 255, 384, 505
Federal Department of Communications, 240
Federal Drug Agency, 277
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 143
Federal Geographic Data Committee, 149
Feedback loops, 61
Fee-for-service payment, 238
Financial firewalls, 443
Financial restrictions, 204–205, 269, 272, 401
Financing schemes, changes to, 536
Fingerprints, use of, 122
Firewall protection, 20, 459, 506
Flexibility, 388
Flexible input capabilities, defined, 95
Florida Department of Elders Affairs, 212
Food and Drug Administration, 324, 380
Ford Motor Company, 536
Forrester Research, 221
Forum shopping, 50
Fragmentation, 62, 63, 69, 77, 79–80, 97, 539
Frame relay, 262
Franklin Health, 180
Fraud and abuse, protections against, need for, 48
Free space data, defined, 146
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, 458
Friends of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, 28, 30
Functionality-dependent aggregation, 473
Funding streams, impact of, 116
Future developments, business potential to accommodate, consideration of, 11, 367
Future EHRs, objectives for, 113–114
Fuzzy logic, 314
G
Gap scoring, 423–424, 430, 431, 432, 433
Gates Foundation, 74
General Electric (GE), 14
General systems theory (GST), 60–68, 69
Genonme Database, 213
Geocoded events, defined, 146
Geocoding target, 143
Geographic areas, consideration of, 158–159
Geographical barriers, 234, 240
Geographical information systems (GIS): aspects of, 18–19; benefits of, 139; and convergent interests, 144; emergence of, as e-public health technologies, 133–134; purposes of, 128; uses of, 129; and virtual reality, 532. See also GIS entries
George Washington University, 133
Georgia Institute of Technology, 279, 282, 288
Georgia Tech Research Corporation, 279, 280
Geospatial analysis, 151
Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) systems, 187
German hospital, 14
Gimmick effect, 29
GIS-based public health preparedness system, 147, 150–151
GIS-enabled rapid assessment system, 150–152
GIS-related technologies: aspects of, 139–142; and data management, combining, for emergency preparedness, 142, 145–149; for emergency preparedness and bioterrorism, 143–145; for epidemiological surveillance, 142; for health surveillance and rapid assessment, 150–152; for public health preparedness, 142–143
Global marketplace, competition in, 408
Global perspective, 40
Global surveillance system, 41–42, 128, 138
Global system for mobile communications (GSM) channel, 186
Global teleradiology network, achieving, goal of, 324
Global virtual teams, and learning communities, 77–79. See also E-communities
Globalization, 73–74, 153, 543, 544
Globalizing e-health care, 509
GlobalTelemedix, 387
GloveTalker, 534
Goldman calculator, 446
Good European Health Record (GEHR) project, 125n1
Government funding, importance of, 242, 261
Governmental boundaries, crossing, issue of, 380. See also Licensure requirements
Greenpeace, 372
Group health decision support system (group HDSS), aspects of, 19
Group-defined identity, 78
H
H235 standard, 181
H320 standard, 184, 225, 227, 253
H323 standard, 181, 184, 225, 227
H324 standard, 278
Handicapped users, 516
Hanover Hospital, 14
Harrison Online, 211
Harvard Medical School, 551
Harvard Telepsychiatry Project, 209–210
Hazard simulations, 532
Hazard sites data, defined, 145
HBOC, 376
Header file, 484
Head-mounted display (HMD), 530, 535, 547–548, 551
Health and medical information sites, 211–212, 237
Health and Psychosocial Instruments (HAPI), 213
Health Association of British Columbia (HABC), 241
Health behavior change: and impact of computer use, 86–87; principle of, 84
Health Canada, 94, 109, 128, 270
Health care concept, changing the, 498–499. See also E-health paradigm shift
Health care costs, rising, issue of, 5, 11, 38, 205, 235, 242, 273. See also Cost entries
Health care crisis, 5–6, 11, 38, 411
Health care executives, e-surveying of, 413–426
Health Care Financing Administration, 180, 281, 497
Health care hierarchies, 39
Health care industry, 331, 397, 400, 489–513
Health care informatics
Health care principles, protection of, 414
Health care procurement, 216–217, 368–369, 386
Health care product companies, aspects of, and impact of e-technologies, 496, 498
Health care reform, 46, 100, 269, 409, 535
Health care spending: in Ethiopia, 245; in the United States, 204. See also Health care costs
Health care system: continuing strategies of the, 409–410; restructuring the, need for, 204, 257; transformation as only constant in the evolving, 525; trends in the, 272–273, 409
Health care technology management (HCTM): defining, 414–415; further research needed on, 435, 437–438; recent attention to, 408. See also E-health care technology management (e-HCTM)
Health care technology management (HCTM) model: addressing validity and reliability of, 423–424; application of, issues relating to, 437; critical attributes informing, from content analysis, 415, 416-421; dimensions of, 427, 428, 429, 435–436; gap scores in, 423–424; indicators in, 427, 428, 430–433, 431; national survey on, 426; and performance measures, 434–435; pilot testing and field testing of, 415, 422–423; revised, 427, 428; survey design based on, 425–426; testing generalizability of, further research needed for, 435; variables underlying, 427, 428
Health data aggregation issues: defining, 460; example of, 460–461; formal specification of, 464–473
Health data management, 453
Health decision making, improving, value of, 13
Health decision support systems (HDSS): defining, 525; early interest in, 16; example of, that moves away from legacy systems, 137; focus shifting to, 525; as generic term, 21; group, 19; integrating with, 19; purposes of, 128
Health, defined, 411
Health Families Children's Health program, 377
Health informatics, 21–22, 123–124
Health information processing system: components of, 145; and IT specifications for emergency preparedness, 148-149
Health Information Research Unit, 447
Health insurance companies, aspects of, and impact of e-technologies, 496-497, 498
Health insurance information, 377, 385
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 109, 215, 280, 328, 378, 380, 454, 457, 458, 495, 506
Health Insurance Reform, 458
Health insurance services, 20–21, 386, 502–503. See also On-line claims processing
Health Key research initiative, 180
Health Level Seven (HL7), 177, 178, 253, 325
Health Link, 463
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 218, 372, 385
Health management information system (HMIS): diffusion, proliferation, and acceptance of, 525; move towards, 15, 16
Health problem diagnosis, 84, 85
Health professional shortage area (HPSA), 226, 282
Health promotion, preventive health and, applying e-health vision to, 41, 45
Health records, defined, 95
Health Resources and Services Administration, 219, 230
Health Sciences Library, 447
Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, 325
Health-e-App, 377
HealtheCare, 385
Healtheon, 388–389, 500, 502–503. See also WebMD
HealthMarket, 385
HealthNet/BC, 241
Healthstream, 213
Healthy People 2010, 143
HealthyPyramid, 366
Henry Ford Health System, 14, 275, 372
Heterogeneous technologies, issue with, 401
Hewlett Packard, 48
Hidden layer activation model, 353, 354, 355, 360
Hierarchical clustering approach, 335
High-speed digital exchange network, 262
HIV/AIDS: and e-medicine diffusion, 257; in Ethiopia, 242, 244, 245; relief movement involving, 74. See also Infectious diseases
Home asthma telemonitoring (HAT) system, 275
Home Care Services, University of Tennessee, 209
Home health care agencies, aspects of, and impact of e-technologies, 495–496, 498
Home health care (HHC): advances in, 373; benefits of, 271; history of, 268; reducing labor costs in, 500; significance of, 270–272. See also E-home care
Home management system, 291
Home networking, 171
HomeCareAmerica, 376
Honeywell, 14
Hong Kong Health Authority, 264
Horizontally and vertically integrated systems, increasing investment in, result of, 99
Hospice Association of America, 277
Hospital hopping, 326
Hospital marketing, 493
Hospitals, aspects of, and impact of e-technologies, 492–494, 498
House Committee on Small Business, 277
HTML. See Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Hub/Authority approach, 516
Hub-spokes topology, 325
Hugo Public Schools, 224, 226, 227, 229
Human contact, need for, 121
Human Resource and Services Administration, 227
Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), 458
Human thinking, shift in, benefit of, 545
Human-computer interface (HCI), 24
Hybrid e-health models, 387–392
Hybrid Internet and compact disc (CD) modules, 213
Hybrid strategies, 511
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 8, 9
I
IBM, 14, 49, 374, 393, 510–511
ICD-9-CM, 105
Identifying information, hiding, 467
Identity databases, 122
Ideological perspective, 40
iEnhance, 389
IETF Integrated Services, 176
Image archive database systems, existing, use of, 263
Image retrieval experiments, 355–357, 358, 359
Image retrieval, prior, case involving, 352–360
Image transmission. See Medical image transmission and storage
Imaging. See Digital medical imaging
Immersive virtual reality case, 547–552
Impact assessment, 85
Improving Health in the Community: A Role for Performance Monitoring (Durch, Bailey, and Stoto), 156
Incidental records, defined, 94
Incremental EHR implementation, 105, 107, 113
Incremental learning, 352
Incremental learning in an e-DSS, defined, 352
Incremental neural net learning: conclusion on, 360; evaluation of, in e-patient image retrieval experiments, 355–357, 358, 359; hidden layer activation in, 355; motivation for, 353–355; overview of, 352–353; questions on, 360
Incremental ratio, 357, 359, 360
India, e-work in, 219
Individual access to personal information, privacy principle of, 112
Individual impact, consideration of, 25
Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), 224, 225
Indonesian islands, 236
Industrial Revolution, public health focus during, 130
Industrial, scientific, and medicine (ISM) band, 191
Industry Canada, 239, 240, 241, 259
Infectious diseases: and e-medicine diffusion, 257; monitoring and controlling, 41–42, 128, 130, 138; preparedness for, 143
Inference algorithm, 303, 307–308, 313, 316–317
Inference engine, 297, 303, 304
Informating e-health care, 509
Information: giving inappropriate weight to, 123; harnessing, facilitation of, as essential, 117, 118; long-term integrity of, issue of, 121–122; misuse of, 118, 507. See also specific type of information
Information access: component of, defining, 104–105; continued expansion of, 402–403; emergency, 475. See also Patient information access
Information and communication technologies (ICT): advances in, 269; CDC-specifications for application of, for emergency preparedness and bioterrorism, 147; developing and testing of, location of, 243; expanding field of, 205; for health in Ethiopia, policy development initiative on, 245, 247; and impact of infrastructures on e-medicine transfer, 250, 251, 252, 256, 257; implementation of, effect of culture on, 255–256; incorporating, to support HHC services, 268; and infrastructure issues, 132; national policies on, impact of, on e-medicine transfer, 249–250, 251, 256–257; present-day applications of, 128. See also specific technologies
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Team, 247, 259
Information clearinghouse, e-medicine as, 239
Information delivery, e-communities and, 516–517
Information dissemination process, 8–9, 49
Information explosion, 117
Information flow: bidirectional, 167; integrated, 76–77
Information gatekeepers, shift from, 49
Information management, scalability challenges in, case involving, 515–519
Information organization, e-communities and, 517–518
Information overload, 117, 516
Information ownership, issue of, 328
Information Privacy Policy, 458
Information push, proactive, 517
Information quality, challenge of, 511, 516
Information requirements (IRs) of users, analyzing, 536–540
Information superiority, 402
Information systems. See specific systems
Information technology (IT), investments in, growth of, 331. See also Information and communication technologies (ICT)
Information therapy, 510
Information-focused stage, 508–509
Informed consent, debate over, 459
Infrastructure wireless network, defining, 192
Inland Revenue records, 121
Innovation diffusion, characteristics affecting, 257, 264
Innovation management, 428
Input-process-output triads, 61, 62
Insight Research Corporation, 272
Institute of Medicine (IOM), 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, 113, 116, 156, 158, 240, 276, 398
Institute of Scientific Information, 444
Intake forms, 32
Integrated delivery networks, highly distributed, regrouping into, 454
Integrated delivery systems (IDSs), vertically and horizontally, increasing investment in, result of, 99
Integrated e-systems, break-through expected in, 544
Integrated perspectives, development of, need for, 539–540
Integrated selective encryption and data embedding (I-SEE): background on, 479–480; conclusion on, 486; framework of, 482–483; overview of, 479; questions on, 487; rationale for, 480–482; and receiver processing, 486; and transmitter processing, 483–486
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) technology, 183–186, 219, 227, 262, 264, 278, 326
Integrated services (IntServ) model, 175, 176
Integrated systems: early efforts at implementing, 15; external, 18; implementing and overseeing, 24–25; internal, 17; move towards, 16. See also specific systems
Integrated view: defining, 466–467; example of, 470. See also E-health data integration (e-HDI)
Integrating Clinical Information System (ICIS), 398–399
Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), 325, 328
Integration: architecture of, 65–66; case reflecting, 84; defining, 75–76; dimension of, types of e-health systems by, 17–22; for e-disease management, 275; for e-home care, 274; for e-public health, 131; importance of, 264; initiative on, 325; knowledge, 315; lack of, 164; limiting, 461; and supersymmetrical thinking, 73, 75–77; for teleradiology, 325. See also E-health data integration (e-HDI); E-networking
INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center ((IBMC), 226–227
INTEGRIS Health System, 226, 227
INTEGRIS Jim Thorpe Rehabilitation Center (IJTRC), 219–220, 221, 226, 227, 229
INTEGRIS Jim Thorpe Rehabilitation Network, 224
INTEGRIS Rural Health, 219
INTEGRIS Rural Telemedicine, 224, 226, 227, 229
INTEGRIS Wide Area Network (WAN), 227
Integrity of information: long-term, issue of, 121–122; requirements for, further technological aids to address, need for, 118
Intel, 180
Intelligence, e-health. See E-health intelligence
Intelligence enhancement, 315
Intelligent electronic health records, 41
Intelligent e-networks, break-through expected in, 544
Intelligent organizations, 512
Intelligent remote transmission, 292, 293
Intelligent support, providing, value of, 13, 16, 327
IntensiveCare, 447
Interactive calculators, 446, 448
Interactive video, emergence of, 235, 326
Interface design, importance of, 103
Interfaces: dual, 297, 303–304; in Ethiopia, 248; smooth, importance of, 24, 76; standards for, need for, 393; user-friendly, 104–105, 106, 114, 214, 281, 327, 394
Interfacing standards, multiple, 253
Intergenerational programming, defined, 501. See also Maria-Madeline Project (MMP)
Interleaving techniques, 484
Internal coaxial network, 30
Internal coupling, 78
Internal integration, defined, 17
Internal operations and organizational management, functions of, for e-technologies to contribute to, 508
Internal schema, 518
Internal video circuit, 28, 30
International agendas, 40
International and national identity databases, 122
International classification of diseases, 105, 136
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), 480, 481, 484
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 455
International Medical Informatics Association, 460, 464, 477
International Organization for Immigration, 244
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 253, 455
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 184, 247, 248, 252, 253, 259, 278. See also specific ITU standards
International Telework Association and Council, 218
Internet: and e-health business structures, 370–371; and electronic data interchange, 8; and evidence-based medicine, 442–448; fastest growing group to embrace, 403; by hospitals, 493–494; increase in, 38, 167; intranets and extranets extending concept of, 20–21; likeliness of, 211; network access through, 41; proliferation of, 235, 366; public awareness of, growing, as a driver, 47; rapid growth of, 323. See also specific Internet-based tools, systems, and applications
Internet connectivity: attention shifted to, 16; disparity in, 236; in Ethiopia, 248
Internet costs vs. telephone costs, 500
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 176, 179
Internet Explorer, 462
Internet portals, 391
Internet Protocol (IP) networks, 174, 175, 176, 184–185, 462
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), 179–180, 181, 196, 462
Internet search issues, 167, 168
Internet service providers (ISPs), 168, 176, 177
Internet video streaming, 29, 30–31
Internet2 consortium, 213. See also Next Generation Internet (NGI)
Interoperability of systems, 264–265, 278, 322, 328
Interoperable databases, defining, 104
Interval attribute, defined, 333
Intranets and extranets, 20–21, 268, 493, 500
Intrapicture frames (I-frames), 177
Introduction to Evidence-Based Medline tool, 447
iPods, 526
IPSec
Isabel interactive tool, 446
iScribe, 215
ISO 17799, 455
ISO 9000, 253
Issues in Credentialing Team, 229, 230
Italy, study in, on general practitioner awareness levels, 117
J
Java 2, 303
Java servlets technology, 304
JavaServer Pages, 304
JBIG2, 483
Jin-Men Provincial General Hospital, 262, 263
Jin-Shan Medical Center, 262–263
Job losses, potential for, 504–505
John Hopkins Oncology Center, 15
Johnson & Johnson, 43
Join-attributes, 467
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 177, 483
Journal of the American Medical Association, 441
JPEG2000, 483
JPEG-LS, 483
Jurisdictional boundaries, 240
Just-in-case mobile applications, 392
Just-in-time inventory management, 216, 376
Kaiser Permanente, 216
Kaiser Permanente Rocky Mountain Division, 107
Karolinska Hospital, 14
Kinetra, 215
Kings Hospital, 14
K-means, 334
Knowledge acquisition and representation, 304–307, 314
Knowledge, as power, 75
Knowledge base, 297, 302–303, 315; verification of, 308, 309
Knowledge discovery. See Data mining techniques; Incremental neural net learning
Knowledge dissemination, value of, 13
Knowledge gaps, 117
Knowledge integration, 315
Knowledge mining, e-communities and, 518–519
Knowledge preservation, 390
Knowledge replenishment, systematic, need for, 315
Knowledge update interface, 303, 304
Knowledge-base management technology, 9–10
Kohonen neural network, 335
KPMG survey, 376
L
Laboratory capacity, focus on, in GIS-enabled systems, 150, 151–152
Landline systems, issues with, 190
Latency guarantees, 169, 171–172, 173, 174–177
Latent variables, defined, 427
Latter Day Saints Hospital, 14
Layers of secrecy, 470
Leadership, importance of, 241, 328, 412, 413, 507
Leapfrogging, 386
Learning in Virtual Environments (LIVE), 531
Learning-disabled people, virtual program for, 531
Least significant bitplanes (LSBs), 483, 485–486
Legacy systems, 19, 133–138, 141, 164, 372
Legislation and policies, implementation of, conducive to promoting e-health, need for, 46, 48, 51. See also Privacy legislation and codes
Lempel-Ziv (LZ) algorithm, 483
Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZ) algorithm, 484
Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) algorithm, 483
Liability concerns, 50–51, 240
Licensure requirements, 51, 240, 375, 386
Lien-Chiang County Hospital, 262, 264
Life Masters, 211
Literacy barrier, 50
Litigation, avoiding, focus on, issue with, 117
Local area networks (LANs), 180, 186, 190, 191, 278. See also Wireless local area networks (WLANs)
Lockheed Information Systems Division, 14
Logician, 216
London Hospital, 14
Longitudinal trend analysis, 137
Long-term integrity of information, issue of, 121–122
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 18
Los Angeles Internet connectivity, 236
Lossless compression, 170, 327, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485
Lossy compression, 170–171, 177, 327, 481
Low-earth orbit (LEO) systems, 187
Lower back, defining, 297
Lower back pain: issue of, 296; managing, common service process for, 297–299; overview of, 297. See also E-diagnosis support system (e-DSS) for lower back pain
Lubbock Cancer Center, 324
Lung transplant patients, monitoring, 276
M
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 326
M theory, 73
Macquarie University, 208
Mainstream health care. See Traditional health care systems
Makaton symbols, teaching, 531
Malaria, high prevalence of, 242, 244, 257
Malpractice insurance coverage, 240
Mammography, 170, 171, 324, 325
Managed care, 204, 237, 238, 385, 393
Management support, importance of, 252
Management systems, focus of, 412
Managerial challenges and implications, 511–512
Managerial e-health delivery strategies, 509–511
Manhattan distance metric, 333
“Mapping the Hazards to Keep Rescuers Safe,” 143, 154
Maria-Madeline Project (MMP): applying research on computer use and health behavior change to, 86–87; background on, 83–84; conclusion on, 88–89; evaluation plan of, 87–88; as learning community for seniors, 82, 392; overview of, 82–83; precede-proceed framework for, 84–86; questions on, 89; rich picture of, 66–67
Marketing integration-focused stage, 509
Marketplace changes, attention shifted to, 23. See also E-health marketplace
Mary's Help Hospital, 14
Massachusetts General Hospital, 15, 213, 551
Materials management systems, 376
Maternal and child health programs, 214, 233
Mayohealth, 211
McDonnell-Douglas, 14
McKesson Corporation, 372, 376
McMaster University, 447
McNeil pharmaceutical, 43
MDConsult, 211
MDLinx, 386
Mean squared error, 485
Medem, 382
Mediametrix, 211
Medicaid reimbursement, 323
Medi-Cal, 377
Medical and health information sites, 211–212, 237
Medical care applications, 206–211
Medical Center Net, 496
Medical Center Telemedicine Network, University of Tennessee, 209
Medical claims submission and processing. See On-line claims processing
Medical digital libraries, 390
Medical education: opportunities in, 374; virtual reality in, 531, 548–549. See also Continuing medical education
Medical error reduction, 398–399
Medical image transmission and storage: in e-medicine programs, 263, 264, 265; and file size, 170, 171; security of, 198, 199, 479–486
Medical insurance. See Health insurance entries
Medical records, considerations involving, 121–122, 123. See also Electronic medical records (EMRs)
The Medical Record (TMR), 15
Medical supply and specialty superstores, 384
Medically underserved area (MUA), 226
MedicaLogic, 391
Medicare: financial difficulties of, 272; and home health care, 271; reimbursement from, 51, 178, 281, 282, 323, 327
Medication adherence/compliance, 274, 282, 283
Medication errors, 398
Medicolegal considerations, 50–51, 240
MEDLINE, 114, 142, 212, 441, 443, 444
Medlinepro, 386
Medoid, defined, 334
Medpool, 386
MedQue, 376
MedSite, 43
Merck-Medco, 389
Messages for the Exchange of Record Information, 125n1
Messaging, electronic, 528
Meta-analysis, 441
Metadatabase, defined, 149
Metaphor, purpose of, 65
Metaphors and mental models, 63–68
Metasearch engines, 445
Microsoft Windows, 30, 33, 374
Microsoft Word, 425
Mid-earth orbit (MEO) systems, 187
Military acute care, 264
Millennium products, 216
Minkowski distance metric, 333
Misleading authoritative results, 123
Mismanagement of e-technologies, 507
Mission, of system analyst group, 22
Misuse of information, 118, 507
Mobile health: administrative applications in, 528–529; clinical applications in, 527–528; delivery systems in, 529; overview of, 526
Mobile health networks case. See Bluetooth-enabled mobile medicine system
Mobile medicine, defined, 190
Mobile modality equipment, 325
Mobile network infrastructures, 186–187
Mobile service strategy, 392
Model Privacy Code, 458
Model-base management technology, 9
Models: development of, purpose of, 63–64; mental, and metaphors, use of, 63–68. See also specific models
Modem quality, 30
Moderate incremental classes, 357, 359
Modified Delphi approach, 415
Modified Turing test, 309–311, 318–319
Monmouth Medical Center, 14
Morning after pill, 384
Mortality rates: in Ethiopia, 244–245; and evidence-based medicine, 442; from medical error, 398
Most significant bitplanes (MSBs), 483, 485
Mount Sinai Hospital, 448
Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG), 177, 481
MSWatch, 385
Multicommunity e-health promotion programming case, 66–67, 82–89
Multidimensional databases (MDDB), 141
Multilayer neural network, 353
Multilayered architecture, 518
Multimedia training systems and simulations, 213–214
Multiple decision outcomes, simultaneous, issue of, 301, 314, 354
Multiple diagnoses, simultaneous, accommodating, 301, 314
Multiple sociocultural contexts, 79–80
Multiple-party communications, improving, value of, 12
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME), 181
MUNIN, 301
MySQL, 303
Nanotechnology, 544
Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), 183, 184, 185
National Academy of Sciences, 94, 240
National and international identity databases, 122
National Association for Homecare, 270, 271, 289
National boundaries, crossing, issue of, 380
National Broadband Experimental Network, 260
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 443
National Center for Emergency Medicine Informatics, 446
National Center for Health Statistics, 271, 289
National Cheng-Kung University Hospital (NCKUH), 261, 262, 263
National Electrical Manufacturers, 235
National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), 445
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), 262, 264
National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 444
National Health Service (NHS), 94, 107
National ICT policies: impact of, on e-medicine transfer, 249–250, 251, 256–257. See also E-medicine development in Taiwan
National Infrastructure Initiative (NII), 260, 261, 262, 263, 264
National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 118
National Institute of Health, 97
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 550, 551
National Institute of Nursing Research, 271, 289
National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 18
National Library of Medicine (NLM), 399, 400, 405, 441, 443
National Mental Health Association, 551
National Research Council, 143, 154, 155
National Research Council Committee, 167, 180, 189
National Science Foundation, 38, 97
National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 142
National strategy, 40
National surveillance system, 41, 128
National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), 260, 262–263
Natural language questions, 516–517
Naval health care, 397
Navigation mining, 519
NCR, 14
Nebraska Psychiatric Institute, 235
Needs forcasting, 221
Need-to-know principle, 461, 464
.NET Enterprise Server platform, 374
Netherlands, trial in, on roles altering clinical decision making, 124
Netting the Evidence, 448
Network analysis, defined, 146
Network availability, 172
Network intelligence, 65
Network strategy, employing, in an e-health vision, 41–42
Network thinking, 63
Network-based materials management systems, 376
Network-based service community, expanding to, importance of, 265
Networking basis, 254
Networking technologies: aspects of, 20; and interoperability, 264–265; move towards, 15–16; in teleradiology, 324
Neural networks (NN), 64–65, 68, 76, 137, 352, 356. See also Incremental neural net learning
New technology, adaptation to, over time, 501
New York Internet connectivity, 236
Newbridge 3645 carrier-grade switch, 227
Next Generation Internet (NGI), 403–404
Niche industry, 39
Nokia's 7650, 194
Nominal attribute, defined, 333
Non-immersive virtual reality, 547
Nonstructural learning, defined, 353
Norfolk Hospital, 235
North American countries. See Canada; United States
Norwest, 411
Nova Scotia e-medicine network, 241
Null description, 337
Number needed to treat, 442
Nursing homes, aspects of, and impact of e-technologies, 494–495, 498
Nursing shortage, 191, 194–195, 205, 209
Nursing systems, 114
Nursing training, virtual reality in, 548–549
Nutritional screening, 279
O
Objective testing, 298
Obsolescence, 537
Occupational therapy, 533–534, 549
OECD, 458
Office automation (OA), move towards, 15, 16
Office for the Advancement of Telemedicine, 227
Office of Advancement of Telehealth, 219
Office of Health and the Information Highway (OHIH), 94–95, 96, 104, 107, 116, 270–271, 289
Office of Rural Health Policy, 225, 230
Okanagan-Similkameen Health Region, 273
Oklahoma Healthcare Authority, 227
OliverHome Project: applications of, 292–293; aspects of, 291–292; conclusion on, 293–294; development of, 292; overview of, 290; questions on, 294
OneNet, 225
OneTouch, 43
Ongoing surveillance, 150
On-line analytic processing (OLAP), 41, 141, 217
On-line claims processing, 12, 20–21, 217, 377, 502
On-line medical transcriptions, 219
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), 213
On-line recruiting, 218
On-line scheduling, 322, 500, 502
On-line services, e-consumer desire for, 373
On-line suicide counseling, 210
On-line support groups, 47, 212, 403, 501–502
On-the-spot security risk factor, 475
Open access, issue of, 443
Open complex systems, characteristics of, 61
Open data warehouse structure, 149
Open systems, example of, 61
Open systems interconnect (OSI) model, 165, 182–183
Openness, privacy principle of, 112
Optum Health Forum, 385
Oracle, 304
Ordinal attribute, defined, 333
Organizational, cultural, and societal impacts, 504–506
Organizational management, 428, 429, 435, 508
Organizational perspective, 511, 512
Osprey 200 Codec cards, 30
Ottawa rule, 446
Outcome assessment, 85
Outcome indicators, measuring and monitoring, 134
Outcomes, enhanced clinical, 503–504
Outsourcing technologically advanced functions, 505–506
Overlay analysis, defined, 146
Overplanning, problem of, 80
Oversight, need for, 48
Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, 445, 447, 449
Oxhp, 385
P
Packet-switched network, 184
Pagers, advanced, 526
PalmOS, 448
Pan-American Standards Council, 393
PandaMedicine, 366
Panic disorders, defined, 550
Paper chart backup, 105
Paper reduction, 100
Paradigm shift concept, defining, 39
Parallel systems, running, 505
Parkinson's disease, rehabilitation for, 534
Participation vs. planning, 80
Partition-based clustering approach, 334–335
Partitioning around medoids (PAM), 334
Partners Health System, 217
Passive surveillance, 135
Pathfinder, 301
Patient assessment, 298
Patient care applications, 206–211
Patient Data Exchange program, 528
Patient education, 119–120, 283, 502, 510
Patient empowerment concept, 270, 275
Patient identification, correct, issue of, 122
Patient identifiers, hiding, 462, 467, 469, 470
Patient information access: benefits involving, 494; issues involving, 49–50, 96, 97, 112. See also Privacy and confidentiality
Patient information systems: efforts to develop, 14–15; existing, use of, 263; medical devices affecting flow, quality, and quantity in, 403
Patient Oriented Evidence that Matters (POEMS), 445
Patient participation, significance of, 283
Patient perceptions, instrument for measuring, 285
“Patient Privacy in the Information Age,” 456
Patient record retrieval system, 263
Patient records: computerization of, 93; defined, 94; importance of, 92; protecting, 328. See also E-health records (EHRs)
Patient-provider relationship, 121, 211, 393, 502
Patient-provider-insurer relationship, strengthened, 502–503
Patients' rights, 281
Patient-to-provider (P2P) transactions, 205
PedsCCM Evidence-Based Journal Club, 445
Peng-Hu Provincial Hospital, 262, 263
PennHealth, 393
Performance measures, consumerdriven, need for, 540
Perinatal center, connecting parents with newborns at, project involving. See Telebaby® project
Personal area networks (PANs), 192, 193, 194, 196
Personal data/digital assistants (PDAs), 12, 143, 192, 193, 216, 269, 279, 292, 326, 374, 377, 392, 445, 448, 526, 529
Personal identification number (PIN), 197, 198
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (formerly Bill C-6), 110, 454, 458
Personal information, protection of, principles for, 110-112, 135. See also Privacy and confidentiality; Security
Personalized information delivery, 517
PersonalMD, 388
Pew Internet & American Life Project, 403
Pharmaceutical companies, aspects of, and impact of e-technologies, 496, 498
Pharmaceutical industry, 375–376, 377, 380
PharmaNet/BC, 241
Phased evaluation, 85
Philips Medical Systems, 399, 400
Philosophical perspective, 40
Phobia therapy, virtual reality in, 532–533, 549–550, 551
Physical connectivity, 165
Physical sensor, defined, 278
Physical therapy modality, 297
Physician certification, 382
Physician needs, opportunities to meet, 374, 376–377
Physician-centered care system, shift from, 17
Physician-patient relationship management, 373–374
Physicians' offices, aspects of, and impact of e-technologies, 493–494, 498
Physicians Online, 213
PICO acronym, 441
Picture archiving and communications system (PACS), 170, 177, 253, 265, 323, 324, 325, 531
Pill Box Pharmacy, 496
Pioneering hospitals, 14
Plain old telephone system (POTS), 219
Planning and evaluation system, 84–86
Planning stage, 29
Planning vs. participation, 80
PocketScript, 215
Point-and-click model, 10
Point-in-polygon maps, defined, 146
Point-to-point (P2P) connectivity, 7, 8, 176, 261, 264, 265
Policies and legislation: and e-networking, 176; implementation of, conducive to promoting e-health, need for, 46, 48, 51; initiative to develop, on ICT, for health in Ethiopia, 245; national ICT, impact of, on e-medicine transfer, 249–250, 251, 256–257
Political changes, need for, in structure of health care systems, 257
Polygon-overlaid maps, defined, 146
Poor populations, 226, 236, 244, 254
Population growth, high, 242
Portable monitoring devices, 269, 274, 277
Portals, 391
Postpartum smoking relapse, avoiding, use of software for, 214
Post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) therapy, 551–552
Power: knowledge as, 75; of technology, increasing, recognition of, 436
Power shift, 23
Power structures, developed, networking needing, 254
Practice management system (PMS), 528
Pre-admission information, providing, 493
Precision rate, 311, 312, 313, 356, 357, 358, 360, 516
Predicted frames (P-frames), 177
Predisposing factors, 85
Preparedness activities, defined, 142
Preparedness planning, focus on, in GIS-enabled systems, 150, 151
Prescription drug business, 214–215, 375–376
Prescription software package, 528
Prescriptions, discharge, providing, 493–494. See also E-prescription systems
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 179, 180–181
Preventive health and health promotion: applying e-health vision to, 41, 45; cost savings from, 500–501; increasing focus on, in developing countries, 257; role of EHRs in, 99
Primary care: and challenges in EHRs, 121–123; conclusion on e-health for, 124–125; drivers of, 116; and e-medicine programs in Taiwan, 262–263; environment of, differing, 116–117; greater ability to audit, 118–119; harnessing information and managing knowledge in, 117–118; impacts of e-health on, 123; and issues leading to development of health informatics and medical informatics, 123–124; managing chronic disease in, 119; role of e-health in, 119–121; traditional roles in, e-health impacts on, 124
Primary care needs, driven by, issue of, 45
Primary care professionals, experience and expertise of, as essential, 121
Primary care targets, setting, issue of, 118–119
Primary care teams, development of, reason for, 117–118
PRISMATIC Project Management Team, 137, 154
Privacy and confidentiality: as a barrier to e-health diffusion, 48, 51; as a challenge for e-stakeholders, 378, 380, 394; consideration of, 24, 506; and e-health data integration, 452, 453–454; e-health engendering questions about, 26; and e-home care, 280–281; and EHRs, 103–104, 108–113; in e-medicine program development, 265; and e-medicine transfer, 250; in e-networking, 172, 173, 178, 179; in e-public health information systems, 135; framework for, 456–458; in the Telebaby® project, 29, 30, 35; in teleradiology, 328. See also Security
Privacy, defining, 456
Privacy legislation and codes, 109–110, 454, 457, 458–459, 495. See also specific legislation
Privacy principles, 110-112, 113, 464
Private networks, 20
Privatization of ICT infrastructures, issue of, 250
Probability calculator, 446
Probability estimation, 300, 302, 305–306, 307, 313, 314, 316, 317
Process and service integration, 76
Process indicators, measuring and monitoring, 134
Process management, shift from product management to, 412–413
Professional services-focused stage, 509
Project champions, importance of, 252
Property rights, e-health engendering questions about, 26
Prospective payment system (PPS), 204, 282
Provider-patient communication, significance of, 271–272, 283
Provider-to-provider (P2P) model, 387
ProxyMed, 215
Pseudoexactness and bald statements, 123
Psychology and psychiatry, virtual reality in, 549–550, 551–552
Public health care, applying e-health vision to, 41
Public health data entry, timing of, influences on, 134–135
Public health, defining, 129–130
Public health informatics, defining, 131
Public health players, defining, 130–131
Public health practitioners, primary roles of, defining, 130
Public health preparedness and response: convergent interests in, 144; supporting, 142–143
Public health preparedness surveillance, defining, 142
Public health problems, knowing about, importance of, 75
Public health problem solving approach, 130
Public health response, comprehensive, focus areas for, 150
Public health surveillance and preparedness, e-technologies for, 139–152
Public key infrastructure (PKI), 179, 462, 463
Public Library of Science, 443
Public switched telephone network (PSTN), 186, 190, 191, 192, 194
Public-private key pairs, 179
Purposes, identifying, privacy principle of, 110
Pyxis, 376
Q
Quality assurance issue, 393
Quality of service (QoS), 101, 174–177, 181, 185, 400
Quantitative indicators, elements in, 134
Quantity-dependent aggregation, 472
Quantum mechanics and chaos theory, 68–71
Question answering technique, 516–517
Quick decisions, supporting, suggestions for, 122
Quick Medical Reference, 218
R
Radial basis functions (RBF) networks, 354
Radio News, 234
Radio use, emergence of, 234
Radiological examination, 353
Radiological Society of North America, 325
Radiological systems, 113, 114
Radiology order entry system, 399
Radiology, total digitization of, issue of, 324. See also Teleradiology
Rapid public health assessment, 150–152
Rate-distortion curve, 485–486
Readiness assessment, focus on, in GIS-enabled systems, 150
Read-only access channels, 465, 466
Reality, virtual. See Virtual reality (VR)
Real-time video encryption algorithm, 481
Reasoning capability, providing, 315
Recall rate, 311, 312, 313, 356, 357, 358, 360, 516
Receiver processing, 486
Recommender systems, 517
Recruiting sites, 218
Redundancy issue, 93
Reengineered business processes, 499–501
Reengineering efforts, 100, 137
Regenstrief Medical Record System (RMRS), 15
Rehabilitation, virtual reality in, 533–534, 549. See also E-rehabilitation
Rehospitalization reduction, 282, 400
Reimbursement issues, 51, 237–238, 262, 281, 282, 323, 327, 394, 503
Reinforcing factors, 85
Relational database, 303
Relational database perspective, 466
Relationship, patient-provider. See Patient-provider relationship
Relationship with insurers, strengthened, 502–503
Relative risk, 442
Relative risk reduction, 442
Relevancy, consideration of, 253, 305, 537, 540, 542
Remote care, 44
Remote diagnosis support, for emergency care, 263
Remote patient monitoring, 171–172, 190, 269, 292, 293, 322, 373, 527. See also Telemonitoring
Remote sensing technologies, 143
Remote surgery, 173
Repetitive processes, automation of, 98
Report on Mental Health (U.S. Surgeon General), 550
Requests for proposals, 216–217
Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), 175, 176
Responsibility: clarity in, 254; for clinical care decisions, issue of, 240; of leadership, 413; sharing, 98; shift in, 23. See also Roles and responsibilities
Restructuring, need for, of health care systems, 204, 257
Retention, limiting, privacy principle of, 111
Retin-A, 384
Retrospective data, uses of, 98
Return on investment (ROI), 217
Reversible data embedding method, 481, 482. See also Lossless compression
Revolutionary implementation, 107
Right-to-know concept, 462
Rijndael Advanced Encryption Standards (AES), 480, 484
Risk communication, focus on, in GIS-enabled systems, 150, 152
Risk reduction, 442
Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) encryption algorithm, 463, 480
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 97
Robotics, 121, 173, 233, 269, 530–531, 544, 549
Roles and responsibilities, 124, 254, 505, 508
Rough set analysis, 140
Routine diabetes testing, role of e-health in, 119–120
Rural populations, 225
Rural school children, e-speech therapy for, 224–230
S
Safeguards, security. See Security safeguards
Safety: consideration of, 29, 33, 253, 292, 293; improving, 527
St. Francis Hospital, 14
St. Vincent de Paul Society, 84
Sanitization, meaning of, 471
Satellite communications, 187, 326
Satellite launch, first, 240
Satellite networks, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 234, 240
Satellite signals, 235
SCAN-ICT Baseline Studies UNECA, 247
Scenario planning, 23
Schools of public health, 132–133, 152
Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism: Panel on Information Technology, 143, 155
Screening system, 137
Search strategy, 345
Sears, 410
Secondary care needs, driven by, issue of, 45
Secrecy, layers of, 470
Secret keys, 196, 481, 484, 506
Secret-sharing scheme, 196, 198
Secure communications protocols, focusing on, 463. See also Security protocols
Secure links, 197
Secure Socket Layer (SSL) system, 180, 265, 462
Secure/MIME, 181
Security: baseline, 194; of Bluetooth-enabled system, 192, 196–197, 198; as a challenge for e-stakeholders, 378, 380, 394; challenges in, 49–50; consideration of, 24, 33, 48, 506; defining, 456; and e-health data integration, 452, 453–454; e-health engendering questions about, 26; and e-networking, 172; ensuring, 20, 21, 76, 103–104; framework for, 454–456; further technological aids to address, need for, 118; national and international policies on, need for, 250; as requisite, 169; tangibility of, 459; in teleradiology, 328. See also E-security
Security architecture, 196, 463
Security enforcement, 461, 475
Security infrastructure, 328
Security layer, 105
Security policies, 328, 456, 464. See also E-security policies
Security protocols, 179–180, 181, 196, 462
Security safeguards: as essential, 173; privacy principle of, 112; requiring, for e-public health information systems, 135
Security violations, 461
Selective encryption, integrating, with data embedding. See Integrated selective encryption and data embedding (I-SEE)
Selective encryption methods, 479, 480–481
Self-care, endorsing concept of, 166
Self-learning paradigm, 65, 70
Self-learning systems, defined, 71
Senior Internet use, increase in, 403. See also Maria-Madeline Project (MMP)
SeniorPlace, 389
Sensitive information, classified as, 474
Sensors, 278–279, 292, 293, 548
Sequential pattern analysis technique, constructive, 332
Serial measurements, trends in, graphical display of, 99
Servers, connection to, 30
Service configuration, importance of, 265
Service Discovery Protocol, 197
Service diversity, importance of, 265
Service-level agreement (SLA), 175
Sharing information, means of, 474. See also E-health data integration (e-HDI)
Sharing responsibility, 98
Siemens Health Services, 372
Silhouette coefficient, defined, 336
Silhouette measure, defining, 335–336
Silverplatter, 444
Simple PKI working group, 179
Simple systems, example of, 61
Simulations, 213–214, 531, 532, 548
Simultaneous multiple diagnoses, 301, 314
Single vs. multiple contexts, 79–80
Smart cars, 114
Smart homes, 44, 114, 209, 274, 279–280; case study of, 290–294
Smart shirts, 279
SmartBo project, 279
Smoking relapse, postpartum, avoiding, use of software for, 214
Social diagnosis, 84
Social phobias, defined, 550
Social Security Administration, 272, 289
Social Security program, 272
Social trends, 47
Societal life, growing complexity of, 69
Society of Critical Care Medicine, 444
Sociotechnological perspective, 511, 512
South-East Asian countries, 207, 408
Southwest Medical Center, 226
Spain, palliative care in, 277
Specialist care: improved access to, 248; referrals to, issue of, 119
Specific Link Layers, 176
Specific phobias, defined, 550. See also Phobia therapy, virtual reality in
Specification stage, 537, 538, 539
Speech therapy case. See E-speech therapy program
Stability testing, 318
Standard encryption algorithms, 480
Standard incident reporting, need for, 138
Standard of care, basic, lack of, 254
Standardization: of codes, defining, for use in EHRs, 105; process of, overseeing, need for, 49, 103; of terminology, 135–136, 401
Standards: adoption of, and security, 455; for benchmarking performance, clear, need for, 540; in Canada, need for, 241; consideration of, 253, 506–507; development and establishment of, importance of, 103, 207, 393; for e-networking, 174–182; evolution of, 235; lack of, as a barrier, 49; for national ICT policy, issue of, 250; promoting use of, for teleradiology, 325. See also specific standards
Star schema–based data warehouse, 297, 304
State licensing laws, issues involving. See Licensure requirements
StatReference, 211
Strange attractor, defining, 68
Strategic e-health care applications, break-through expected in, 544
Strategic intent, defined, 416
Strategic management, 428, 429, 436, 545
Strategic planning: future research in, focus for, 544–545; horizons of, for harnessing e-technologies, 411; information requirements for, 537, 539. See also E-health strategies
Stress, 501
Stroke rehabilitation, 534, 549
Strong incremental classes, 357, 359
Structural learning, defined, 353
Structure Database, 213
Subjective testing, 298
Sub-Saharan Africa, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248, 252
Subsystems, and general systems theory, 60–61
Success factors, critical, 401–402
Suicide, 210
SUMSearch, 445
SUNY Upstate Medical University, 529
Supersymmetrical thinking, 71–73, 74, 75, 76, 83
Supervision, 293
Supply industry, 216
Support groups. See On-line support groups
Surgical bidding, 391
Surgical intervention, virtual reality in, 530–531, 549
Surgical Simulator, 531
Surveillance capacity, focus on, in GIS-enabled systems, 150, 151
Surveillance systems: applying e-health vision to, 41–42; example of Internet-based, 138; purposes of, 128; technologies in, 128, 139–152; uses of, 129
Sweden, hospitals in, 14
Swedish Handicap Institute, 279
Symmetric encryption, 178, 179, 180
Synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) link, 192
Synchronous services, 261, 263
System analyst group, mission of, 22
System chaos, factors resulting in, 49
System creator, vision of, reflecting, 22
System, defined, 61
System goals and benefits, 45–48
System impact, consideration of, 25, 26
System integration: importance of, 264; success in, 325
System interoperability, importance of, 264–265
System modifications and changes, implementation and evaluation leading to, 25
System performance, 310–311, 312, 318–319
System receiver processing, 486
System strategic planning, 23
System technology interface (STI), 24
System transmitter processing, 483–486
System usage, results on, 33–34
System validation, 308, 309–311, 318–319
Systems connectivity, 165
Systems development life-cycle (SDLC), 107
Systems thinking and analysis, 62–63
T-1 lines, 219, 224, 227, 228, 263, 278, 324
T120 standard, 184
Tablet PCs, 216
Taipei Military General Hospital (TMGH), 260, 262, 264
Taipei Veteran's General Hospital (TVGH), 260, 262, 263
Taiwan: application of constructive clustering analysis in, 346–347; growth of health care industry in, 331. See also E-medicine development in Taiwan
Taiwan Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI), 346, 347
Taiwan Bureau of Telecommunications, 262
Taiwan Department of Health (DoH), 260, 261, 264
Taiwan Ministry of Transportation, 262
Targeted funding approach, 132
Targets, achievement of, focusing on, issue with, 118–119
Task complexity, 78
Task environment, 78
Tax records, computerization of, comparison to, 121
Taxonomy Database, 213
Technical Committee of the European Standards Organisation (CEN TC251), 125n1
Technological challenge, greatest, 103
Technological culturation, impact of, on e-medicine transfer, 254, 255–256
Technological expertise, lacking in, 507
Technological lag, issue of, 102–103
Technological perspective, 511, 512
Technological revolution, 38, 39
Technological societies, and attitude toward e-health, 47
Technology: importance of, 78; potential of, for the common good, 545; power of, increasing, recognizing, 436. See also specific type of technology
Technology and Operations Group, 410
Technology infrastructure for EHRs, defining, 106
Technology management (TM): defined, 414; framework for, 414, 415. See also Health care technology management (HCTM)
Technology transfer, issues of, 248–256
Telebaby® project: background on, 28; conclusion on, and limitations of, 34–35; hardware and software used in, 30–31; implementation of, 32–33; overview of, 27; questions on, 35; results in, 33–34; scope of, 28–30
Telecare: defining, 205; Internet enabling, 373; successful diffusion of, 42; term encompassing, 270. See also E-home care
Telecommunications: in Canada, evolution of use in, 240; focus on, history of, 16; integrating and networking capabilities, 20; range of equipment in, 243
Telecommunications and Industrial Physics Center, 208
Telecommunications Development Bureau (BDT), 248
Telecommunications Industry Association, 281, 290
Telecommunications networks, in teleradiology, 326
Telecommunications signaling protocol, 175
Telecommuting, 218
Teleconferencing: defining, 207, 233; replacing face-to-face visits with, 237. See also Videoconferencing
Teleconsultation: bandwidth requirements for, 169, 170; defining, 207, 233; as an e-medicine application, 22, 220. See also E-consultation
Teledensity: defined, 250; low, 252
Teledermatology project, in Ethiopia, 248
Telediagnosis, 400. See also E-diagnosis support systems (e-DSS)
Tele-education, 12, 220. See also Continuing medical education
Telehealth: defining, 205; meaning of, 232; progression of, 209; reimbursement for, under Medicare, 51; successful diffusion of, 42. See also E-health
Tele–Health Applications, 208, 224
Tele–home health care services, aspects of, 209; defining, 205; term encompassing, 270. See also E-home care
TeleHomeCare Project, 276
Telemarketing. See E-marketing
Telematic Management of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus project, 275–276
TeleMed, 18
Telemedicine: aspects of, 206–208; bandwidth requirements for, 170; booming niche in, 322–323; cross-disciplinary, evolution into, 324–325; defining, 205, 322; e-medicine vs., 22; fastest growing areas of, 399–400; in hospice care, 277; meaning of, 232; mobile technology in, use of, 190–199; reimbursement for, under Medicare, 178; successful diffusion of, 42. See also E-medicine
Telemedicine Perception Questionnaire (TMPQ), 285
Telementoring, 220
Telemonitoring: defining, 208, 233; as an e-medicine application, 220; growth of, and strategies in, 399–400; replacing face-to-face visits with, 237. See also Remote patient monitoring
Telephone costs vs. Internet costs, 500
Telephone use, emergence of, 234
Telepresence surgery, 530–531, 549
Telepsychiatry, 210
Teleradiology: aspects of, 207; as a booming niche in telemedicine, 322–323; in Canada, emergence of, 240; defining, 233; and digitization across modalities, 324; as an e-medicine application, 22; equitable, for the underserved, 325–326; evolution of, 235, 324–325; and medical image transfer, 170; overview of, 321–322; patient confidentiality and security in, 328; questions on, 328–329; reimbursement for, 178, 327; and sophisticated data compression, 327; success of, as a model, 328, 373; and telecommunications networks, 326
Teleradiology network, 324
Telereporting, defining, 207–208, 233
Telerobotic surgery, 530–531, 549
Telestation, 400
Telesupervision, 220
Telesurgery, defining, 233
Teletherapy, 220
Tele–ultrasound, 208
Television use, emergence of, 234–235
Telework. See E-work
Terminology issues, 135–136, 401, 517
Terrorist attack simulation, 532. See also Bioterrorism and biohazards
Tertiary care needs, driven by, issue of, 45
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), 324, 325, 326
Thinking, transformation needed in, 80–81
Thomas Jefferson University Radiology Department, 327
Three-dimensional (3-D) visualization, 531, 547
Three-layer neural networks, 356
Three-tier connectivity, 182
Threshold value, 356
Tikur Ambessa hospitals, 248
Time, importance of, 78
Time reduction ratio, 356–357, 359, 360
Time reduction, transmission, 327
Time savings, realizing, 47–48
Time-dependent aggregation, 472–473
Timeliness: in community health data profiling, 159; of public health data entry, issue of, 134–135
Tokai University of Japan, 248
Traditional health care systems: drivers of, 45; focus of, 40; need to transform, example demonstrating, 98; shift from, need for, 46; transformation of, key to, 93
Train-and-test process, 356
Training and education. See specific type
Transaction speed, demand for, 92
Transition process, managing, hiring consultants for, 505
Transmission control protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 184–185, 186
Transmission control protocol (TCP), 174–175, 185–186
Transmission time, reducing, 327
Transmitter processing, 483–486
Transport Layer Security (TLS), 179, 180
Transportation routes and utility networks data, defined, 145–146
Travelocity, 388
Turf claims, breaking down, as requisite, 76
Turning Research into Practice (TRIP) database, 445
24/48 target, 118
Two-layer neural networks, 356
Two-way closed-circuit television system, 235
Two-way communication, improving, value of, 12
Two-way information exchange concept, 238–239
Type of service (ToS) field, 175
U
Ubiquitous access, 73
Ubiquitous exchange, 76
Ubiquitous health care, 404
U.K. Secretary of State for Health, 118, 126
Ultrasound transmission, 208
Uncertainty: diagnosis involving, 300–301, 304, 314, 315; and incremental neural net learning, 354
Underserved areas, extending service to, potential for, 74
Undeveloped countries, issue facing, 236. See also specific countries
Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), 517
Uninsured Americans, number of, 204
Unique identifiers, need for, 135
United Kingdom: audits of and targets for primary care in, 118–119; computerized tax records in, 121; defining EHRs in, 94; and e-disease management, 209; evaluation of PAPNET conducted in, 137; growth of health care industry in, 331; hospice care in, 276; incremental approach adopted by, 107; on-line evidence in, 444; palliative care in, 277; primary care environment in, 116, 117; resources for learning EBM in, 447; statutory duty for primary care groups in, 118; and virtual medical records, 97
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 246, 260
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, 248
United States: annual health budget of, 204; defining EHRs in, 94, 95; e-learning in, 213; encouraging collaboration in, 543; and e-public health information systems, 132; financing studies in, conducting, 536; growth of health care industry in, 331; home health care expenditures in, 270; hospice care in, 276–277; Internet use in, 380; lack of consensus on universal health care in, 97; prescription drug business in, 214; privacy legislation in, 454, 458; public health focus in, 153; regulation and monitoring of Internet commerce in, 393; size of e-health marketplace in, 491; states successfully implementing palliative care in, 277
U.S. Congress, targeted funding by, issue with, 132
U.S. Constitution, 456
U.S. Department of Commerce, 288
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 154, 230, 280, 458–459
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 94, 116
U.S. health care costs: containing, issue of, 205; resulting from medical errors, 398; rising, issue of, 5, 11, 38, 235, 237
U.S. health care system: trends in, 272–273, 409; view of, 204, 205
U.S. hospitals, 14
U.S. House of Representatives, 277
U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 225
U.S. Surgeon General, 550
Universal e-health model, ideal of, invoking, 74
Universal health care: e-technologies working against, problem of, 511; fear of, moving beyond, 40; lack of consensus on, 97; need for, changes brought by, 543–544; subscribing to vision of, 242
Universities: examples of concept hierarchies at, 338; GIS courses and research at, 152; recognition by, of e-public health informatics importance, 132–133
University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development, 213
University Medical Center, University of Arizona, 355
University Medical Centre Utrecht, 27, 28, 29
University of Arizona, 355
University of British Columbia (UBC), 233, 234
University of Calgary, 240
University of Cape Town (UCT), 233, 234
University of Florida, 212, 550
University of Hertfordshire, 448
University of Kentucky, 214
University of Michigan Department of Pediatrics, 445
University of Minnesota, 276
University of Nebraska, 235
University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, 447
University of Tennessee, 209
University of Texas Health Science Center, 445
University of Utah, 448
University of Victoria, 240
University of Wisconsin, 322
University of Wollongong, 278, 290
University of York, 444
Unnecessary expenditures, addressing, 273
Up-sell opportunity, 374
Usability testing, 281
Use, limiting, privacy principle of, 111
User actions, mining of, 518–519
User information requirements, analyzing, 536–540
User menus, 31
User training, 24, 32, 252, 264, 505
User workload, 516
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature, 441, 442, 447
V
Validation: defining, 309–311; system, 309–311, 318–319
Value propositions: aspects of, 371–372; consideration of, 367; core, understanding, importance of, 10, 11–13; defined, 10; e-health, 370, 383; leveraging on strategic opportunities with set of, 368
Value-added network (VAN), 7, 8
Variables, attention to, 62, 134
Verification, defined, 309
Verification function, adding, 542
Vertical service integration, 261, 264
Vertically and horizontally integrated delivery systems (IDSs), increasing investment in, result of, 99
Veterans Administration, 14
Video circuit, internal, 28, 30
Video encryption algorithm, 480–481
Video representation, 177–178. See also Digital medical imaging
Videoconferencing: in e-consultation, 369; in e-home care, 268–269, 277, 278, 281, 282; in e-learning, 234; in e-medicine programs, 261, 262–263, 264; in e-speech therapy, 224–225, 227; transmission for, 185; value of, 12
Videophones, aspects of, 278. See also Videoconferencing
Vietnam, 236
Virtual business models and services, 370–371, 383
Virtual clinics, 169
Virtual communities, 212. See also E-communities
Virtual doctor visit strategy, 383, 384. See also E-consultation; Teleconsultation
Virtual environments (VEs): defining, 530; immersive, entering, 547–548
Virtual global teams, perspective of, 77–79. See also E-communities
Virtual health networks: conceptualization of, through analogy, 64–65; creation of, contributor to, 43
Virtual home care visits, issues with, 283, 284. See also E-home care
Virtual Medical Group, 382
Virtual medical record (VMR), 97, 325
Virtual Naval Hospital (VNH), 397
Virtual operations, 173
Virtual outpatient clinic sessions, 263
Virtual overlay networks (VONs), 176
Virtual patient records (VPR): aspects of, 18; value of, 12
Virtual pharmacies, 215
Virtual private networks (VPNs): use of, issues in, 180; value of, 12, 47
Virtual radiology departments, evolution into, 323
Virtual reality (VR): defining, 547; as an e-health delivery strategy, 511; for e-learning, 214; for emergency preparedness, 532; in medical education, 531, 548–549; overview of, 530; in phobia therapy, 532–533, 549–550, 551; in psychology and psychiatry, 549–550, 551–552; in rehabilitation, 533–534, 549; in surgical intervention, 530–551, 549; tradeoffs in, 534–535; types of, 547
Virtual reality (VR) cases: conclusion on, 552; entering immersive virtual environments in, 547–548; in health care, 548–552; questions on, 552
Virtual training, 173
Vision: in e-health paradigm shift, 40–42; of system creator, reflecting, 22. See also E-health vision
Vivius, 385
VPL Research, 547
W
Walgreen's, 215
Waste reduction, 273
Wayne State University Community Health Institutes (CHI) project, 156–161
Wayne State University School of Business, 67, 84
Weak incremental classes, 357, 359
Wearable computers, 143
Web development language, importance of, 76. See also specific language
Web of Science, 444
Web services, 518
Web sites: for accessing medical and health information, 211–212; access and ownership issues involving, 281; availability of health information on, 366; cross-selling on, 374; customizing, 375; design of, 10, 206, 281; most active of, 376; personalizing, 276, 375; regulation and monitoring of, lack of, 393; revenue for, 368; secured, value of, 12; successful, element of, 11; and user menus, 31. See also specific Web-based tools, systems, and applications
Web-based biological databases, 212–213
WebMD, 43, 180, 213, 366, 368, 388, 515
WebRx, 376
WeeFIM, 228
Well-being, improved, 13, 28, 45
Well-defined roles, networking needing, 254
WellMed, 180
Wells Fargo, 411
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, 246, 260
Wide area networks (WANs), 180, 190, 191, 227, 235, 278
Willingness, as requisite for e-medicine implementation, 253
Windows 2000 operating system, 30, 374
Windows Media Encoder, 30
Windows Media Player, 33
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol, 191
Wireless cellular phones, 12, 186–187, 192, 193, 194, 195, 326, 526
Wireless local area networks (WLANs), use of, 190, 191, 193, 196, 197
Wireless medicine: advantages of, 190–191; applications of, 194–195. See also Bluetooth-enabled mobile medicine system
Wireless network infrastructure, 186–187
Wireless personal computers, 528
Wireless remote area networks, 193, 194
Wireless sensor applications, 269
Wireless systems: integrating with, 374; issues with, 190; services provided by, 392, 399. See also Mobile health
Wisconsin Health Information Network (WHIN), 20, 21
WordNet, 517
Workflow interdependence, 78
Workgroup impact, consideration of, 25
World Bank, 260
World Development Indicators Database, 246, 260
World Health Organization (WHO), 105, 116, 128, 138, 153, 242, 248, 325, 408, 411, 439
World Trade Center attacks, 143–144
World Wide Web Consortium, 8
WorldSpace, 248
Wound care, 276
WristSystem, 533
X
Xinhua News Agency, 210
XML. See eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
X-ray ordering system, 399
Y
Yi-Lan Primary Care Clinic, 262, 263
Z
Zigzag permutation algorithm, 480
Zyban, 384