Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures, and t indicate tables.

A

Active and adaptive electric network (AAN) 68–69, 131
Active appliance set 160, 163
Active Distribution Management Systems (ADMS) 235
Active Distribution networks with full integration of Demand and distributed energy RESourceS (ADDRESS) 241, 276, 288, 308
Adaptive pricing method 4–5
Adjustable electrical loads 178
Admissible appliance set 163–164
Advanced information and control technologies 418–419
Advanced measurement infrastructure (AMI) 39f, 203
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) 351
actors and components 353f
application systems 53, 54f
benefits 37–38
case studies and field trials 369
central access system communications 45–47
CI3 (data concentrator) 43
CI2-SI1 (concentrator-CAS) 43
components 38–40
data privacy compliant 364–366
developments 368–369
economics 366
energy usage visualization 359
FAHAM project 38–40, 39f
feed-in management 360
German Energiewende 355–361
goals 37–38
home health monitoring 361
institutes of science and technology architecture 45–47, 46f
interfaces 38–40
invoicing 358, 360
layer model 44–45, 45f
market 368
MI3 (multiutility meter-electricity meter/communication hub) 44, 44t
MI1-CI1 (electricity meter-concentrator) 40–41, 41f
MI2-SI2 (electricity meter-CAS) 41–43, 42f
research 366–368
roles and components 353–355
security architecture 47–48, 362–364, 362f
state estimation 357–358
system architecture 356f, 362–364, 362f
tariff updating 358–359
uses 48–53
virtual power plant 361
Advanced metering management 313–314
Aggregator 173–174, 179–181, 184–185
commercial 240–241
in IDE4L automation architecture 267–271, 271f
load limit 179–181
load pattern 174
AHE software 45
Air conditioning 2, 188, 377, 405
Air gap approach 351–352
American Green Button Standard 351
AMI  See Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
Ampla utility demonstration project 205
ANEEL  See Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL)
Application systems, FAHAM system 53, 54f
Aquiraz Smart City project 208
Archipelago Fernando de Noronha Smart Grid project 206
Authorized external entities (AEEs) 351, 353, 369–370
communication initiation procedure 354, 355f
Automatic decision tree-based system 
critical load nodes 116–117
IEEE 118 test system 118–119, 118–119f
L-index 115–116
machine learning algorithms 118, 119t
proximity-driven streaming random forest algorithm 114–116
structural scheme of 116, 117f
voltage stability index 115
Automatic restoration sequence algorithms 286
Automatic voltage controller (AVC) 238

B

Bad data detection (BDD) 91–93, 96
Baikal-Amur mainline external power supply 109
BDEW model 350
Black-box testing approach 248
Blackouts 100–101, 102f
intelligent system for prevention of 122–123, 123f
Brazil  See also Smart grid, Brazil
ABRADEE investment scenarios 196t
smart grid perspective in 196–199
smart grid roadmap 219–221, 220t
Brazilian Association of Electric Power Distribution Companies (ABRADEE) 196
investment scenarios for implementation of SGs 196t
Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) 195–197, 222
R&D projects 214, 222
regional distribution of SG projects cataloged by 197f
Brazilian Industrial Development Agency (ABDI) 214, 219
CRD&Is percentage 215f
percentage of investment segmented per DG 198f
smart grid pilot projects in Brazil 201f
Brazilian motivation 195–196
Brazilian Program of Intelligent Electrical Network 219
Brazilian Smart Grid Reference Architecture 220, 221f
Broadband power lines (BPL) network 252
Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm 109
Building management systems (BMS) 22
BundesDisplay project 370
Business cases 288–289
assessment tool 293, 294f
model 291
Búzios Intelligent City project 205–206

C

California ISO 149–150
Capacity payments 149–150
Capacity to Customers (C2C) projects 276, 283–284, 295
Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) 160–161
CAS  See Central access system (CAS)
Center for Strategic Studies and Management Science, Technology, and Innovation (CGEE) 196–197
Centers for research development and innovation (CRD&I) 214–218, 215–216f, 216t
Central access system (CAS) 40, 51–52
Channel Components Transform 430–431
CHEMS 187, 188f, 191
model 187, 189
neighborhood 185–187
CI3 (data concentrator) 43
CIM  See Common information model (CIM)
CI2-SI1 (concentrator-CAS) 43
Cluster analysis 
case study 405–413
classification 400–401
c-means 402–403
elements of 399–403
endogenous load anomalies 414t
fall anomalies 412–413f
fall load profiles 407–409f
fall temperature profiles 409–410f
k-means 401–402
load anomalies 413t
load outliers detection 403–404
one-year load profiles 406f
partial clustering 399–400
spring anomalies 411–412f
spring load profiles 407–408f
spring temperature profiles 409–410f
summer anomalies 411–412f
summer load profiles 407–408f
summer temperature profiles 409–410f
techniques 399–400
temperature anomalies 413t
temperature profiles 406f
user energy consumptions 405f
wintry anomalies 411–412f
wintry load profiles 407–408f
wintry temperature profiles 409–410f
COELCE demonstration project 208
Combined heat and power (CHP) boilers 280
Common information model (CIM) 238–239
Commonwealth Edison (ComEd) 
Hourly Pricing Program 147
Peak Time Savings Program 147
Smart Ideas Central AC Cycling Program 147
Communication protocol 
home energy system 176, 176–177f
smart buildings/smart residential community 185–187
XBee 176, 177f, 178, 185–187
Zigbee 176
Community energy storage (CES) 5
Community energy systems 283 See also Smart community energy systems
Complete clustering 400
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) 5
Conceptual clusters 400–401
Conditional reprofiling (CRP) 237–238, 241
Connecticut Load Center (CLC) area 441–447
external system 446f
initial values with errors 450f
line flows and limits 442f
NPCC system and 443f
online parameter estimation 449f
optimization time windows 449f
PV curves 444f
real-time estimation 446f
TE-based method 447f
voltage magnitudes 444f, 454f
Connect My Data (CMD) 365–366, 368–369
Conservative voltage reduction (CVR) 283–285
Consolidated Edison (Con Edison) 
Smart Thermostat Program 148
Time-of-Use Rates Program 148
Consumer devices 2–3
Controllable local system (CLS) 352–354
communication initiation procedure 354, 355f
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) framework 287, 314, 322, 343–344
Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER) 232, 234–235
Coupled single-port circuit 430–431
CPFL smart grid 207–208
CRD&I  See Centers for research development and innovation (CRD&I)
Curtailable appliance set 163–164
Curtailment service providers (CSPs)  See PJM interconnection
Customer active participation, smart grid 6
CVR  See Conservative voltage reduction (CVR)
Cyberattack 
identification 95–96
SCADA systems 94
types 129
Cyber-physical security, IESAAN 93–98, 96f, 97t
Crout reduction method 95
cyberattack identification 95–96, 97t
PMU 95
real network, fragment of 96–98, 96f
RTU communication 94
SCADA 93–95
state estimation 95
WAMS 93–95
Cybersecurity 7

D

Data clustering techniques 398–399
Data concentrator (DC) 40, 43, 73, 94, 208
Data delivery 364–366
Data privacy 202, 364–366
Data provisioning procedure 367f
Day-Ahead Demand Response Program (DADRP) 149
Decentralized energy resources (DER) 348–351
Demand response (DR) 173–174, 397–398
aggregated demand profile, tuned power requests 165, 166f
delay tolerance of type I appliances 168, 168f
direct load-control mechanism 153–164
electromagnetic compatibility network size 167–168, 167f
flexible appliances 168–169, 168t
methods 174
resources 168–169, 168f
scheduling results for 1 day 166–167, 167f
in United States 
consumer-premise level 144–145
electricity market 144–145, 144f
incentive vs. pricing-based approaches 151–153, 152f
ISO/RTO level 145, 149–151
utilities level 145–148
Demand-Side Ancillary Services Program (DSASP) 149
Demand-side energy management system (DSEMS) 173–174
Demand-side management (DSM) 397–398, 425
Demand side response (DSR) 276, 282–286, 288
Denial-of-service attack 94, 96
Density-based cluster 400
DERs  See Distributed energy resources (DERs)
Desynchronization attack 96
DG  See Distributed generation (DG)
Digitalization of Energy Transition 351–352
DIMMER  See District Information Modeling and Management for Energy Reduction (DIMMER)
Direct load-control (DLC) mechanism 153–157, 155f, 173–174
advantages 154
nonintrusive operation 
customer override option 162–164
ON/OFF switching 164
operation deadline constraint 164
responsive demand 153
two-layer communication 
acknowledge packet 160, 161t
admission control mechanism 157, 161–162
demand target allocation in upper-layer EMC 158–160, 158f
electromagnetic compatibility 154–156
Laplacian matrix 159
load information update phase 156, 160–161
lower-layer communication 160–162
target update phase 157
type I flexible appliance 154–155, 155f
type II flexible appliance 154–155, 155f
Distributed energy resources (DERs) 159, 184, 188–189, 232, 238, 240, 276, 283, 288, 290
Distributed generation (DG) 2–4, 7–8, 198–202, 198f, 207, 215, 222, 231
Distributed measurement system 252
Distributed renewable generation (DG) 195
Distribution devices 3, 70
Distribution grid congestion management 238
Distribution grid digitalization, as enabler for energy transition 351
Distribution grid model 238–239
Distribution Load Relief Program (DLRP) 158
Distribution management system (DMS) 203, 237–239
Distribution network operator (DNO) 279–280, 283–284, 313, 319, 320f
electricity losses 327
licensed regions, Romania 320f
pilot projects for 321–322, 321t
smart metering implementation by 322–326
Distribution networks  See also Smart distribution networks
energy efficiency of 336
impact of smart metering implementation on saving electricity in 326–341, 327–329f
United Kingdom electricity sector 281–282, 281f
Distribution system operator (DSO) 350
challenges and needs 231
commercial aggregator control hierarchy and interaction with 239–242, 240f
control hierarchy 236–239, 237f
regulations about service continuity 231–232
regulations about voltage quality 232
District Information Modeling and Management for Energy Reduction (DIMMER) 276, 288
DLC mechanism  See Direct load-control (DLC) mechanism
DMS  See Distribution management system (DMS)
DNP3 protocol for communication 201
Download My Data (DMD) 365–366
DR  See Demand response (DR)
DSEMS  See Demand-side energy management system (DSEMS)
DSR  See Demand side response (DSR)
Dynamic line rating capacity (DLR) 383–385
Dynamic pricing (DP) 173–174
Dynamic rating 
assumptions 383–384
and utilizing correlations 386–387
Dynamic state estimation (DSE) 
error forecast and filtering in voltage magnitude measurement 107–108, 108f
extended Kalman filters 107, 107f
forecast of state variables 107–108

E

Electrical energy consumption 
growth in 429
model 382, 382t
Electrical load 178–179
adjustable loads 178
fixed loads 178
shiftable loads 178
Smart Home prototype 178
Electric energy production model 384t
Electric energy wind power production model 383t
Electricity consumption 
average value of 377, 378–379f, 379
temperature dependency 377, 378f
Electricity generation 277–278, 277f, 279f, 349, 373–374, 386–387, 387t
Electricity meter/communication hub 39
Electricity networks 
challenges 419
electric vehicles impact on 423
individualized services 419
Electricity retailer 280
Electricity supply systems (ESSs) 69–70
Electric power system (EPS) 373–374, 376f
computational intelligence techniques 106
ENTSO-E network code on operational security 105–106
forecasting 103–104
ICOEUR 106
prediction functions 105
security monitoring and control 104–106
time sequence 102–103, 103f
voltage stability 105
Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) 
Emergency Response Service 150
Load Resources 150
Voluntary Load Response 150
Electric vehicles (EV) 421
battery characteristics 424
benefits of 415–416
challenges 426
charging/discharging schedule 424, 425f
economics 424
electricity network 424
feature requirements 423–425
historic timeline 421
impact on electricity networks 423
in-vehicle communication board 425–426
opportunities 426
research questions 426–427
and smart grid 422–423
travel information 424
types 422
Elektro Smart Grid project 209
Eletropaulo Digital project 202–203
Emergency control system (ECS), Russia 98–124, 99t
electric power system 98, 100
interconnected power system 99–100, 99t
requirements 100–102
unified energy system 99
Emergency Demand Response Program 149
Emergency Response Service (ERS) 150
EMS  See Energy management system (EMS)
Encryption certificates 363
End customer devices 40, 52
Energy efficiency  See also Smart grid
of distribution networks 336
electricity power grid 416
energy consumption 290–291
FAHAM project 209
smart community energy systems 288, 292–293
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) 1–2
Energy Information Administration, United States 173, 174f
Energy management controller (EMC) 144–145
Energy management system (EMS) 239
Energy storage 5–6
algorithm 385–386
calculations 386f
electric generation and consumption 390f
overloading and outages, handling 390t
requirements 388–389t
size 388f
specifications 387–389
utilization 389–390, 389f
Energy transition 
digitalization of 348, 351–352
distribution grid digitalization as enabler for 351
Energy usage visualization 359, 364
Environmental sensors 175, 182
EPS  See Electric power system (EPS)
European countries 
distribution system operators challenges and needs in 231–232
power system, challenges for 374
smart meters 
costs 317, 317f
electricity metering large-scale rollout in 316t
implementation and regulation 315, 315f
European Electricity Grid Initiative (EEGI) road map 233
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 42
EV  See Electric vehicles (EV)
EvolvDSO 233–234

F

Fault location, isolation and supply restoration (FLISR) 201, 236, 243–244
Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System (FGC UES) 67, 106
Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) 349
Federal State Institution Russian Energy Agency 67
Feed-in management 348–349, 360
distribution system operator application 349, 351
Federal Network Agency 349
SINTEG projects 350
transmission system operators 349
Fernando de Noronha Archipelago Smart Grid project 206
Fixed electrical loads 178
Fixed load model 156, 178, 183f, 188
Fixed-rate plan (FRP) 173–174, 184
FLEXICIENCY project 234
FLISR  See Fault location, isolation and supply restoration (FLISR)
Four-bus power system 437–441
FP7 European Project INTEGRIS 243–246
FP7 program 233
Funding Authority for Studies and Projects (FINEP) 195, 215
Future power system 416, 417f

G

Galvin Center Smart Home model 176, 177f
GE Appliances 145
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 42–43
German Energiewende, AMI-based use cases for 355–361, 357f
German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) 352
Germany, smart grid digitalization in 
AMI  See Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
applications 348–351
consumers and decentralized producers 350–351
distribution system operator 350
energy transition 351
features 351–361
transmission system operator 349–350
GOFLEX project 234
Gotland, smart grid demonstration 
data analyses 375–379
dynamic rating 
assumptions 383–384
and utilizing correlations 386–387
electric energy consumption model 382
energy storage 
algorithm 385–386
specifications 387–389
utilization 389–390
proposed method 380–386
solar power generation model 383
wind power generation model 382
Graph-based cluster 400
Gray-box testing approach 248
Green Button format 361–362, 365–366
Green-Me 235
Grid4EU Large-Scale Demonstration of Advanced Smart Grid Solutions 233
Gulf Power Company (GPC) 
Residential Service Variable Price Rate 148
Wi-Fi Access for Home Area Network 148
Wi-Fi-Enabled Thermostat 148

H

HEMS  See Home energy management system (HEMS)
Hierarchical clustering 399–400
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) 374–375, 376f
Hilbert-Huang transform 65, 108–109
Home energy management system (HEMS) 174–175, 179–182, 185, 237–238
building-based 187f
communication scheme 176f
dashboard 180f
monitoring map 181f
monitoring task 179, 181f
neighborhood-based 186f
prototype 182–183
schedule the loads 179–181
scheduling task 179–182
Home energy system 174–185, 175f
case studies and results 183–185
communication protocol 176, 176–177f
scheduling methodology 182–183
system hardware configuration 176–178, 177f
system software configuration 178–182
monitoring 179, 181f
scheduling 179–182
Home health monitoring 361
Hybrid data-driven approach, forecast of EPS parameters 
Baikal-Amur mainline external power supply 109
block diagram 108–109, 109f
Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm 109
Hilbert-Huang transform 108–109
intrinsic mode functions 108–109
machine learning algorithms 108
Mean Decrease Gini index 108
multilayer perceptron neural network model 109
1min ahead active power flow forecast 109–110, 110t
Hybrid plug-in electric vehicles (HPEVs) 426

I

IDE4L project 233–234, 241
aggregator in IDE4L automation architecture 267–271, 269–271f
RWTH laboratory demonstrator 249–251, 251f
secondary voltage control results 260–266, 261f, 263–266f
state estimation results 255–259, 258f, 260–261f
TUT laboratory demonstrator 246–249, 247f, 250f
Unareti field demonstrator 242–246, 242f
low-voltage network demonstrator 243f, 244–246, 245–246f
MV network demonstrator 243–244, 243f
IED (DER indirect control) 239–240, 248–249
IEEE RTS 96 system 120, 121f
IEEE 118 test system 118–119, 118–119f
Incentive-based approach, DR 151, 152f
“Inova Energia” program 195, 214
InovCity project 206–207
Installed Capacity-Special Case Resource (ICAP-SCR) program 149
Intelligent electric power system with an active and adaptive network (IESAAN) 
control system 70–72, 72f
electricity supply systems 69–70
phasor data concentrators 73–74
phasor measurement unit sensors 72–73, 75
pseudomeasurements 75
state estimation 76–98
cyber-physical security 93–98, 96f, 97t
dynamic 88–93
electric power system 76–78
FACTS models 84–88, 85f, 87f, 88t
phasor measurements 78–84
test equations 77
supervisory control and data acquisition 72–75
technological infrastructure 68–69, 69f
unified national electric grid 69
wide area monitoring systems 72–75, 74f
Intelligent metering 195–196, 199–202
Intelligent operation and smart emergency protection 
artificial intelligence applications 106–124
emergency control system 98–100, 99t
monitoring, forecasting, and control of power systems 102–106
requirements 100–102
INTERFLEX project 234
Intermittent renewable energy resources 173
International Energy Agency standard 14–17, 16t
International Energy Agency (IEA) standard 14–15
Internet of Things (IoT) 369, 418
Interoperability 47, 247–249
Intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) 108–109
In-vehicle communication board 425–426
In-vehicle display unit 423–425
Invoice verification 360, 364
Invoicing, providing data for 358
Iran Energy Efficiency Organization (IEEO) 36
Iran's Electric Smart Grid National Grand Project (IESGNGP) 22
Iran smart grid 
evaluation indices 30, 32t
evaluation reports 30–33
National Smart Metering System project 
advanced metering infrastructure 35–40, 39f, 44–45
application systems 53
central access system communications 45–47
CI3 43
CI2-SI1 43
electricity threshold 53
institutes of science and technology architecture 45–47
interoperability 47
interruption information 52
load management 53
load profile 50–52
MI3 44
MI1-CI1 40–41
MI2-SI2 41–43
periodic meter reads 49
pilot project 37, 37f
power quality information 52
security 47–48
tamper detection 52
roadmap 
actions and strategies 22, 23–29t
attractiveness-capability matrix 15–17, 19f
business development 17, 21f
deployment measures through 2020 and 2025 34, 35t
drivers 14
economic, social, and environmental requirements 17–18
electricity customers 34, 36f
electric network priorities 34, 34f
evaluation indices 30, 32t
evaluation reports 30–33
financial resources 30, 31t
funds 30, 31t
goals 22
grid players, ecosystem of 17, 20f
International Energy Agency standard 14–17, 16t
Joint Research Center method 14
methodology and components 17, 21f
Multilevel Perspective models 17
policies 22
Research and Technology Committee 30–33
Smart Grid Architecture Model 14
smart grid roll-out 36, 36f
technology groups 14–15, 15f
technology innovation system 17
values 19
vision 19–21
Iran Smart Grid National Grand Project 14
Irkutsk power system 87, 87f
ISO New England 151
ISO/RTO level, demand response 
California ISO 150
ERCOT 149–150
ISO New England 151
NYISO 149
PJM interconnection 150
Italian Smart Domo Grid project 244–246

J

Joint Research Center (JRC) method 14

K

Key performance indicators (KPI) 231–232, 242, 260

L

L-index 115–116
Load management 4–5
Load outliers detection 403–404
Load resources (LRs) 150
Load shedding process 4–5
Loads model 188
Locational marginal price (LMP) 149, 151
Low voltage (LV) 
electric distribution networks 330, 331f
feeder 330, 332t

M

Machine learning algorithms 65, 105, 108, 118, 119t
MDMS  See Meter data management system (MDMS)
Mean Decrease Gini index 108
Meter data management system (MDMS) 22, 45–47, 202
MI3 (multiutility meter-electricity meter/communication hub) 44, 44t
MI1-CI1 (electricity meter-concentrator) 40–41, 41f
Mixed integer linear programing (MILP) 161–162
model 183
problem 188
Mobile workforce management (MWM) software 203
Monte Carlo simulations 287
Multiagent automation system (MAAS) 120, 121–122f
Multienergy building/community system 289f
Multienergy system, smart community 302–308, 303f
applications 304–306, 305–306t, 306f
wider system implications 307–308, 307f
Multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network model 109
Multiutility meter 40, 44

N

National Grid 100, 278–280
National Smart Metering System project (FAHAM), Iran smart grid 
advanced metering infrastructure 35–40, 39f, 44–45
application systems 53
central access system communications 45–47
CI3 43
CI2-SI1 43
electricity threshold 53
ICT architecture 45–47
interoperability 47
interruption information 52
load management 53
load profile 50–52
MI3 44
MI1-CI1 40–41
MI2-SI2 41–43
periodic meter reads 49
pilot project 37, 37f
power quality information 52
security 47–48
tamper detection 52
N +1 buses equivalent system 431–436
boundary bus 431, 439f
Connecticut Load Center area 441–447
external system 446f
initial values with errors 450f
line flows and limits 442f
online parameter estimation 449f
optimization time windows 449f
photovoltaic (PV) curves 444f
real-time estimation 446f
TE-based method 447f
voltage magnitudes 444f, 454f
external system parameters identification 432–433
four-bus power system 438–441
load area parameters identification 433–434
Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) test system 441–453, 443f
online scheme for implementation 436–437
power transfer limit 435–436
transfer impedances 440f
voltage instability 
loads 441–447
shunt switching 452–453
tie line 447–452
transfer limits 448f
Nest Learning Thermostat 145
Network 3 See also specific types of network
New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) 
Economic-based DR program 149
Reliability-based DR program 149
North Atlantic Green Zone Project 235

O

Online parameter estimation 
external system 445–447
load area 445
optimizations for 441
time performances on 445, 449f
On-load tap changer (OLTC) 105, 238, 283–284
Optimal load scheduling 179–183, 185–186f, 188–189
hourly load schedule 189–190f
Outage management system (OMS) 203

P

Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) 
SmartAC Program 146
SmartRate Program 146
Paraná Smart Grid pilot project 208–209
Parintins Project 204–205
PDSRF algorithm  See Proximity-driven streaming random forest (PDSRF) algorithm
Peak load pricing method 4–5
Phasor data concentrators (PDCs) 73, 94, 96
Phasor measurement units (PMUs) 249–251, 373–374
measurements 63
sensors 72–73, 75
on transmission systems 430
PHEV  See Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
Photovoltaic (PV) power 277
generation 277–278
plants 348
Pilot project 37, 37f
control zones of smart control system 127, 127t
electricity supply 
to Russky Island 127
to Skolkovo innovation center 128–131
territorial smart grid cluster in Russky and Popov Islands 125–126t, 127–128
PJM interconnection 150
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) 5–6, 426
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) 184–185, 422
PMUs  See Phasor measurement units (PMUs)
Power industry, innovations in 418–419
Power line communication (PLC) 251–252, 318
Power-on request messages (PRQMs) 160
Power quality (PQ) 7, 232
Power utilities 419
Pricing-based approach, demand response 151, 152f
Principal component analysis (PCA) 398
Projects of Common Interest (PCI) 235
Prototype-based cluster 400
Proximity-driven streaming random forest (PDSRF) algorithm 114–116
Pseudomeasurements (PMs) 75
Pumped-hydro plants 5

R

Real-life demonstration 233
Real network 96, 96f
Real-time pricing (RTP) 173–174
Rebound effect 179–181, 182f
REI-BR-2030 road map 220, 221f
Release appliance set 160
Remote terminal unit (RTU) 349
Renewable energy resources 3–4
Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) 349
Renewable resources, intermittent 429
Request appliance set 160
Research and Technology Committee (RTC) 30–33
Response rewards 147
Revenue=Incentives+Innovation+Outputs (RIIO) 279–280
Roadmap 
European Electricity Grid Initiative (EEGI) 233
smart grid 219–221, 220t
Roadmap, Iran smart grid 
actions and strategies 22, 23–29t
attractiveness-capability matrix 15–17, 19f
business development 17, 21f
deployment measures through 2020 and 2025 34, 35t
drivers 14
economic, social, and environmental requirements 17–18
electricity customers 34, 36f
electric network priorities 34, 34f
evaluation indices 30, 32t
evaluation reports 30–33
financial resources 30, 31t
funds 30, 31t
goals 22
grid players, ecosystem of 17, 20f
International Energy Agency standard 14–17, 16t
Joint Research Center method 14
methodology and components 17, 21f
multilevel perspective models 17
policies 22
Research and Technology Committee 30–33
Smart Grid Architecture Model 14
smart grid roll-out 36, 36f
technology groups 14–15, 15f
technology innovation system 17
values 19
vision 19–21
Romania 
Romanian National Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE) 314–315
pilot projects approved by 321t
smart meters  See Smart meters, Romania
RTC  See Research and Technology Committee (RTC)
Russian electric power system (EPS) 
IESAAN 
control system 70–72, 72f
SCADA 72–75
state estimation methods 76–98
technological infrastructure 68–69, 69f
WAMS 72–75, 74f
intelligent energy system 
goals 69, 70t
technological platforms 67, 68f
intelligent operation and smart emergency protection 
artificial intelligence applications 106–124
emergency control system 98–100, 99t
monitoring, forecasting, and control of power systems 102–106
requirements 100–102
smart grid clusters 
in east interconnected power system 124–128, 125–126t
in northwest interconnected power system 128, 129–130t
pilot project on electricity supply to Skolkovo innovation center 128–131
RWTH laboratory demonstrator, IDE4L project 249–251, 251f

S

SAIDI  See System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
SAIFI  See System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
Saving electricity 195
impact of smart metering implementation on 326–341, 327–329f
SCADA  See Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
Scheduled reprofilling (SRP) 237–238, 241
Security-Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED) 150
Security, Iran smart grids 
assumptions 48
requirements 48
Self-healing 6, 416, 420–421
Sensors 
environmental 182
phasor measurement units (PMUs) 72–73, 75
Sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method 433–434
SG  See Smart Grid (SG)
Shiftable electrical loads 178
Signature certificates 364
SINCRO.GRID 235
Situational awareness 398, 414
Smart buildings/smart residential community 185
case studies and results 188–191
communication protocol 185–187
scheduling methodology 187–188
system hardware/software control configuration 187
Smart community energy systems 288–291
commercial arrangements 290
energy efficiency 290–291
model 293, 294f
research 292–293
technologies 289, 289f
Smart community multienergy systems 302–308, 303f
smart community applications 304–306, 305–306t, 306f
wider system implications 307–308, 307f
Smart distribution networks, smart grid 283–287, 284f
applications 295–299
case study 295–302
Chamber Hall network 297f, 297–298t
commercial arrangements 286
economics 287
interventions 296t
network security and reliability 286–287
research 291–292
technologies 285–286
wider network implications 299–302, 300–301f
Smart Domo Grid project 244
Smart Energy Paraná program 208–209
Smart Energy Showcases—Digital Agenda for the Energy Transition (SINTEG) 350, 368
Smart grid (SG) 
customer side 420
definition 416–418
factors that making grid smart 419–420
future power system 416, 417f
traditional power networks 416–418, 417f
utility side 420–421
Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) 14
Smart Grid, Brazil 
continuous learning dynamics applied to 225f
deployments 195, 225f
functionalities 205
implementation 222
opportunities and threats 224t
perspectives 196–199
products nationalization indexes 217–218t
Smart Grid project 199, 209–214, 210t, 214f
amount of investment 198f
Aquiraz Smart City project 208
Búzios Intelligent City project 205–206
cataloged by ANEEL 197f
cities of the future 199–202
cost 197f
CPFL smart grid 207–208
development 195–196, 211–213t
Elektro Smart Grid project 209
Eletropaulo Digital project 202–203
Fernando de Noronha Archipelago Smart Grid project 206
InovCity project 206–207
and invested values per Brazilian region 200t
Paraná Smart Grid pilot project 208–209
Parintins Project 204–205
roadmap 219–221, 220t
Smart Grid Light Program 203–204
strengths and weaknesses 223t
Smart grid clusters 
in east interconnected power system 124–128, 125–126t
in northwest interconnected power system 128, 129–130t
pilot project on electricity supply to Skolkovo innovation center 128–131
Smart grid, Europe 
automation demos 232–235
distribution system operators (DSOs) 
challenges and needs 231
commercial aggregator control hierarchy and interaction with 239–242, 240f
control hierarchy 236–239, 237f
regulations about service continuity 231–232
regulations about voltage quality 232
IDE4L project 235–236, 242–251
monitoring and forecast 
analysis of data from low-voltage monitoring system 252–255, 254–257f
performance of communication network for low-voltage monitoring 251–252
Smart grid features 283
smart community energy systems 288–291
commercial arrangements 290
energy efficiency 290–291
model 293, 294f
research 292–293
technologies 289, 289f
smart distribution networks 283–287, 284f
applications 295–299
case study 295–302
Chamber Hall network 297f, 297–298t
commercial arrangements 286
economics 287
interventions 296t
network security and reliability 286–287
research 291–292
technologies 285–286
wider network implications 299–302, 300f
Smart Grid Light Program 203–204
Smart Grid Traffic Light Concept 350
Smart Home 
area's local box 176–178
Galvin Center Smart Home model 176
layout controllability schemes 177f
model 178, 189
prototype 183–184, 188–189
electrical load 178
tenants 178–179
Smart meter gateway (SMGW) 352–355
communication initiation procedure 354, 355f
wireless 5G technologies with 369
Smart meter gateway administrator (SMGWA) 353–355, 369
Smart metering 251–252
advanced metering infrastructure 352
infrastructures 354, 369–370
nationwide rollout 351
operator 353, 355
smart meter gateway 352–354
Smart metering-public key infrastructure (SM-PKI) 363–364
Smart meters (SMs) 2, 238
Smart meters, Romania 
based decision making for replacement of distribution transformers 336–341, 338–342f
configuration 318, 318f
costs 317, 317f
functionalities 318, 319f
general aspects 319–322
implementation 313–314, 315f, 344t
CEZ 324
DNOs 322–326
ELECTRICA 325
ENEL 322–324
E.ON (DELGAZ grid) 326
on saving electricity in distribution networks 326–341, 327–329f
installation 313–314, 322–324t, 323f, 325f, 326t
market 314t
phase balancing using 330–333, 331f, 332t, 333f, 334–335t, 335–337f
reduction of commercial losses based on 333–336, 337f
Smart Street project 276, 283–284
Solar power generation model 383
Southern California Edison (SCE) 
Smart Thermostat Plans 146
Time-of-Use Rate Plans 146
State estimation (SE), data 357–358
State estimation, IESAAN 76–98
cyber-physical security 93–98, 96f, 97t
cyberattack identification 95–96, 97t
real network, fragment of 96–98, 96f
SCADA 93–95
WAMS 93–95
dynamic state estimation 
advantages 88
bad data detection 91–92
estimate accuracy 91
Kalman filter 90
linear equations 91
nonlinear equations 90
objective function 90
retrospective information 92
state vector 88–90
electric power systems 76–78
flexible alternating current transmission systems 
equivalent circuits, parameters of 84
Irkutsk power system 87, 87f
Jacobian matrix 85–86
models 84–88, 85f, 87f, 88t
series capacitors 84–85
static var. compensator 86, 88, 89t
thyristor-controlled series capacitors 84–85, 85f, 87
phasor measurements 
boundary conditions 83
boundary nodes 83
decomposition 82–84
measurement vector 78
problem statement 78
state vector 78–79
systematic errors 81–82, 82f
Thevenin equivalent (TE) technique 79–81
test equations 77
Static rating (SR) 384
Strategic Energy Technologies Plan (SET-Plan) 233
Substation automation units (SAUs) 237–238
distribution grid model in 238–239
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system 73, 349
Supreme Council for Science Research and Technology, Iran 30
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) 375–377
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) 231
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) 231

T

Tariff updating 358–359
TCSCs  See Thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSCs)
Technology Innovation System (TIS) 17
Thevenin equivalent (TE) 430–431, 430f
Thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSCs) 84–85, 85f, 87
Total transfer capability (TTC) estimation method 
artificial intelligence method 112
control actions 114, 114t
estimation parameters 111
geometric interpretation 110, 111f
offline stage 113
online stage 113
random errors 112
state estimation 114, 114t
weighting coefficients 111–112
Traditional power networks 416–418, 417f
Transfer limits 
handling 377
import and export 388
temporarily compensate for 385
Transmission devices 3
Transmission system operator (TSO) 278, 280, 349–350
Transparency software 366
Transport layer security (TLS) certificates 363
TSO  See Transmission system operator (TSO)
TUT laboratory demonstrator, IDE4L project 246–249, 247f, 250f

U

Unified energy system (UES) of Russia 62
Unified modeling language (UML) 48
Unified national electric grid (UNEG) 69–70
United Kingdom, electricity sector 276–282
actors 280–281
consumption side 282, 282f
distribution networks 281–282, 281f
electricity generation 278, 279f
electricity markets and mechanisms 
ancillary service market 279
balancing market 279
imbalance settlement 279
wholesale market 279
energy system 276
liberalization 278
overview and future scenarios 277–278, 277–279f
United States, energy information administration 173, 174f
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 42–43
UPGRID project 234
Use cases 
electricity threshold 53
interruption information 52
load management 53
load profile 50–52, 51f
periodic meter reads 49, 50f
tamper detection 52
unified modeling language 48
Utilities level, demand response (DR) 
ComEd 146–147
Con Edison 148
Gulf Power Company 148
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) 146
Southern California Edison (SCE) 146
Wisconsin Public Service Corporation (WPS) 147–148

V

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) 422–423
Vehicle-to-home (V2H) 422–423
Virtual intelligent electronic devices (VIEDs) 249–251
Virtual power plant (VPP) 348, 361
Voltage 
collapse 429
interruption 231–232
stability 429
Voltage instability, N +1 buses equivalent system 429
loads 441–447
shunt switching 452–453
tie line 447–452
transfer limits 448f
Voltage stability assessment (VSA) 429–430
Voltage stability margin 429–431, 436, 455
Volt-VAr control 201–202
Voluntary load response 150

W

Weather correlations 386
Well-separated cluster 400
Wide area measurement system (WAMS) 73, 74f
Wind power 277
generation 377
average value 377, 378–379f, 379
model 382
Wind speed 
correlations 377, 377t
wind power generation 379, 379f, 382
Wisconsin Public Service Corporation (WPS) 
Cool Credit Direct Load Control Program 147
Three-Level Pricing Program 147

X

XBee communication protocol 176, 177f, 178, 185–187

Z

Zero echelon (level) 120–121
Zigbee communication protocol 176
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