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IV. Appendixes
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IV. Appendixes
by Charles Bookman
Linux Clustering: Building and Maintaining Linux Clusters
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewers
Acknowledgments
Tell Us What You Think
Introduction
Who Should Read This Book
Who This Book Is Not For
Overview
Conventions
I. An Overview of Clustering for Linux, Preparing Your Network, and Linux Servers
1. Clustering Fundamentals
Clustering for the Enterprise
How Clustering Can Help
Using Linux for Clustering
Disadvantages of Using Linux
Clusters Aren’t Just for High Performance Anymore
High Availability and Fault-Tolerant Clusters
Single Point of Failure
Server Redundancy
Managing Shared Storage and Dynamic Data
Load Balancing
Distributed Computing
Parallel Computing
How Now, Brown Cow
Amdahl’s Law
SMP and the Primary Processor Paradigm
Quick and Dirty Clustering
Dial Ping for Service
Load Balancing Using DNS Records
Alternate File Systems
Journaling File Systems
Network File Systems
Networking 101 for Clusters
The OSI Networking Model
Network Topology
Services to Consider
Keeping Your Services Off the Public Network
Summary
2. Preparing Your Linux Cluster
Planning the Topology
One Format Yields One Solution
Get the Best Components for the Price
Replacement Considerations
Avoid the Single Point of Failure
Plan for Administrative Overhead
Select the Right Distribution
Differences in Distributions
Distributions to Avoid
Planning the Environment
Consider Power and Cooling Requirements
Electricity Requirements
Provisioning for Cooling
Space: The Final Frontier
Racks for Servers and Desktops
Switches and Connectivity
A Few Words About Security
Security in Layers
Security at the System Level
Security at the Network Level
Physical Level Security
Don’t Let Your Security Turn Against You
TCP Wrappers
Secure Shell
SSH Tips and Tricks
Distributing Patches, Updates, and Software Securely
Developing a Backup Policy
Develop a Comprehensive Backup Plan
Select the Best Backup Strategy Available
dump
restore
g4u
Veritas Netbackup
Legato Networker
Backup Tips
Do You Really Need All that Data?
Keep your Backups Offsite
Yes, But Can You Recover the Data?
Secure Backups
Summary
3. Installing and Streamlining the Cluster
Setting Up the DHCP Server
Installing from Source
Setting DHCP Options
Starting the DHCPD Server
Unattended Red Hat Install with Kickstart
Creating the Configuration File
Booting with Kickstart
Setting Up NFS for Kickstart
Sample Kickstart File
SystemImager
Preparing SystemImager
Installing Clients with SystemImager
Updating Clients with SystemImager
Post-Installation Procedures
Summary
4. Alternative File Systems
Ext2 Under a Microscope
The Virtual File System Layer
Playing with Blocks and Inodes
Loopback File Systems
Loopback with Encryption
The Network Block Device
The Ext3 File System
Installing and Configuring Ext3
ReiserFS
Implementing ReiserFS
Installing ReiserFS on the Root Partition
The Logical Volume Manager
Installing LVM
Creating Disk Groups and Volumes
Resizing a Volume
Removing a Volume Group
Backing Up with LVM: A Live Snapshot in Progress
Summary
II. Building Clusters
5. High Availability and Fault-Tolerant Clusters
Haven’t We Heard of This Somewhere Before?
Heartbeat Connectivity
Attaching Hardware for Heartbeat Connectivity
Configuring the Heartbeat Code
Editing the ha.cf File
Creating haresources
Setting Up Authentication
Starting Heartbeat
Houston: We Have a Problem
Problems with IP Connectivity
Shoot The Other Machine In The Head
Putting It All Together
Summary
6. Load Balancing
What Is This Load Balancing Thing, Anyway?
Zen and the Art of Algorithms
Round Robin
Load-Based Balancing
Balance
Installation and Configuration
Eddie Mission
Installing Eddie
Configuring Erlang
Compiling the Eddie Mission
Configuring the Enhanced DNS Server
Configuring the HTTP Gateway
Eddie Main Configuration File
Eddie Gateway Configuration
IP Migration Configuration
Initializing Eddie
Linux Virtual Server
Load Balancing by any Other Method
Implementing LVS
Configuring the Director
Setting Up LVS to Use NAT
LVS NAT for Telnet
Summary
7. Distributed Computing
One For All, and All For One
Distributed Net
Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Using Distributed Computing to Fight AIDS
Distributed File Sharing
Distributed Denial of Service
Condor
Installing Condor
Allocating Resources with ClassAds
Submitting Condor Jobs
Mosix, Kernel-Based Distributed Computing
Installing Mosix
Configuring your Mosix Cluster
Mosix at the Command Line
Administrating Mosix
Using Diskless Clients with Mosix
Installing a Diskless Client with Mosix
Summary
8. Parallel Computing
Parallel Computing in a Nutshell
A Beowulf by Any Other Name
High-Performance Topology
Cluster Installation
Scyld Linux
Installation of the Master Node
Installation of the Slave Nodes
Channel Bonding
Summary
III. The Care and Feeding of a Cluster
9. Programming a Parallel Cluster
Coarse Granularity in a Finely Granular World
Programming in a Clustered Environment
MPI
Getting and Installing MPI
Summary
10. Cluster Management
Learn to Use the Right Tools
Configuring syslogd for Your Cluster
Creating syslog.conf Entries
General-Purpose Reporting with mon
Configuring the mon Client
Implementing the mon Server
Big Brother Is Watching
Installing and Configuring Big Brother
Adding More Clients to Big Brother
Using Big Brother
Summary
11. Recovering When Disaster Str ikes
Troubleshooting Through Layers
The Physical Layer
The Data-Link Layer
The Network Layer
The Transport and Session Layers
The Presentation Layer
The Application Layer
Diagnosing Applications with Top
Real Administrators Don’t Need a Mail Client
Helpful Tools to Diagnose Your Cluster
Can You View the Data?
Capturing Data with tcpdump
Using tcpdump to Troubleshoot Connections
Filtering tcpdump Output
Analyzing Packets with Ethereal
Using Ethereal to Capture Data
Filtering the Display
When Worse Comes to Worst
Reimaging from Kickstart
Ghost Images
This Too Shall Pass
Summary
IV. Appendixes
A. Cluster Resources
Designing a Cluster
Linux File Systems
Monitors
High Availability Clusters
Parallel Clusters
Load Balanced Clusters
Distributed Clusters
B. Kickstart Options
autostep (Optional)
Authentication
bootloader
clearpart: Removing Partitions Based on Partition Type
device
deviceprobe
driverdisk
firewall
Levels of Security
install
Installation Methods
cdrom
harddrive
url
interactive
keyboard
lang
langsupport
lilo
lilocheck (Optional)
mouse
network
part
raid
reboot (Optional)
rootpw (Required)
skipx (Optional)
text (Optional)
timezone (Required)
upgrade (Optional)
xconfig
zerombr: Partition Table Initialization
%packages: Package Selection
%pre: Pre-Installation Configuration Section
%post: Post-Installation Configuration Section
C. DHCP Options
D. Condor ClassAd Machine Attributes
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A. Cluster Resources
Part IV. Appendixes
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