Preface
The subject of this book is smart grids, specifically those related to selected regions of the world, to show how the perceptions of smart grids vary. Although there are several sources that look at smart grids, there is usually no focus on the region where it's installed, how it varies with other locations, or how it is relevant to other locations. This book provides the reader with an international overview of smart grids in one publication.
This book is subdivided into worldwide regions: Asia (Chapters 2 and 3), North America (Chapters 4 and 5), South America (Chapter 6), Europe (Chapters 7–11), and Case Studies (Chapters 12–14).
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to smart grids to give the reader a general understanding of the topic.
Chapter 2 discusses the Iranian smart grid road map, focusing on technology development. The second part of this chapter focuses on the Iranian national advanced metering infrastructure plan and discusses the layer model, communication architecture, and pilot project conclusion.
Chapter 3 discusses intelligent control and protection in the Russian electric power system. This chapter focuses on intelligent electric power systems with active and adaptive networks, state estimation techniques as informational support of intelligent electric power system with an active and adaptive network, intelligent operations and smart emergency protection, and the description of smart grid territorial clusters in the local interconnected power systems.
Chapter 4 discusses the demand response as an enabling technology to achieve energy efficiency in a smart grid. In this chapter, various demand response programs and implementations provided by utilities and independent system operators/regional transmission organizations in the United States will be discussed. Also, a case study of distributed direct load control approach for large-scale residential demand response will be presented.
Chapter 5 discusses microgrids, both for a single-owned building or campus and a community. Microgrids are emerging to eliminate the growth in load, to integrate intermittent renewable energy resources, and to prevent prolonged power outages. In this chapter, an optimal configuration of monitoring and controlling and the communication of such a system is outlined.
Chapter 6 is a smart grid case study in Brazil that focuses on saving electricity. Motivations, projects, thematic coverage, amount of investment, regional distribution, and research and development activities are outlined related to the region. The Brazilian roadmap for smart grid deployment and the actual level of maturity of smart grid concepts there are discussed.
The automation of smart grids in Europe is the focus of Chapter 7, particularly the electricity distribution network as the center of this technology. This technology innovation mainly centered around the improvement of the quality of service through the installation of medium-voltage automation systems, and the remote reading of customer consumption with the use of electronic meters.
Smart distribution networks, demand response, and community energy systems are presented in Chapter 8 via field trial experiences and smart grid modeling advances from the United Kingdom. In the future it is expected that the increased requirements for economic, reliable, sustainable, and socially acceptable energy production will be supported via emerging smart grids. Distributed energy resources are discussed, including their effectiveness. The latest UK research in smart grid applications, distribution networks, distributed energy resources, and relevant results are also documented.
The focus of Chapter 9 is smart metering from all advanced technologies that define the basic architecture of a smart grid in Romania and saving electricity in distribution networks in that country.
Chapter 10 looks at the smart grid digitalization in Germany by a standardized advanced metering infrastructure.
The growth of decentralized energy resources has increased the need for real-time data and telemetry devices and power grids. This information will be used not only to balance out demand and supply but also to mitigate network bottlenecks or react to potential instabilities; this chapter discusses the German initiative toward this.
The analysis of future power systems to enable sustainable energy is presented in Chapter 11. In this chapter the smart grid in Gotland, Sweden, is being used as a case study. This chapter presents an analysis of the integration of wind and solar power, electricity consumption, dynamic rating and energy storage, and solutions for such modernization. The case study is a smart grid demonstration project on the island of Gotland in Sweden. The results provided include how the power systems can handle more electricity consumption and generation and that predominant energy storage will be unused but could support system reliability.
The first case study and Chapter 12 provide details on measurement-based voltage stability monitoring for load areas. This new method can directly calculate the real-time power transfer limit on each tie line. The method is first compared with a Thevenin equivalent-based method using a four-bus test system and then demonstrated by case studies on the Northeast Power Coordinating Council's 48-machine, 140-bus power system.
Chapter 13 discusses the application of cluster analysis for enhancing power consumption awareness in smart grids. This chapter outlines the potential role of self-organizing models based on clustering analysis for classifying the load profiles, correlating them with the endogenous measured variables, and identifying irregularities in energy consumption.
Finally, Chapter 14 highlights how smart grids are capable of handling a large number of generators of different sizes and different technologies and discusses in particular the role of electric vehicles to support the electricity grid during peak demand. It outlines that smart grids will become more efficient and reliable and that the security of the electric grid will improve due to the increased use of digital information and control technologies.