INDEX
1-wire interface
interfacing with microcontrollers
voltage level conversion in microcontrollers
1.8 V, in microcontrollers
2’s complement representation
-3-dB frequency
3.3 V, in microcontrollers
4-bit transfer, on LCDs
+5-V power supply
8-bit parallel-to-serial interface, shift registers
8-bit serial-to-parallel converter with simultaneous data transfer, shift registers
10 percent rule, connecting resistors in series and
32-bit microcontrollers
74-BiCMOS logic family
74-low-voltage logic family
74F280 9-bit parity generator/checker
74HC74 switch debouncer
74HC85 comparator
74LS147 decimal-to-BCD encoder
74LS279A switch debouncer
117-volt plug/socket
120-volt power, mains power and
240-volt power, mains power and
315 MHz modules, RF modules
433 MHz modules, RF modules
555 timers
applications of
astable operation
monostable operation
overview of
specifications and considerations regarding
speed control of DC motors
556 timers, 691 558 timers
4017 decade counter/divider IC
7490 4-bit ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-5 sections
7491A 8-bit serial-in/serial-out shift register
7492 divide-by-12 ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-6 section
7493 4-bit ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-8 sections
74148 octal-to-binary encoder
74160/63 presettable 4-Bit (MOD-16) synchronous up/down counters
74164 8-bit serial-in/serial-out shift register
74165 8-bit serial-in/serial-out shift register
74184 BCD-to-binary encoder
74185 binary-to-BCD encoder
74190/91 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter
74192 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter
74193 presettable 4-bit (MOD-16) synchronous up/down counter
74194 universal shift register
74299 universal shift/storage register with three-state interface shift register
A
A (amperes)
measuring current
measuring current through a conductor
A-phase wire, of mains power
absolute error
AC-actuated switch, in illustration of relay circuits
AC (alternating current)
ac/dc resistance ratio as function of frequency
in capacitors
circuits. See circuits, AC
inductors
measuring RMS voltage and currents
motor controller
power distribution systems and
relays
resistors, RMS voltage, and current
Thevenin’s theorem in AC form
using oscilloscope as voltmeter
ac-coupling, capacitor functions
AC waveforms
amplitude of
frequency and period of
overview of
phase of
ACC (automatic current control), laser diode drive circuits
accelerometers
illustration of
measuring acceleration
measuring tilt
accuracy principal, sensors and
active crossover networks
active filters
bandpass filter design
high-pass filter design
low-pass filter design
notch filter design
overview of
RC audio filter
active mode/region, bipolar transistors
active probes, oscilloscopes
active rectifiers, op amp applications
active region, MOSFETs
adapters
illustration of
in laboratory
ADC (analog-to-digital conversion)
comparators used in
converters
DSP (digital signal processing) and
overview of
parallel-encoded (Flash conversion)
successive approximation
addition
binary adder
binary adder/subtractor
binary arithmetic
address labels, PBASIC2 language
adjustable inductors
AF100 filter IC, from National Semiconductor
Ah (ampere-hours), battery capacity in
air, as insulator or conductor
air coil inductors
air core capacitors
air core inductors
air core transformers
alkaline batteries
comparing primary batteries
internal voltage drop
selecting
transformers and
alligator connectors
alphanumeric LCD displays
alphanumeric LED displays
illustration of
overview of
smart display
alternating current. See AC (alternating current)
alternators
generating AC current
magnetic induction and
Altium Designer, electronic CAD programs for use in laboratory
aluminum boxes, enclosing the circuit boards in
aluminum electrolytic capacitor
ALUs (arithmetic logic units)
binary adder
binary adder/subtractor
overview of
AM (amplitude modulated), signal detection
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
nonprinting characters
printing characters
American Wire Gauge (AWG)
breadboard leads and
standards for wiring
ammeters
analog
measurement errors
measuring resistance
measuring voltage, current, and resistance with
amperage, safety hazards and
Ampere, Andre-Marie
ampere-hours (Ah), battery capacity in
amperes (A)
measuring current
measuring current through a conductor
amplifiers
bipolar transistor as complementary-symmetry amplifier
bipolar transistor as differential amplifier
digital
expressing gain in decibels
impedance matching and
inverting amplifier
JFET operation in
LM386 and LM383
MOSFET applications
noninverting amplifier
operational. See op amps (operational amplifiers)
optocoupler applications
overview of
power amp module
preamplifiers
ramp generator with
reducing hum in
in sound sensors
amplitude
oscillators generating
of sinusoidal waveform
amplitude modulated (AM), signal detection
analog
grounds
I/O in PBASIC2 language
ICs (integrated circuits) in analog devices
illustration of analog signal
interfacing analog input with microcontrollers
interfacing with microcontrollers
multiple switches to one analog input
oscilloscope selection
analog digital, common (floating) return
analog/digital interfaces
ADC (analog-to-digital) and DAC (digital-to-analog)
analog multiplexer/demultiplexer
analog switches
analog-to-digital converters
binary-weighted DAC
DAC ICs
DAC8083A device
digital codes used by DACs
logic used to drive external loads
overview of
R/2R ladder DAC
triggering simple logic responses from analog signals
analog multimeters
analog multiplexer/demultiplexer
analog sensors
analog switches
analog thermometer ICs
analog-to-digital conversion. See ADC (analog-to-digital conversion)
AND logic gate
diodes logic gates
as enable gate
overview of
performing basic addition
transistor logic gates
AND-OR-Inverter (AOI) logic gates
anemometer, for measuring wind speed
anode gate, SCSs (silicon-controlled switches)
anode terminal
of battery cell
of diode
antenna rods ferrite core, comparing inductor types
antistatic mats/sprays
AOI (AND-OR-Inverter) logic gates
APC (automatic power control), laser diode drive circuits
apparent power (VA), in AC circuits
arc suppression, capacitors and
Arduino
board models
features of Arduino boards
high-power digital outputs
IDE
libraries
microcontroller evaluation boards
modules
OneWire library
open source hardware and
popularity of Arduino boards
programming ATiny85 microcontrollers with Arduino library
robot project in
shields
taking offboard
arithmetic
with binary numbers
rules for complex numbers
arithmetic logic units. See ALUs (arithmetic logic units)
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
nonprinting characters
printing characters
associate law of addition, Boolean algebra
astable mode, of 555 timers
asynchronous (ripple) counters
7490 4-bit ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-5 sections
7492 Divide-by-12 ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-6 section
7493 4-bit ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-8 sections
overview of
ATiny85 microcontrollers
accessing ATiny options from Atmel website
minimization of external components
overview of
programming with Arduino
programming with AVR studio
ATmega328
Atmel
32-bit microcontrollers
ATiny85 microcontrollers. See ATiny85 microcontrollers
AVR studio development environment
microcontroller evaluation boards
attenuation
attenuators
adjustable
attenuators
overview of
audible-signal devices
audio electronics
amplifiers
applications of MOSFETs
audible-signal devices
audio modules
comparing transformer types
crossover networks
example circuits
ICs (integrated circuits) for driving speakers
ICs (integrated circuits) for modular development
illustration of audio connectors
impedance matching and
microphones
mixers
overview of
preamplifiers
sound theory
speakers
automatic current control (ACC), laser diode drive circuits
automatic power control (APC), laser diode drive circuits
automatic power-up clear (reset) circuits
autotransformers
avalanche diodes
AVR studio, programming ATiny85 microcontrollers
AWG (American Wire Gauge)
breadboard leads and
standards for wiring
axial lead resistors
B
B-phase wire, of mains power
balanced coaxial cable
Balun chokes
banana connectors
banana plug/socket
band-reject (notch) filters. See notch (band-reject) filters
bandpass filters
active design
illustration of
inductor applications
inductor as reactive element in
overview of
passive design
bandwidth, resonant circuits and
bare perforated construction boards, PCB options
barrier strip, spade lug and
base (gate), SCSs (silicon-controlled switches)
BASIC Stamps
BASIC Stamp I. See BSI (BASIC Stamp I)
BASIC Stamp II. See BSII (BASIC Stamp II)
batteries
backup battery
C ratings
capacity of
cells in
combining in series for greater voltage
comparing primary batteries
comparing secondary batteries
comparing with supercapacitors
discharge curves for primary batteries
discharge curves for secondary batteries
engaging/disconnecting
flashlight voltage and
ground reference
internal voltage drop
mechanisms of voltage and
overview of
primary batteries
RAM (rechargeable alkaline-manganese) batteries
recharging with solar cells
reverse-polarity protection
secondary batteries
selecting
supercapacitors
for troubleshooting use in laboratory
types of primary batteries
types of secondary batteries
voltage regulation for car batteries
battery recharger, voltage regulation and
BCD (binary-coded decimal) numbers
74190/91 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter
74192 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter
BCD decoder driving LCDs
BCD-to-binary encoder
conversion table
decimal-to-BCD encoder
overview of
bellows, pressure sensors
bels
Bessel filters
designing
response curve of
bias
biasing methods
in bipolar transistors
forward and reversed biasing
bidirectional motors
bilateral switches
binary adder
binary adder/subtractor
binary-coded decimal numbers. See BCD (binary-coded decimal) numbers
binary coded switches
binary numbers
arithmetic with
BCD-to-binary encoder
binary-to-BCD encoder
conversion table
overview of
binary operators, PBASIC2 language
binary-weighted DAC
bipolar steppers
decoding leads of
H-bridge used with
overview of
bipolar transistors
555 timers and
applications of
biasing methods
common-collector amplifier
common-emitter amplifier
common-emitter configuration
Darlington pair
emitter follower and
high-power digital outputs on microcontrollers
how they work
important information regarding
mode of operation
overview of
phototransistors
pinouts for
transistor switch
types of
use in logic devices
voltage regulator
water analogy applied to
bits, binary
blade fuses
blank copper-plated boards, PCB options
bleeder current
bleeder resistance
bleeder resistors discharging high-voltage
overview of
blinking LEDs
blocking, capacitors
Bluetooth modules
BNC connectors
crimpers for
illustration of
oscilloscopes and
overview of
body colors, resistor labeling schemes
body terminal lead, MOSFETs
Boolean algebra
Boolean expressions (truth tables), using with Karnaugh maps
Boolean logic
boosting
boost inductor
transformers
boron, in p-type silicon
bouncing, switches and
bourdon tube, pressure sensors
braided wire
branching, in PBASIC2 language
breadboards. See solderless breadboards
breakdown voltage
JFETs
MOSFETs
thyristors
breakout boards, in modular electronics
breakover frequency, frequency compensation in op amps
bridge rectifiers
full-wave bridge rectifier
rectifier packages used in power supplies
types of diode packages
bridging, impedance matching and
broad hilltop, in resonant circuits
broadband transmission line transformers
BSI (BASIC Stamp I)
PBASIC2 language and
programming PIC16Cx microcontrollers
BSII (BASIC Stamp II)
connecting to host PC
EEPROM settings
making a robot using
PBASIC2 language and
power supply
programming PIC16Cx microcontrollers
reset circuits
bubble pushing, De Morgan’s theorem and
buck-boost converter
bucking, buck inductor
buffer (unity gain amplifier), negative feedback examples
buffers, three-state octal
bulk-metal foil resistors
Butterworth filters
active filter low-pass value
designing
response curve
button batteries
buzzers, audio circuits
bypassing capacitors
capacitor functions
overview of
power supply decoupling
selecting and placing decoupling capacitors
as transient suppressor
C
C (capacity) ratings, batteries
Ah and mAh measures of
charge and discharge currents in batteries
C language
Arduino C library
programming ATiny in
cables. See also wire
crimpers for
finding characteristic impedance of
laboratory supplies
matching impedance
overview of
VSWR (voltage standing-wave ratio) and
weird behavior in
CAD (computer-aided design)
advantages in circuit design
use in laboratory
calculus
differential
integral
calibration, of sensors
CAM (computer-aided manufacturing)
cameras, types of sensors
CANCER (Computer Analysis of Non-Linear Circuits Excluding Radiation)
capacitance
by cable types
defined
determining
impact on switch behavior
overview of
stray capacitance
substitution boxes
variable capacitance diode
capacitive divider, in capacitors
capacitive effect, in cables
capacitive reactance
in capacitors
in circuits with sinusoidal sources
capacitive sensors
capacitors
alternating current in
applications of
arc suppression
blocking and coupling
bypassing
capacitive divider
capacitive reactance
charge-based model of current through
commercial
comparing types of
decoupling
determining capacitance
energy in
energy loss in
expressing voltage in complex form
labeling schemes
markings on
Maxwell’s displacement current and
overview of
in parallel
quality factor (Q) and
RC Ripple filter
RC time constant
real capacitors
in series
specifications
stray capacitance
supercapacitor applications
timing and sample-and-hold circuits and
in transient circuits
types of
voltage ratings and dielectric breakdown of
water analogy for understanding
carbon-composition resistors
comparing resistor types
power ratings
tolerance ratings
carbon-film resistors
carbon zinc batteries
comparing primary batteries
as primary battery type
selecting
cartridge fuses
CAT5 cable
catalogs, setting up laboratory
cathode gate, SCSs (silicon-controlled switches)
cathode-ray tubes
aiming the beam
in oscilloscopes
safety hazards
cathode terminal
of battery cell
of diode
CD players
CD4543B CMOS BCD-to-seven-segment latch/decoder/driver
cells
batteries composed of
how they work
cement resistors
center frequency, filter response and
center-tap transformers
central processing unit (CPU)
ceramic core inductors
ceramic fuses
ceramic (multilayer) capacitors
ceramic (single-layer) capacitors
character entry mode, on LCDs
characteristic impedance
charge-based model, of current through capacitors
Charlieplexed LED displays
chassis (frame) ground, symbol for
Chebyshev filters
designing
response curve
chemical sensors
gas detectors
humidity measurement
overview of
smoke detectors
chemistry
battery cells converting chemical energy into electrical energy
chemical items in laboratory
chemical reactions as voltage source in batteries
impacting resistance
chip resistor arrays
circuit breakers. See also fuses/circuit breakers
illustration of
protecting circuits with
CircuitMaker simulator
circuits
analyzing complex with Norton’s theorem
analyzing linear with superposition
audio
automatic power-up clear (reset) circuits
examples of relay circuits
introduction to electronics and
Karnaugh maps for simplifying
modeling complex
open and short circuits
simulating
types of
circuits, AC
AC waveforms
amplitude of AC waveforms
combining or separating DC currents
combining sinusoidal sources
frequency and period of AC
waveforms
generating sinusoidal waveforms
importance of
phase of AC waveforms
water analogy for understanding
circuits, constructing
creating PCBs with laser printer toner transfer
creating prototypes
creating schematic or diagram
enclosing the circuit
etch-resistant pen used for creating PCB layout
hardware used in
list of workbench items
overview of
PCB options
photo-etching PCBs with OHP transparency film
simulator programs
soldering/desoldering
troubleshooting
using PCB service
circuits, transient
determining current flow and voltage when switch is opened
modeling with Kirchhoff’s voltage equation
overview of
resistors, capacitors, and inductors and
series RLC circuit and
in switch example
circuits, with periodic nonsinusoidal sources
Fourier series and
overview of
squarewave RC circuit example
circuits, with sinusoidal sources
analyzing sinusoidal circuits with complex impedances
complex impedances
inductive reactance
odd phenomena in reactive circuits
overview of
phasor diagrams
resistance, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance
sinusoidal voltage source in complex notation
clamp circuits, overvoltage protection
Clapp LC oscillator
class-D amplifiers
clock generators
60-Hz, 10-Hz, and 1-Hz clock-pulse generator
astable multivibrators (clocks)
monostable multivibrators (one-shot)
one-shot/continuous-clock generator
clock timing
digital applications of oscilloscopes
for digital circuits
closed pair, optoisolators
CMOS
555 timers and
4017 decade counter/divider IC
analog switches
combining different logic families
family of ICs
handling unused inputs
I/O voltages and noise margins
illustration of CMOS subfamilies
logic gate ICs
speed control of DC motors
CMRR (common-mode rejection ratio)
in differential amplifiers
op am specification
CNC router, cutting PCB with
coaxial cable
characteristic impedance
electrical and magnetic fields
finding characteristic impedance of
illustration of
keeping stock of
types of
code converters
coils, relay
cold-junction temperature
collector (anode gate), SCSs (silicon-controlled switches)
Colpits oscillator
combinational devices
ALUs (arithmetic logic units)
binary adder/subtractor
binary adders
comparators and magnitude comparator ICs
demultiplexers and decoders
encoders and code converters
logic gates
microcontroller control
multiplexers and bilateral switches
parity generator/checker
combinational logic gates
commercial capacitors
commercial power supplies
common-collector amplifier
common-emitter
amplifier
bipolar transistor operation in
phototransistors and
common (floating) return, grounds and
common-mode chokes, comparing inductor types
common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
in differential amplifiers
op am specification
commutative law of addition, in Boolean algebra
comparators
analog/digital interfacing
applications of
combining with triangle-wave generator
with hysteresis
ICs (integrated circuits) for
overview of
supply-side comparators
voltage-level indicator
window comparators
compensated attenuators
complementary-symmetry (push-pull follower) amplifier, bipolar transistor as
complex impedances, in circuit with sinusoidal source
complex notation, sinusoidal voltage source in
complex numbers
arithmetic rules for
expressing graphically
real and imaginary part of
trigonometric form of
computer-aided design (CAD)
advantages in circuit design
use in laboratory
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
Computer Analysis of Non-Linear Circuits Excluding Radiation (CANCER)
computers
connecting BSII to PC
DRAM (dynamic RAM)
multifunction PC instruments
PC-based oscilloscopes
RAM (random access memory)
setting up laboratory
condenser microphones
conduction
applying voltage across a conductor
inverse relationship of conductivity to resistivity
overview of
of thermal heat
conductors
applying voltage across
energy-band structure for
resistance impacted by shape of
resistivity of
semiconductors compared with
water, air, and vacuums as
conformal coated (dipped) inductors
connectors
illustration of
items in laboratory
overview of
symbols
constants, PBASIC2 language
contact noise, resistors and
contact resistance, potentiometers
control panel, oscilloscopes
horizontal mode controls
overview of
trigger mode controls
vertical mode controls
conversion tables, number systems
copper
conduction and
current carrying capacity of copper wire
specifications of copper wire
cores
inductor
magnetic
transformer
cosine functions, trigonometry
coulomb
in equation for determining volts
measuring current in coulombs per second
counter ICs
asynchronous (ripple counter)
clock-pulse generator
with displays
overview of
synchronous
coupling
capacitor
due to spikes, lightning, and other pulses
inductor as reactive element in coupling filter
magnetic
CPU (central processing unit)
Cramer’s rule, in analyzing circuits
crimp connectors
crimpers
crossover networks
filter networks
speakers and
crowbar circuit, overvoltage protection
crystal oscillators
current. See electric current
current dividers
ac current divider
equations
current mirror, applications of bipolar transistors
current noise, resistors and
current probes, oscilloscopes
current ratings, logic families of ICs
current ratio, transformers
current sense inductors
current source, applications of MOSFETs
current-to-voltage converter, op amp applications
current transformers
custom-etched boards, PCB options
cutoff region, bipolar transistors
cutoff voltage
JFETs
MOSFETs
D
D-Arsonval galvanometer
D-connectors
D-Sub crimping tool
D-type flip-flops
external asynchronous control signal
overview of
quad and octal D flip-flops
stop-go indicator circuits
three-state octal latches
triggering simple logic responses from analog signals
DA (dielectric absorption)
capacitor specification
nonideal capacitor parameters
in timing and sample-and-hold circuits
DAC (digital-to-analog)
binary-weighted DAC
DAC0808 8-bit DAC
DAC8083A device
digital codes used by
DSP (digital signal processing) and
ICs (integrated circuits) for
overview of
R/2R ladder DAC
damped harmonic oscillators
dark current
Darlington pair
directional control of DC motors
photodarlington
of transistors
types of bipolar transistors
data distributors (demultiplexers)
analog
overview of
data selector, multiplexers as. See also multiplexers
DC-actuated switch
dc-blocking, capacitors and
DC (direct current)
ac/dc resistance ratio as function of frequency
analyzing linear dc circuits
combining sinusoidal sources (ac and dc)
converting line voltage to
oscilloscope as voltmeter
pulsating
relays
restoration with diode voltage clamp
voltage sources
dc motors
continuous
controlling direction of
controlling speed of
dc power supplies
setting up laboratory
step-down transformer for
dc working voltage (dcwv)
DCR (direct current resistance)
dcwv (dc working voltage)
DDR3 memory
DDRAMM II (double-data-rate SRAM)
De Morgan’s theorem, applying to NAND and NOR logic gates
debouncing, switches
DEBUG command, PBASIC2 language
decibels
alternative representations of
bels and
expressing gain of amplifier in
overview of use of
ripple reduction in
decimal numbers
conversion table
converting to/from binary
converting to/from sign-magnitude or 2’s complement numbers
decimal-to-BCD encoder
decoders
driving LCDs
overview of
using in combination with encoder
decoupling capacitors
capacitor functions
power supply decoupling
selecting and placing
delay distortion, filter design and
delta connection, in three-phase electricity
demultiplexers (data distributors)
analog
overview of
depletion-type JFETs
depletion-type MOSFETs
derivatives
in differential calculus
finding functions of
design labs, prototype PCBs
DesignSoft TINA Lab II
desoldering braid (solder wick)
desoldering circuits
desoldering irons
desoldering pump (solder sucker)
Deumilanove, Arduino boards
DF (dissipation factor), capacitor specification
DFRobotShopRover, Arduino variants
diacs
overview of
types of thyristors
diagonal wire cutters (nippers)
diagrams, for circuit design
dielectric absorption. See DA (dielectric absorption)
dielectric breakdown, capacitor ratings
dielectric constant
dielectric withstanding voltage (dwv)
difference amplifier, negative feedback examples
differential amplifier. See also op amps (operational amplifiers)
bipolar transistor as
how op amps work
differential calculus
differential input impedance, op am specification
differential-input voltage range, op am specification
differential probes, oscilloscopes
differentiator circuits, negative feedback examples
Digi International, XBee modules from
digital
amplifiers
analog/digital interfacing. See analog/digital interfaces
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
character standard (ASCII)
clock generators
clock timing
clocks (astable multivibrators)
combinational devices. See combinational devices
counter ICs. See counter ICs
digital-to-analog converters
displays. See displays, digital
grounds
high-power outputs on microcontrollers
ICs (integrated circuits)
illustration of digital signal
interfacing with microcontrollers
logic families. See logic families
logic gates. See logic gates
logic states
measurement with oscilloscopes
memory devices. See memory devices
monostable multivibrators (one-shot)
multimeters
number systems. See number systems
one-shot/continuous-clock generator
oscillator using Schmitt trigger inverter
oscilloscopes
overview of
pots
powering and testing logic ICs
sensors
sequential logic. See sequential logic
serial vs. parallel representation
shift registers. See shift registers
thermometer ICs
three-state octal buffers
three-state octal latches and flip-flops
transceivers
digital signal processing (DSP)
DIMM memory modules
DIN connectors
diodes
AM (amplitude modulated) signal detection
battery backup and
characteristics of
comparing types of
for creating simple ROM
diode clamps
diode switch
half-wave and full-wave doublers
half-wave and full-wave rectifiers
laser diodes. See laser diodes
LEDs (light emitting diodes). See LEDs (light emitting diodes)
logic gates
microwave diodes
motor inductive kickback protection
overview of
PIN diodes
pn-junction (rectifier) diodes
pros/cons of rectifier circuits
for reverse-polarity protection
ROM (read-only memory) and
Schottky diode termination
specifications to consider in selecting
transient suppressions with fly-back
types of
varactor diodes
for voltage regulation
water analogy for understanding
zener diodes
DIP (dual-inline package) switches
dips, voltage regulation and
direct current. See DC (direct current)
direct current resistance (DCR)
directional control, of dc motors
directional microphones
discrete active devices
discrete active/passive circuits
discrete passive circuits
displays
counter ICs with
modules
safety and
displays, digital
4-bit transfer on LCDs
addressing LCD module
character entry mode on LCDs
controlling LCD module
dot-matrix LCD modules
driving LCDs
driving numeric LED displays
LCD displays
LCD pins
LED displays
multiplexed LCD displays
multiplexed LED displays
overview of
sifting LCD display
user-defined graphics on LCDs
dissipation factor (DF), capacitor specification
distributive law, Boolean algebra
diverter switches
DLC (double layer capacitor). See supercapacitors
DMM (digital multimeters)
doping process, silicon
dot-matrix LCD modules
dot-matrix LED displays
double-data-rate SRAM (DDRAMM II)
double layer capacitor (DLC). See supercapacitors
double pole double throw. See DPDT (double pole double throw)
double pole single throw. See DPST (double pole single throw)
doublers, full-wave and half-wave
doubling power, decibels and
DPDT (double pole double throw)
directional control of DC motors
relay
switch
DPST (double pole single throw)
relay
switch
drain-current
JFETs
MOSFETs
DRAM (dynamic RAM)
overview of
RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
synchronous
use in computer memory
drift velocity, applying voltage across a conductor
drive circuits, laser diodes
DS18B20 temperature sensor
DSP (digital signal processing)
dual coaxial cable
dual complementary rectifier
dual-inline package (DIP) switches
dual-location switches
dual polarity power supplies
dual rectifier, triac application
DVD players
dynamic drives, multiplexed LCDs
dynamic microphones
dynamic speakers
E
Eagle PCB
EagleCAD
advantages of CAD tools
electronic CAD programs for laboratory
schematic of offboard Arduino project
earth ground
overview of
symbol for
EDO (extended data out), types of DRAM
EEPROM
microcontrollers
in PBASIC2
language
PIC16Cx microcontroller and
ROM devices
settings
types of memory in ATiny microcontrollers
EI transformer
ELC (Emitter-Coupled Logic) logic family
electret microphones
electric current
circulating current in parallel resonant circuit
combining batteries in series for greater capacity
combining or separating DC currents
comparing use by devices
current dividers
current mirrors
current sense inductors
current-to-voltage converter
current transformers
determining current flow and voltage when switch is opened
IC current ratings
measurement errors
measuring
measuring AC current
measuring RMS voltage and currents
measuring with multimeters
measuring with oscilloscope
noise
offset compensation in op amps
oscilloscope probes for measuring
overview of
pots use in adjusting load current
sensors
sources
voltage regulation and
electric field meter, JFET use in
Electric Sheep
electricity
global differences in
home wiring
power distribution systems
three-phase electricity
electrocution, safety hazards
electrolytic capacitors
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), inductor design and
electromagnetic interference. See EMI (electromagnetic interference)
electromagnetism
electromagnetic induction
electromagnetic spectrum
influence of magnetic fields
overview of
electromotive force. See EMF (electromotive force)
electron gun, in cathode-ray tubes
electronic introduction
electronic safety tips
electronics catalogs, in laboratory
electronics laboratory. See laboratory
Electronics Workbench simulator
electrons
capacitors and
conduction and
EMF (electromotive force) pushing free electrons to create current
in measuring flow of current
mechanisms of voltage and
qualities of conductors, insulators, and semiconductors
electrostatic discharge. See ESD (electrostatic discharge)
Elektor PCB Service
EMC (electromagnetic compatibility), inductor design and
EMF (electromotive force)
in electron flows
magnetic induction and
mechanisms of voltage and
reverse or back EMFs and forward EMFs
self-induced
EMI (electromagnetic interference)
design tips for inductors
inductor specification
preventing
emitter (cathode gate), SCSs (silicon-controlled switches)
Emitter-Coupled Logic (ELC) logic family
emitter follower
amplifiers
network
phototransistors and
enclosed power supplies
encoders
BCD-to-binary
binary-to-BCD
decimal-to-BCD encoder
octal-to-binary encoder
overview of
energy
in capacitors
conservation of (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
in inductors
storing
enhancement-type MOSFETs
EPROM
OTP EPROM
PIC16Cx microcontroller and
types of microcontrollers
types of ROM devices
error analysis/detection
absolute error, relative error, and percent error
multimeters and
overview of
parity generator/checker and
uncertainty estimates
error voltage, voltage regulation and
ESD (electrostatic discharge)
component susceptibility to
grounds preventing
precautions in handling components
as transient
work area protections
ESL (equivalent series inductance)
capacitor specification
nonideal capacitor parameters
ESR (equivalent series resistance)
capacitor characteristics in timing and sample-and-hold circuits
nonideal capacitor parameters
selecting coupling capacitors and
etch-resistant pen, creating PCB layout
Ethernet
Arduino boards
Arduino shields
EtherTen
Euler
evaluation/development boards. See also Arduino
Exclusive NOR (XNOR) logic gate
overview of
performing basic addition
working with
Exclusive OR (XOR) logic gate
overview of
performing basic addition
working with
exponents
ExpressPCB
extended data out (EDO), types of DRAM
F
F-type connectors
fanout family of ICs
fans, for dissipating excess heat
Faraday shields, in isolation transformers
Faraday’s law of induction
fast-action fuses
fast recovery diodes
ferrite beads (ferrite choke)
ferrite core inductors
ferrite toroidal transformers
FETs (field-effect transistors)
junction field-effect transistors. See JFETs (junction field-effect transistors)
metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. See MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors)
mode of operation
overview of
unijunction FETs. See UJTs (unijunction transistors)
field emission, electrons in conduction and
filament resistors
filters
active bandpass filter design
active filter design
active high-pass filter design
active low-pass filter design
active notch filter design
bandpass
basic
crossover networks
EMI/EMC design tips
high-pass
ICs (integrated circuits) for
inductors for filter circuits
line filters
low-pass
notch
overview of
passive bandpass filter design
passive high-pass filter design
passive low-pass filter design
passive notch filter design
preparation for designing
RL high-pass
with sharper falloff and flatter passband response
types of
Fio, Arduino boards
flash memory
PIC16Cx microcontroller and
types of memory in ATiny microcontrollers
types of ROM devices
flip-flops
applications of bipolar transistors
D-type flip-flops
examples of SR flip-flop ICs
JK flip-flops
quad and octal D flip-flops
SR flip-flop
three-state octal latches and
timing
triggering simple logic responses from analog signals
floating (common) return, grounds and
floating (ungrounded) dc power supply
flooded lead-acid batteries
flow measurement
fluid flow sensors
fluorescent lamps
flux, soldering and
fly-back diode, transient suppressions with
FM (frequency modulation)
foil resistors
comparing resistor types
frequency response and
tolerance ratings
force-sensitive resistors
illustration of
for sensing force
force sensors. See movement, force, and
pressure sensors FORTRAN
forward biasing
in diodes
in pn-junction (rectifier) diodes
water analogy for understanding diodes
four-layer diodes
overview of
types of thyristors
Fourier series
in circuits with periodic nonsinusoidal sources
nonperiodic sources and
overtones and
fractional uncertainty (relative) error
frame (chassis) ground, symbol for
Franklin, Benjamin
free-electron model
free electrons
adding energy to
EMF (electromotive force) pushing
Freescale microcontroller evaluation board
frequency
ac/dc resistance ratio as function of
compensation in op amps
input impedance and
oscillators generating
output impedance and
resonant frequency
scaling with filters
of sinusoidal waveform
in sound theory
frequency counter, in laboratory setup
frequency-division relationships, in oscilloscopes
frequency modulation (FM)
frequency response
active high-pass filter design
active low-pass filters
bandpass filters
Butterworth filters
crystal oscillators and
microphone specifications
normalization of filters and
passive high-pass filter design
resistors
selecting coupling capacitors and
speakers and
full-wave doublers
full-wave rectifiers
bridge rectifier
center-tap rectifier
use in power supplies
full-wave transformers
bridge transformer
center tap transformer
function generators
general-purpose
in multifunction PC instrument
NE566 function generator
fundamental theorem of calculus
fuse resistors
fuses/circuit breakers
overview of
protecting circuits with fuses
safety tips
types of
G
gain
defined
expressing amplifier gain in decibels
gamma rays
ganged pots
gas detectors
gas-discharge lamps
gas, heat transfer within
gauge number, wires
Gauss’s law
Geiger-Müller tube, in radiation detection
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
general-purpose function generator
general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins, capacitive sensing and
general-purpose resistors
generalized power law
generators
comparing single-phase and three-phase
generating AC current
magnetic induction and
Gerber files, PCB design files
germanium diodes
GFCI outlets, safety tips and
GHz (gigahertz), measuring waveform frequency in
glass fuses, comparing fuse types
global positioning systems (GPSs)
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
glow discharges, damaging switch contacts and generating noise
GPIO (general-purpose input/output) pins, capacitive sensing and
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
GPSs (global positioning systems)
Greek alphabet
ground bar, in home service panel
ground bus
ground loops, noise resulting from
ground plane
ground reference, batteries and
grounds
analog and digital
earth ground
grounding error
mains power and
noise due to ground issues
overview of
shock hazard
symbols
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
Gunn diodes
H
H-bridge
directional control of DC motors
driving stepper motors
H (henry), as unit of inductance
half-wave bridge transformers
half-wave doublers
half-wave rectifiers
Hall effect sensor, magnetic sensors
halogen lamps
hand tools, in laboratory
hardware
for circuit construction
items in laboratory
open source
harmonic analyzer
harmonics, in sound theory
Hartley oscillators
heat
importance of heat production
power loss due to
thermal heat conduction and thermal resistance
heat-shrinkable tubing, laboratory supplies
heat sinks
for dissipating excess heat
hardware needed for circuit construction
protecting laser diode drive circuits
voltage regulators and
henry (H), as unit of inductance
Hertz, Heinrich
hertz (Hz), measuring waveform frequency in
hexadecimal numbers
conversion table
overview of
high-current chokes, comparing inductor types
high-current screw-in fuses
high frequency JFETs
high frequency (RF), types of bipolar transistors
high-pass filters
active design
illustration of
inductor applications
inductor as reactive element in
overview of
passive design
RC active audio filter
transforming low-pass filter into
high-power digital outputs
high-power LEDs (HPLEDs)
high power MOSFETs
high speed diodes
high state, digital logic states
high voltage
shock hazard and
voltage states in digital electronics
holes
LEDs and
in p-type silicon
silicon atom and
home wiring
overview of
power distribution and
hop-on/hop-off resistance, potentiometers
horizontal mode controls, oscilloscopes
hotwire sensor, for flow measurement
HPLEDs (high-power LEDs)
humidity
measuring
sensors
hysteresis
comparators and
inductors and
voltage
Hz (hertz), measuring waveform frequency in
I
I/O (input/output)
devices
digital applications of oscilloscopes
in PBASIC2 language
voltages and noise margins
I/O interfacing gold-plated fingers
I2C (TWI)
microcontroller-to-microcontroller communication
voltage level conversion in microcontrollers
I2R loss, power loss due to heat
IC sockets, hardware needed for circuit construction
ICL7106, for driving LCDs
ICs (integrated circuits)
555 timer IC. See 555 timers
4017 decade counter/divider IC
analog thermometer ICs
asynchronous counter ICs
in circuit design
CMOS family of
comparators and magnitude comparator ICs
for crystal oscillator design
DAC (digital-to-analog) converter
digital logic gate ICs
digital thermometer ICs
for driving speakers
fanout family of
filter ICs
for GPS modules
humidity sensors
integrated optoisolators
introduction to electronics and
magnetic field detection
in modular electronics
overview of
packages
PCB layout
powering and testing logic ICs
shift register ICs
SR flip-flop ICs
synchronous counter ICs
TTL family of
voltage regulators
ICSP (in-circuit system programming)
IDC connectors
ideal capacitors
ideal voltage sources
IDEs (integrated development environments)
Arduino
AVR studio
imaginary part, of complex numbers
imaging devices, types of sensors
IMPATT diodes, microwave diodes
impedance
analyzing sinusoidal circuits with complex impedances
cables and
characteristic impedance
complex impedances in circuit with sinusoidal source
input impedance
measuring with oscilloscope
microphone specifications
modeling impedance of cables
output impedance
speakers and
impedance matching
audio electronics and
networks
overview of
scaling impedance with filters
techniques
in transformers
impedance ratio, transformers
impedance transformers
in-circuit system programming (ICSP)
incandescent lamps
incremental current, inductor specification
inductance (L)
by cable types
defined
impact of signals
impact on switch behavior
inductive voltage spikes
inductor specification
inductors and
measuring in henrys
mutual inductance and magnetic coupling
straight wire inductance
substitution boxes
induction
electromagnetic
magnetic
self-induction
inductive dividers
inductive reactance
in circuits with sinusoidal sources
inductors and
inductive tolerance, inductors
inductors
alternating current and
applications of
constructing
cores
deenergizing LR circuits
design tips to avoid EMI/EMC problems
electromagnetism and
energizing LR circuits
energy in
equations
expressing voltage in complex form
for filters circuits
how they work
inductance and
inductive dividers
inductive reactance
inductive voltage spikes
influence of magnetic fields
labeling schemes
nonideal inductor model
for oscillators
overview of
problems with magnetic cores
quality factor (Q) and
for radio circuits
real inductors
RL time constant and
selecting by application
self-induction
in series and in parallel
specifications
straight wire inductance
for switching regulators
symbols for
in transient circuits
types of
water analogy for understanding
inertial devices, types of sensors
infrared
LEDs (light emitting diodes)
optical sensors
photons
PIR (passive infrared) detectors
thermometers
input bias current, op am specification
input devices
input impedance
attenuators and
load resistance and
overview of
input offset current, op am specification
input offset voltage, op am specification
input/output (I/O). See I/O (input/output)
input resistance
insulation resistance. See IR (insulation resistance)
insulators
energy-band structure for
resistivity of
semiconductors compared with
water, air, and vacuums as
integral calculus
integrated circuits. See ICs (integrated circuits)
integrated development environments. See IDEs (integrated development environments)
integrator circuits, negative feedback examples
intensity (loudness), in sound theory
interconnects, wiring
interfaces, microcontroller
1-wire serial bus
analog inputs
debouncing switches
high-power digital outputs
I2C (TWI)
keyboard interfaces
LED display interfaces
level conversion
multiple switch interfaces
overview of
serial interfaces
serial peripheral interface
single switch interfaces
sound interfaces
intermittent (pulsating) dc
interpreters, programming PIC microcontrollers and
interrupt service routine, structure of microcontrollers and
interrupter switches
INVERT (NOT) logic gate
inverting amplifiers
negative feedback examples
in negative feedback op amp
overview of
inverting comparators
with hysteresis
overview of
inverting voltage regulators
ionizing radiation detection
IR (insulation resistance)
capacitor specification
in timing and sample-and-hold circuits
iron core inductors
iron core transformers
isolation transformers
Itlead Studio, PCB service from
J
jacks, connectors and
JFETs (junction field-effect transistors)
amplifiers
applications of
basic current source and basic amplifier
how they work
light dimmer example
mode of operation
overview of
sample problems
source follower
susceptibility to ESD
technicalities of
types of JFET packages
voltage-controlled resistor
water analogy for understanding
JK flip-flops
overview of
ripple (asynchronous) counters
synchronous counters
Johnson noise resistors
Johnson shift counters
Joule heating, power loss due to heat
joules, in equation for determining volts
jumper wires, in laboratory supplies
junction field-effect transistors. See JFETs (junction field-effect transistors)
junction rule. See Kirchhoff’s current law
junction threshold voltage, diodes
K
Karnaugh maps, for simplifying circuits
keypads, interfacing with microcontrollers
kHz (kilohertz), measuring waveform frequency in
KiCad, electronic CAD program
kickback protection, with Schottky diode
kilohertz (kHz), measuring waveform frequency in
Kirchhoff’s current law
connecting resistors in parallel
constructing voltage divider
illustration of
overview of
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
connecting resistors in series
deenergizing RL circuits
determining resistance of a resistor network
energizing RL circuits
illustration of
overview of
resistors and
L
labeling schemes
capacitors
inductors
potentiometers
resistors
laboratory setup
active probes
building workbench
CAD programs
chemical items
computers
current probes
DC power supplies
design labs or project boards
differential probes
electronics catalogs
frequency counter
general-purpose function generator
hand tools
hardware items
isolation transformers
multifunction PC instruments
multimeters
oscilloscope probes
oscilloscopes
overview of
parts stockpile
passive probes
prototype PCBs
solder and flux
solder-removing tools
soldering irons
solderless breadboards
substitution boxes
test cables, connectors, and adapters
test equipment
variac (variable transformer)
wire and cable
work area in
lamps
holders
incandescent lamps
overview of
technicalities of
types of
landscape lighting, low-voltage transformer for
LASCRs (light activated SCRs)
laser diodes
drive circuits
laser pointers
mode of operation
optical fiber and
overview of
specifications
laser pointers
laser printer toner transfer
laser sensors, for flow measurement
latches, three-state octal
latching relays
latching switch
latchup protection, op amps (operational amplifiers)
LC circuits
filtering
parallel
parallel impedance
power in LC parallel circuit
power in LC series circuit
resonant circuits in LC parallel circuit
resonant circuits in LC series circuit
series impedance
LC oscillators
crystal oscillators compared with
overview of
LCDs (liquid-crystal displays)
4-bit transfer on
addressing LCD module
Arduino shields
character entry mode
controlling LCD module
digital electronics. See memory devices
dot-matrix LCD modules
driving
LCD pins
multiplexed displays
overview of
sifting display
user-defined graphics on
LDRs (light-dependent resistors). See photoresistors
lead-acid batteries
lead free solders
leakage current, capacitors and
leakage flux, transformers and
leakage, nonideal capacitor parameters
leakage reactance, transformers and
lease significant bit (LSB), binary numbers
LED displays
Charlieplexing
controlling RGB color
driving numeric
interfacing with microcontrollers
multiplexed
overview of
types of
LEDs (light emitting diodes)
555 timer in LED flasher circuit
applications of
battery level indicator
diode characteristics and
how they work
infrared LEDs in smoke detectors
LED voltmeter
mode of operation
optical fiber and
in optoisolators
overview of
resistor limiting current to
symbols
using logic to drive external loads
voltage-level display
wavelengths and characteristics of
Leonardo, Arduino boards
level shifters, applications of optoisolators
Li-ION (Lithium Ion) batteries
comparing secondary batteries
selecting
Li-POLYMER (Lithium Polymer) batteries
comparing secondary batteries
selecting
libraries, Arduino
light-activated relay
applications of photoresistors
applications of phototransistors
light activated SCRs (LASCRs)
light bulbs. See lamps
light-dependent resistors. See photoresistors
light detectors
light dimmers
applications of JFETs
applications of MOSFETs
triac application
light meters, applications of photoresistors
light photons
light-sensitive voltage dividers
lightning, unwanted coupling due
Lilypad, Arduino boards
line voltage
converting to dc
filtering
regulating with zener voltage regulator
safety hazards
linear functions
liner time-dependent circuits
liquid-crystal displays. See LCDs (liquid-crystal displays)
lithium batteries
comparing primary batteries
internal voltage drop
Lithium Ion (Li-ION) batteries. See Li-ION (Lithium Ion) batteries
lithium-iron batteries
Lithium Polymer (Li-POLYMER) batteries. See Li-POLYMER (Lithium Polymer) batteries
selecting
LM34/35 temperature sensors
LM78xx voltage regulators
LM317 voltage regulators
LM337 voltage regulators
LM383 audio amplifier
LM386 audio amplifier
loads
balancing home service panel
regulating with zener voltage regulator
using logic to drive external loads
logarithms
logic
driving external loads
triggering simple logic responses from analog signals
logic families, ICs
74-BiCMOS series
74-low-voltage series
CMOS family of ICs
combining different logic families
current ratings, fanout, and propagation delays
ECL (emitter-coupled logic)
I/O voltages and noise margins
logic gates with open-collector outputs
overview of
Schmitt-triggered gates
TTL family of ICs
logic gates
addition using
applications for single logic gate
bubble pushing
combinational devices and
combinational logic gates
constructing relaxation oscillators
De Morgan’s theorem
digital
diodes
exclusive
Karnaugh maps for simplifying circuits
logic gate ICs
multiple-input
NAND and NOR gates
with open-collector outputs
AND-OR-Inverter gates
overview of
transistors
logic generator/analyzer, in multifunction PC instrument
logic probes, testing ICs
logic pulsers, testing ICs
logic, sequential. See sequential logic
logic states
loop rule. See Kirchhoff’s voltage law
looping
in PBASIC2 language
using with Karnaugh maps
loudness (intensity), in sound theory
low-pass filters
active design
illustration of
inductor applications
inductor as reactive element in
overview of
passive design
RC active audio filter
sensing sound levels
in speaker crossover networks
transforming into high-pass
low state, digital logic states
low-voltage transformer, for landscape lighting
low voltage, voltage states in digital electronics
LSB (lease significant bit), binary numbers
M
magnet wire
magnetic cores
magnetic core inductors
problems with
magnetic fields
electromagnetism and
influence of
magnetic coupling
storing energy in
magnetic induction, as voltage source
magnetic reed switches
magnetic sensors
Hall effect sensor
magnetic field detection
overview of
magnitude comparator ICs
mAh (milliampere-hours)
mains power
in home wiring
overview of
mass and spring accelerometer
mass production, of projects
mathematical operators, PBASIC2 language
matrix keypads, interfacing with microcontrollers
maximum dc current, inductor specification
Maxwell, James Clerk
Maxwell’s displacement current
mean free path λ
mean spherical candle power (MSCP), measuring lamp brightness
meat hook connectors
mechanical relays
mechanical shock detection
media device sensors
Mega 2560, Arduino boards
megahertz (MHz), measuring waveform frequency in
megaphones, audio circuits and
memory devices
computer memory and
DIMMs
diodes for creating simple ROM
DRAM (dynamic RAM)
overview of
programmable ROM
RAM (random access memory)
ROM devices
ROM (read-only memory)
ROM size and organization
SRAM (static RAM)
MEMS (microelectromechanical systems)
mercury cell batteries
comparing primary batteries
internal voltage drop
selecting
mercury tilt-over switches
metal film resistors
comparing resistor types
illustration of
power ratings
tolerance ratings
metal-oxide resistors
metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. See MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors)
metal oxide varistors. See MOVs (metal oxide varistors)
metalized film capacitors
metallic bonding, conduction and
metals, heat transfer within
metronome
555 timers and
audio circuits
MF5 switched capacitor filter, from National Semiconductor
MHz (megahertz), measuring waveform frequency in
microamps, measuring current in
Microchip
32-bit microcontrollers
dsPIC chip with DSP capability
microcontroller evaluation boards
PIC16Cx microcontrollers. See PIC16Cx microcontrollers
microcontrollers
1-wire serial bus
32-bit
analog inputs
Arduino
Atmel ATiny85 example. See ATiny85 microcontrollers
carrying out arithmetic and code conversion with
CPU (central processing unit)
debouncing switches
DSP (digital signal processing)
evaluation/development boards
high-power digital outputs
I2C (TWI)
interfacing with
keyboard interfaces
LED display interfaces
Microchip PIC16Cx example. See PIC16Cx microcontrollers
multiple switch interfaces
multiplexed displays
oscillators
overview of
serial interfaces
serial peripheral interface
single switch interfaces
sound interfaces
structure of
voltage level conversion
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
microphones
impedance matching and
overview of
in sound sensors
specifications
types of
MicroSim simulator
microswitch (snap) switches
microwave
photons
PIN diodes as microwave switch
safety hazards of microwave ovens
midrange speakers
milliampere-hours (mAh)
milliamps, measuring current in
Mini, Arduino boards
mini connectors
illustration of
overview of
miniature relays
mistakes, vs. errors
mixers, audio
impedance matching and
JFET use in audio mixer/amplifier
overview of
MLTV (multilayer varistor)
MLX90614 infrared sensor
MM5453 LCD driver
MMA8452Q accelerometer
MNA (modified nodal analysis), SPICE and
MOD ripple counters
16-bit asynchronous counter
16-bit synchronous counter
7490 4-bit ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-5 sections
7492 Divide-by-12 ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-6 section
7493 4-bit ripple counter, with MOD-2 and MOD-8 sections
74160-63 presettable 4-bit (MOD-16) synchronous up/down counter
74190/91 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter
74192 presettable decade (BCD or MOD-10) synchronous up/down counter
74193 presettable 4-bit (MOD-16) synchronous up/down counter
models/modeling
complex circuits
transient circuit with Kirchhoff’s voltage equation
modified nodal analysis (MNA), SPICE and
modular electronics
audio modules
breakout boards and modules
display modules
ICs (integrated circuits) in
open source hardware
PnP (plug-and-play) prototyping
power control modules
power supplies
RF modules
sensor modules
moisture sensors
molded inductors
monitors. See displays
monostable mode, of 555 timers
monostable multivibrators (one-shot)
MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors)
applications of
basic operation and theory
body terminal lead
depletion-type
enhancement-type
fragility of
H-bridge and
high-power digital outputs on microcontrollers
logic gate ICs
memory devices based on
mode of operation
overview of
sample problems
speed control of DC motors
susceptibility to ESD
types of
use in logic devices
most significant bit (MSB), binary numbers
motion sensors
motional arm, crystal resonance and
motor inductive kickback protection
motors
AC motor controller
Arduino shields
dc continuous
direction control for DC motor
driving stepper motors
identifying stepper motor characteristics
kickback protection with Schottky diode
magnetic induction and
overview of
RC (remote control) servos
servo motor control
speed control of DC motors
stepper motors
translator circuit controlling drivers
movement, force, and pressure sensors
acceleration measurement
flow measurement
force measurement
overview of
PIR (passive infrared) detectors
pressure detection
rotation measurement
tilt measurement
vibration and mechanical shock detection
MOVs (metal oxide varistors)
devices used as transient suppressor
overview of
specifications
MP3 players
MQ-4 gas detector
MROM devices
MSB (most significant bit), binary numbers
MSCP (mean spherical candle power), measuring lamp brightness
multicolor LEDs
multifunction PC instruments
multilayer air core inductor
multilayer chip inductors
multilayer varistor (MLTV)
multimeters
analog
digital
for laboratory use
measure error and
measuring RMS voltages and currents
measuring voltage, current, and resistance with
in multifunction PC instrument
overview of
multiple conductor cable
multiple-input logic gates
multiple switch interfaces, microcontrollers
multiplexers
analog multiplexer / demultiplexer
as data selector
multiplexed displays generally
multiplexed LCD displays
multiplexed LED displays
multiplying DACs
MultiSim circuit simulator
multivibrators. See flip-flops
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